Frankenia

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Frankenia
Frankenia salina

Frankenia salina

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Frankeniaceae
Genre : Frankenia
Scientific name of the  family
Frankeniaceae
Desv.
Scientific name of the  genus
Frankenia
L.

Frankenia is the only genus of plants ofthe Frankeniaceae family within the order of the carnation-like (Caryophyllales). Germanized they are also called Franconia . The 90 or so species occur in arid areasin warm zones almost worldwide; many species are salt-tolerant.

description

Illustration from Flora Atlantica, sive, Historia plantarum quae in Atlante, agro Tunetano et Algeriensi crescunt , plate 93 from Frankenia corymbosa
Habitus and radial symmetry flowers of Frankenia chilensis
Flowers of Frankenia pauciflora
Opposite leaves and flowers of Frankenia salina

Habit and leaves

Frankenia species grow as small shrubs or perennial or rarely annual herbaceous plants . The sieve tube plastids are of the S type.

Their leaves are arranged opposite one another. The mostly small, scale-shaped (ericoid) or simple leaves can be stalked and are often fused. The leaf margin is smooth. Salt glands are present on the leaves. There are no stipules .

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers stand alone or in terminal or lateral zymous inflorescences with bracts together.

The mostly hermaphrodite, radial symmetry flowers are four to seven-fold. The long-lasting sepals have grown together to form a folded tube. The mostly free petals are usually long nailed with a scale at the base of the nail. The petals are usually white to pink or, more rarely, red to purple. There are usually two circles with three stamens each, sometimes there are up to 24 stamens. The often flattened stamens are unevenly long and at most briefly fused at their base. The three-cell pollen grains usually have three or six, more rarely two or four apertures and are colpat or rugat. Most three (rarely two or four) carpels have become a top permanent, single-chamber ovary grown. The ovary contains 12 to 100 anatropic, bitegmic, pseudocrassinucellate ovules in parietal placentation . The stylus is mostly branched.

Fruits and seeds

The capsule fruits covered by the calyx spring open into longitudinal flaps and contain many seeds. The small, egg-shaped to cylindrical seeds contain ample starchy endosperm and a straight embryo.

Ingredients and sets of chromosomes

It can cyanidin , ellagic acid and flavonols quercetin and / or kaempferol be present. The basic chromosome number is x = 10, 15.

ecology

Frankenia species are mostly halophytes and xerophytes .

The pollination is effected by insects ( Entomophilie ).

Systematics and distribution

Within the order of the Caryophyllales , Frankeniaceae are most closely related to the Tamaricaceae found in Eurasia and Africa . In the past, both families became the order of the (ex-) Violales Lindl . posed. The Frankeniaceae with Tamaricaceae and Plumbaginaceae with Polygonaceae each form sister groups and these two sister groups together form a clade .

For some authors, three other genera belong to the Frankeniaceae family. They are closely related to the Tamarisk family ( Tamaricaceae ), which, in contrast to this genus / family, have alternate leaves and free sepals.

The first publication of the surname Frankeniaceae, which was valid according to the priority rule, took place in 1817 by Nicaise Auguste Desvaux in Dictionnaire raisonné de botanique , page 188; the publication of Auguste François César Prouvençal de Saint-Hilair was only in 1821 in Samuel Frederick Gray : A Natural Arrangement of British Plants , page 623, 633. The Frankeniaceae family contains only one genus Frankenia . The genus name Frankenia was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , Volume 1, Page 332. The botanical genus name honors the Swedish botanist Johan Franck (1590–1661), Latinized Frankenius . Type species is Frankenia laevis L. Synonyms for Frankenia L. are: Anthobryum Phil. , Beatsonia Roxb. , Franca Me. ex Adans. , Hypericopsis boiss . , Menetho Raf. , Nothria Mountain. , Streptima Raf. .

The genus Frankenia has an almost worldwide distribution in subtropical to temperate areas. The center of biodiversity is Australia with around 50 species.

Types (selection)

Habit of Frankenia capitata in the habitat
Habit of Frankenia ericifolia in the habitat
Habit of Frankenia johnstonii
Habit and flowers of Frankenia laevis
Leaves and flowers of Frankenia palmeri
Habit of Frankenia serpyllifolia in the habitat

The genus Frankenia L. contains about 90 species (selection):

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : Kosmos Atlas Mediterranean and Canary Islands flora. , Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-440-06223-6 . Page 130.
  2. ^ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , Volume 1, 1753, p. 332.
  3. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names. Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
  4. ↑ a b c d Frankeniaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  5. ↑ The valid Australian plant names in Australian Plant Name Index = APNI.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i E. von Raab-Straube (2018): Frankeniaceae. : Data sheet Frankenia In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
  7. ^ Friedrich WC Mang: List of the wild fern and flowering plants of Hamburg and the surrounding area , in: Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege in Hamburg , 27, 1989, 92.
  8. ↑ CA Burga, F. Klötzli, G. Grabherr: Gebirge der Erde. Verlag E. Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2004, ISBN 3-8001-4165-5 . Page 462.

Web links

Commons : Frankenia  - collection of images, videos and audio files