Tamarisk family

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Tamarisk family
Tamarisk (Tamarix gallica)

Tamarisk ( Tamarix gallica )

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Tamarisk family
Scientific name
Tamaricaceae
link

The tamarisk plants (Tamaricaceae) are a family of plants in the order of the carnation-like (Caryophyllales) within the flowering plants . The five genera with 90 to 120 species thrive in dry areas (coasts, deserts and steppes) in Europe , Asia and Africa . Some species are neophytes in arid areas of the world, for example USA , Mexico , Argentina and Australia . Few species are used as ornamental plants.

description

Illustration of Tamarix chinensis
One rod bush is the leafless tamarisk ( Tamarix aphylla )
Reaumuria hirtella with white flowers and salt crystals on the leaves
Rispelstrauch or German Ufertamariske ( Myricaria germanica ) in Habitat

Appearance and leaves

They grow as an evergreen, rarely herbaceous plants , or half-shrubs , mostly as shrubs or small trees . If there are so-called rod bushes then the shoot axes take over the task of photosynthesis . They are sometimes halophytes and mostly xerophytes .

Their leaves are alternate and arranged in a spiral. The mostly small, scale-shaped (erikoiden) or small, simple leaves are sessile and fleshy or membranous. Sometimes a stem-encompassing leaf sheath is present. The leaf margin is smooth. Salt glands are present on the leaves. Their leaves often have multicellular glands that allow them to secrete salt. There are no stipules . The stomata are mostly anomocytic or rarely paracytic.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are single ( Hololachne , Reaumuria ) or traubigen , ährigen or rispigen inflorescences together without bracts. The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic or rarely unisexual. If the flowers are unisexual, then the species are dioeciously segregated ( diocesan ).

The radial symmetry flowers are usually four to five or rarely six-fold with a double flower envelope (perianth). The sepals are fused at most at their base. The petals that are fused at most at their base are usually white to pink in color. There are one or two circles with three or four stamens each, or sometimes 15 to 100 stamens. All stamens are fertile . The stamens are not fused with the petals and fused together freely or in bundles at their base. The two-celled pollen grains usually have three, more rarely two or four apertures and are colpat; the pollen surface is smooth. Most three or four (rarely two or five) carpels have become a top permanent, single-chamber ovary grown. The ovary contains four to one hundred anatropic, bitegmic, weakly crassinucellate ovules in parietal to basal placentation . In Myricaria there is no stylus; the other taxa usually have three to four (two to five) free or partially overgrown, long styles.

Fruits and seeds

The loculicidal capsule fruits usually open with three to five flaps from the tip towards the base and usually contain many seeds. The seeds are long hairy or have a long hair tail, contain sparse starchy endosperm and a well-developed, straight embryo .

Ingredients and sets of chromosomes

It can cyanidin , ellagic acid and flavonols quercetin and / or kaempferol be present or Tamarixin. The basic chromosome number is usually x = 12 (rarely 11).

Systematics

Within the order of the Caryophyllales , the Tamaricaceae are most closely related to the Frankeniaceae . In the past, both families became the order of the Violales Lindl. posed. The Frankeniaceae with Tamaricaceae and Plumbaginaceae with Polygonaceae each form sister groups and these two sister groups together form a clade .

The family name Tamaricaceae was first published in 1821 by Heinrich Friedrich Link in Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera , 1, p. 291. Often the first publication is that of Friedrich Graf von Berchtold & Jan Swatopluk Presl or Augustin François César Prouvençal de Saint-Hilaire called as Tamariscinae. A synonym for Tamaricaceae Link is Reaumuriaceae Ehrenberg ex Lindl. The type genus is Tamarix L.

The species of the genus Myrtama are sometimes incorporated into either Myricaria or Tamarix , and those of Hololachna into Reaumuria .

There are five genera in the family with 90 to 120 species:

  • Hololachna Ehrenb. : The only two types are common in Central Asia.
  • Panicle shrubs ( Myricaria Desv. , Syn .: Tamaricaria Qaiser & Ali ): The approximately 13 species are common in Eurasia , ten of which are found in China . The center of biodiversity is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent areas.
  • Myrtama Ovcz. & Kinzik. : It contains only one type:
    • Myrtama elegans (Royle) Ovcz. & Kinzik. (Syn .: Myricaria elegans Royle , Tamaricaria elegans (Royle) Qaiser & Ali ): It occurs in Pakistan , Kashmir and Tibet at altitudes of about 6500 meters.
  • Reaumuria L. (Syn .: Eichwaldia Ledeb. ): The approximately twelve species are distributed in southern Europe , North Africa and Asia . There are four types in China, one of which is only there.
  • Tamarisk ( Tamarix L. , Syn .: Trichaurus Arn. ): The 35 to 90 species are common in Eurasia and Africa . There are 18 species in China, seven of which are only there.

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ES Natale, J. Gaskin, SM Zalba, M. Ceballos, HE Reinoso: Especies del género Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) invadiendo ambientes naturales y seminaturales en Argentina. In Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica , Volume 43, Issue 1-2, Córdoba, 2008.
  2. ^ A b Tamaricaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
  3. ^ A b David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 .
  4. ↑ a b c Qiner Yang, John Gaskin: Tamaricaceae , p. 58 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 13 - Clusiaceae through Araliaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 .
  5. ↑ Yong Wang, Yifei Liu, Songbai Liu, Hongwen Huang: Molecular phylogeny of Myricaria (Tamaricaceae): implications for taxonomy and conservation in China. In: Botanical Studies , Volume 50, 2009, pp. 343–352: PDF-Online .
  6. ↑ Daoyuan Zhang, Yuan Zhang, John F. Gaskin, Zhiduan Chen: Systematic position of Myrtama Ovcz. & Kinz. based on morphological and nrDNA ITS sequence evidence. In: Chinese Science Bulletin , 2006.

Web links

Commons : Tamarisk Family (Tamaricaceae)  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files