Gold trumpet

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Gold trumpet
Gold trumpet (Allamanda cathartica)

Gold trumpet ( Allamanda cathartica )

Systematics
Order : Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family : Dog poison family (Apocynaceae)
Subfamily : Rauvolfioideae
Tribe : Plumerieae
Genre : Jungle Bells ( Allamanda )
Type : Gold trumpet
Scientific name
Allamanda cathartica
L.

The golden trumpet ( Allamanda cathartica ) is a plant from the family of dog poison plants (Apocynaceae) that grows as a climbing shrub or liana . It originally comes from tropical America , but is cultivated as an ornamental plant far beyond its original range .

description

Vegetative characteristics

Gold trumpet leaves

The golden trumpet grows as an evergreen climbing shrub up to 4 m high or as a liana. The plant produces a white milky sap . The branches, which are round in cross-section, are downy hairy when young and later bald. Some of them are not lignified and can climb to a length of more than two meters. The 2–7 mm long stalked leaves are usually in (3–) 4 (–5) -fold whorls , rarely on the upper branches also opposite or alternate. Between the attachment points of the petioles there are small but distinct glandular emergences ( colleters ). Stipules are missing. The simple and undivided, pinnate leaf blades are herbaceous to almost leathery. They are obovate, elliptical to lanceolate or partially lanceolate, (3–) 6–15 (–16.5) cm long and (1.5–) 2.5–5 (–7) cm wide. The blades are pointed to curly at the front and have a blunt to wedge-shaped base. They are shiny and bald on the top, dull and glabrous on the underside or hairy on the nerves. There are 10-15 pairs of lateral nerves. These connect to form a nerve that accompanies the entire spreading edge.

Generative characteristics

The inflorescences are stalked, axillary or terminal, bald or downy hairy zymoids , which consist of 1–7 (–14) hermaphrodite flowers . Its stem is 0.5–6 cm long and about 3 mm in diameter. The dry-skinned, slightly sloping bracts are ovate-lanceolate and 1–2 mm long, the pedicels 2–13 mm long.

Flower of the gold trumpet
Fruits of the gold trumpet

The deeply divided calyx consists of five spreading, almost identical, leaf-like, uncut calyx tips. These are ovate to lanceolate, (5–) 10–12 (–22) mm long, (3–) 4–5 (–7) mm wide and pointed or pointed at the front. They are bald or downy-haired on the outside. In contrast to other species of the genus, the calyx lobes have no glands (colleters). The yellow, funnel-shaped corolla is 5–10 (–14) cm long and 9–14 cm in diameter. The cylindrical lower part of the corolla tube is (2–) 2.8–4.5 cm long and has a diameter of 0.4–0.5 cm, the broadly funnel-shaped to bell-shaped upper part is 2.5–5 cm long and has a diameter of 2–4.5 cm at the throat. The five approximately equally large, flatly spread out corolla lobes are twisted overlapping to the left in the bud ( contort ). They are truncated, obverse-shaped to circular, 2.5–6 cm long and 2–5.5 cm wide. The five free stamens have very short stamens and are inserted in front of the corolla lobes at the upper end of the cylindrical part of the corolla tube. They alternate with five two-part, downy hairy scales. The otherwise bald crown is downy-haired in this area. The free anthers, neither glued to one another nor to the stigma, consist of two counters, are intrors, with their pollen sacs turned towards the center of the flower and open lengthways. They are narrow, elongated, 4–5.5 mm long and have a rounded base. Your connective runs out in a spike. The above constant, egg-shaped, approximately 3 mm long, bare ovary is at the bottom of a flat, ring-shaped, about 1 mm high, irregular lobed Nectary surrounded. He is unilocular, but consists of two grown together carpels . The ovary contains numerous ovules on both parietal placentas . The single thread-like stylus bears a head-like, cylindrical scar with which it reaches the anthers. The base of the scar is curved back and has two short, blunt lobes at the broadly rounded tip.

Gold trumpet capsule fruits

The fruits are woody, located zweiklappig open to the placentas, bald, with spikes studded cap fruits . They are approximately spherical to ellipsoidal and somewhat compressed laterally, (2–) 3–7 (–8) cm long and (2–) 3–5 cm wide. The thin, rather soft, sharply pointed spines are (4–) 10–15 (–17) mm long. The numerous, flattened egg-shaped, dry seeds are arranged like roof tiles in the capsule and have a diameter of (13–) 18–24 mm. They are bald and have a concentric, stiff wing or skin edge.

The gold trumpet can bloom and fruit all year round.

Chromosomes

Allamanda cathartica has a diploid chromosome set with 2n = 18.


Gold trumpet ( Allamanda cathartica )
Gold trumpet ( Allamanda cathartica )

distribution and habitat

Since the gold trumpet has been cultivated in the tropics and subtropics around the world for a long time and is regularly overgrown, its natural range can no longer be determined with certainty. It is assumed, however, that the original occurrences are in tropical South America , for example in the Amazon basin and in the Guiana states, from where the species was first described. At least the occurrences on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica , Nicaragua , Honduras and Guatemala also make a natural impression.

The species grows in tropical rainforests , especially on the banks of lakes and watercourses, and in regularly flooded swamp forests. It also colonizes forest clearings and secondary vegetation, for example forest edges, roadsides and roadsides as well as wetlands in grazed terrain. The occurrences in Central America range from sea level to around 1500 m above sea level , in South America sometimes even higher. In any case, the majority of the deposits are in the lowlands.

Taxonomy and systematics

The species was described by Carl von Linné in 1771 . The basis of the first description was an unpublished manuscript sent to Linné by the Swiss doctor and botanist Frédéric-Louis Allamand . Allamanda cathartica is the holotype of the genus Allamanda described in the same work . Linné writes about the origin of the plant "Habitat per totam Guianam, juxta fluvios" , which means something like "It grows in the entire Guiana region, along rivers."

Synonyms of Allamanda cathartica L. are: Allamanda aubletii Pohl , Allamanda chelsonii K.Koch , Allamanda grandiflora ( Aubl. ) Lam. (= Orelia grandiflora Aubl. ), Allamanda hendersonii W.Bull ex Dombrain , Allamanda latifolia C.Presl , Allamanda linnei Pohl , Allamanda salicifolia hort., Allamanda wardleyana Lebas , Allamanda williamsii hort., Echites salicifolius Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. and Echites verticillatus Sessé & Moc.

Allamanda belongs to the subfamily Rauvolfioideae and the tribe Plumerieae within the dog venom plants . With molecular biological methods based on sequences from the chloroplast genome, Allamanda , represented by Allamanda cathartica , has shown itself to be a sister taxon of the genus Plumeria with good statistical coverage .

etymology

The specific epithet cathartica belongs to late lat. catharticum ( laxative ), which is derived from ancient Greek καθαρτικός ( kathartikós , dt. cleansing ) or καθαρός ( katharós , dt. pure ). It refers to the medicinal use mentioned in the first description with reference to Frédéric-Louis Allamand, according to which an infusion of the leaves was used for lead poisoning (Colica Pictonum). The genus name Allamanda honors the Swiss doctor and botanist Jean Frédéric François Louis Allamand (1735- after 1803), who originally called the genus Galarips . The German name of the species refers to the shape and color of the flowers.

use

Varieties of gold trumpets are used as ornamental plants. However, in Central Europe only cultivated forms that can cope with the low humidity in apartments are suitable. These also need a lot of sun in summer, while in winter they have to be shaded but warm.

swell

  • ME Endress: 1. Allamanda L. In: G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp, F. Chiang Cabrera (eds.): Flora Mesoamericana. Vol. 4 (1): Cucurbitaceae a Polemoniaceae. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, The Natural History Museum, London 2009, ISBN 978-607-02-0901-7 . Allamanda cathartica (online)
  • AH Gentry: Apocynaceae Juss. In: WD Stevens, C. Ulloa Ulloa, A. Pool, OM Montiel (eds.): Flora de Nicaragua. Vol. 1: Introducción, gimnospermas y angiospermas (Acanthaceae – Euphorbiaceae). (= Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-95-9 . Allamanda cathartica (online)
  • Li Ping-tao, AJM Leeuwenberg, DJ Middleton: Apocynaceae. In: Flora of China. Vol. 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae. Science Press, Beijing, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 , pp. 143-188. Allamanda cathartica (online)
  • JF Macbride: Apocynaceae. Oleander or Chicle Gum Family. In: Flora of Peru. Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13 (5/1), 1959, pp. 363-455. (on-line)
  • F. Margrave: Allamanda Linné. Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. 169 e famille - apocynacées. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 1976, ISBN 2-85654-150-X , pp. 303-304. Allamanda (online)
  • JF Morales: Estudios en las Apocynaceae neotropicales XIX: La familia Apocynaceae (Rauvolfioideae, Apocynoideae) en Costa Rica. In: Darwiniana. 43, 2005, pp. 90-191. (Abstract)
  • JW Nowicke: Family 162. Apocynaceae. In: RE Woodson, RW Schery (Ed.): Flora of Panama. Part VIII. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 57, 1970, pp. 59-130. (on-line)
  • PC Standley, LO Williams: Apocynaceae. Dogbane Family. In: Flora of Guatemala. Part VIII, Number 4. Fieldiana, Botany 24 (8/4), 1969, pp. 334-407. on-line

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Allamanda cathartica . In: P. Goldblatt, DE Johnson (Ed.): Tropicos.org: Index to Plant Chromosome Numbers (IPCN) . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis ( tropicos.org [accessed January 30, 2013]).
  2. Jump up ↑ JF Morales: Estudios en las Apocynaceae neotropicales XXXIX: Revisión de las Apocynoideae y Rauvolfioideae de Honduras. In: Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid. 66, 2009, p. 223.
  3. ^ PC Standley, LO Williams: Apocynaceae. Dogbane Family. In: Flora of Guatemala. Part VIII, Number 4. Fieldiana, Botany 24 (8/4), 1969, p. 337. (online)
  4. ↑ Allamanda cathartica, Herbarium evidence. In: Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, accessed January 30, 2013 .
  5. ↑ a b C. Linnaeus: Mantissa Plantarum. Vol. 2, Stockholm 1771, pp. 214-215. (on-line)
  6. ^ Neotype of Allamanda cathartica. In: The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project. The Natural History Museum, London, accessed January 30, 2013 .
  7. ^ Allamanda cathartica, synonyms. In: Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, accessed January 30, 2013 .
  8. ^ R. Govaerts, A. Leeuwenberg: Allamanda cathartica, synonyms. In: World Checklist of Apocynaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet, 2012, accessed on January 30, 2013.
  9. ↑ AO Simões, T. Livshultz, E. Conti, ME Endress: Phylogeny and systematics of the Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 94, 2007, pp. 268-297. (on-line)
  10. ↑ B. Sennblad, B. Bremer: Classification of Apocynaceae sl according to a new approach combining Linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. In: Systematic Biology. 51 (3), 2002, pp. 389-409. doi: 10.1080 / 10635150290069869
  11. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 , p. 135 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  12. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]

Further literature

  • JF Morales: Estudios en las Apocynaceae neotropicales XXXIX: Revisión de las Apocynoideae y Rauvolfioideae de Honduras. In: Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid. 66, 2009, pp. 217-262. doi: 10.3989 / ajbm.2205
  • J. Pitard: Apocynacées. In: H. Lecomte, H. Humbert, F. Gagnepain (eds.): Flore générale de l'Indo-Chine. Tome 3, Masson, Paris 1933, pp. 1087-1262. Allamanda (online)

Web links

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