Gotthard Jäschke

Gotthard Jäschke (born April 8, 1894 in Oberpeilau , Silesia , † December 29, 1983 in Essen-Kettwig ) was an orientalist and Turkologist who has played a key role in describing the modern development of Turkey since the work of Kemal Ataturk .

Life

Gotthard Jäschke was born on April 8, 1894 in Oberpeilau in Silesia from a family of Moravian exiles who had come together in the Brethren , the son of the high school teacher Max Jäschke and Gertrud Wollenhaupt. From one of his first names it was concluded that Gotthard Jäschke is a descendant of Amos Comenius on his mother's side . His “ pietistic origin” is seen as defining his character. After elementary school ( Niesky , 1900–1904) Jäschke attended the Viktoria-Gymnasium in Potsdam , 1904–1910 and the Schiller-Gymnasium in Groß-Lichterfelde near Berlin, 1910–1912. On April 7, 1931, he married Liselotte Fechner, whom he had met when she was working as a German nurse in Constantinople . Gotthard Jäschke died on December 29, 1983 in the house of one of his daughters in Essen-Kettwig, where he had lived since the death of his wife. His remains were buried on April 20, 1984 in the Lauheide forest cemetery near Münster .

Studies and military service

In the time of Jura - studies ( Freiburg and Berlin , 1912-1916) also fell interpreters study (1913-1914). At the end of July 1914, he passed the “Turkish diploma examination” at the “ Seminar for Oriental Languages ​​in Berlin ” with a “good”. In addition to Friedrich Giese , who taught Jäschke's Turkish specialization, his teachers probably also included Martin Hartmann . During military service (August 5, 1914 to November 11, 1914, May 1, 1915 to August 20, 1916 and September 7, 1917 to April 2, 1918) he suffered a serious wound on October 6, 1915 near Somme-Py in Champagne as a result of which he was temporarily classified as up to 25% war-damaged, and which forced him to suspend his teaching activity for several months in the winter of 1938/39. Later, atypical for Germans of his generation, Jäschke was to deal with his war experiences and the problems surrounding the French theater of war in the form of historical publications. On October 11, 1916, he received the EK II for rescuing the wounded in barrage . On the same day he passed his legal traineeship examination at the Berlin Court of Appeal , whereupon his legal traineeship began at the Berlin-Lichterfelde District Court at the end of December . On March 15, 1917 , Jäschke received his doctorate cum laude in Greifswald as Dr. jur.

Diplomatic service in Turkey, the Caucasus and Germany

From May to August 1917 as a research assistant in the intelligence agency for the Orient, Jäschke joined the diplomatic service after the war. From April 13 and May 7, 1918 to January 1919 as a Dragomanat aspirant in the Consulate General in Constantinople, he passed the examination for the diplomatic-consular career on May 5, 1920. On March 29, 1923 he was appointed Vice Consul and on September 27, 1923 he took over the management of the passport office for foreigners in Karlsruhe . From May 21 or July 1, 1924 to July 30, 1926, Jäschke moved as Vice Consul to the Consulate General in Smyrna and then on June 22 and July 31, 1926 to July 3, 1927 in the same position in the service of the General Consulate Tbilisi , where he developed an increased interest in Caucasian and especially Azerbaijani issues. From May 24 and July 4, 1927 to May 6, 1931, he acted as legation secretary in Constantinople and the Ankara embassy . From May 7 until his departure on October 1, 1931, he finally filled his post in the Foreign Office in Berlin. The career break in the diplomatic service may have been caused by the arrogance of class that Jäschke's colleagues in the Foreign Office had shown his wife, which may have induced Jäschke to quit his service.

Teaching and activity in Turkish Studies

As early as 1917 to 1918, Jäschke took over the management of the German Society for Islamic Studies founded by Martin Hartmann on January 9, 1912 . After his work as legation secretary in Ankara, Gotthard Jäschke was appointed professor on August 11, 1931 with effect from October 1 and began teaching Turkish at the "Seminar for Oriental Languages" in Berlin. From 1932 to 1935 he was co-editor and from 1936 to 1944, as the successor to the Arabist Georg Kampffmeyer, sole editor of the magazine " Die Welt des Islams ". From April 17, 1936, Jäschke worked as an associate professor at the "Foreign University" of the University of Berlin ("Extraordinary Chair of Turkish National Studies") and from August 14, 1940 to the dissolution of the seminar by the Russian occupation forces in 1945 at the Faculty of Foreign Studies .

The end of the Second World War brought a career break for Gotthard Jäschke. He lost his "Extraordinary Chair in Turkish National Studies" at Berlin University. Despite the advocacy of the orientalist Franz Taeschner , the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster initially gave him no job opportunities and the Minister of Education of North Rhine-Westphalia (June 19, 1950) refused him permission to hold diploma examinations for Turkish, for which his NSDAP membership and the close ties of his faculty to the National Socialist regime may be responsible. Jäschke had been a member of the NSDAP since 1940 (membership applied for on September 19, 1940, entry into the party and the Reichsluftschutzbund on October 1, 1940, entry into the NS-Altherrenbund and NS-Reichskriegerbund 1941) and received after his " denazification " (by HQ MIL GOV, January 8, 1947) the decision of the denazification main committee (category IV) dated September 23, 1947. Since 1946 religion teacher in Potsdam, he taught and researched from March 21, 1947 - initially until March 31, 1959 as an Visiting professor - "Culture, history and regional studies of Turkey including the Turkish language and literature" until 1983 ( retired 1959) at the University of Münster in Westphalia, where he has lived since then. Jäschke represented Turkology there, especially in its historical and religious aspects. He led a number of students - including Central Asian Turks - to doctorate, from which a number of German professors emerged. Jäschke was a member of various Turkish learned societies and received an honorary doctorate from Ankara University in 1975.

Opinions and ratings on Jäschke's work

Jäschke's work primarily deals with the modern history of Turkey, from around 1908 to the period of change in 1960, but especially the period of renewal under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, whereby one focus resulting from Jäschke's formation and training is the treatment of religious and legal issues. state law issues can be recognized.

Jäschke's work was and still is of high importance, especially in Turkey. B. serve as the basis for the "history of the revolution" - a particularly important section of the historical curriculum in Turkey. For example, Jäschke was given the sparingly assigned attributes of "great admirer of Ataturk and true friend of the Turkish nation" (Turkish Ataturk'ün büyük bir hayranı ve Türk milletinin gerçek bir dostu ) by the author Fethi Tevetoğlu .

In the increasing West European and North American research on the early Turkish republic, Jäschke is cited less frequently , with a few exceptions (such as Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey. 1961 et al.), Which in turn is described by Klaus Kreiser as "astonishing and difficult to understand" Is evaluated.

Klaus Kreiser (1998) attempted a “preliminary” sketch of Jäschke's attitude and responsibility during the German Empire , the Weimar Republic and National Socialism . Jäschke had become a representative of “Special Foreign Studies” in the service of the regime after the Oriental Seminary at the University of Berlin, to which he had been a member since 1931, was expanded into a university abroad and in 1940 it was converted into a Faculty of Foreign Studies. Despite his explicit commitment to Christianity and his closeness to the missionary organizations , Jäschke practically did not comment on the Armenian issues and the deportations of the Armenians . According to his origins, a pietist Protestant who still belonged to the Christian socialist movement in the Weimar Republic (1921–1924: member of the board of the “ Bund Religious Socialists ” in Berlin), Jäschke nevertheless placed Judaism closely in connection with “ Bolshevism ”, such as this was far less in keeping with Christian anti-Judaism than with National Socialist ideology . For example, GDR research in the 1960s chose Jäschke as an alleged " apologist for Turanism " as one of its targets (especially through Johannes Glasneck ) when it came to terms with the history of German science under National Socialism . Kreiser sums up Jäschke's relationship to his research object in a more differentiated way: “The Turkey observer Jäschke was fascinated by a national movement that successfully confronted the powers of the Entente. At the same time, he accompanied the Kemalists' attempts to dry up Islamic institutions with great skepticism. Of course, Jäschke respected the sensitivities of official Turkey to the limit of what is historically credible. "

Scientific honors

• 1955: Honorary membership of the Institute for the History of the Turkish Revolution, Ankara (İTE)
• 1959: Honorary membership in the Society for Turkish History (TTK) [Turkish: Türk Tarih Kurumu]
• 1975: Honorary doctorate from Ankara University

Fonts

Between 1917 and 1983 Jäschke published almost 400 books and articles with a volume of at least 4,000 printed pages, which with only a few exceptions deal with contemporary Turkish history. A list of 194 books and articles, 130 important reviews, as well as some encyclopedic articles, collaborators and editorships, obituaries and other writings from Jäschke's hand can be found in volume 15 of the magazine Die Welt des Islams . Werner Schwartz (1984) provides a number of supplements since 1973. A compilation of 6 books and 36 articles that have been translated into Turkish is offered by Cemil Koçak (in: Tarih ve Toplum, 1984, pp. 74-76).

• The development of the Ottoman constitutional state from the beginning to the present. In: The New Orient. Berlin 1917 [Jur. Diss. Greifswald 1917].
• with Erich Pritsch: Turkey since the World War - history calendar 1918–1928. In: The world of Islam. Volume 10, 1927-1929, pp. 1-154.
• Turkey since World War II - Turkish history calendar for 1929 with a new addendum to 1918–1928. In: The world of Islam. Volume 12, 1930, pp. 1-50.
• Turkey since the World War III - Turkish history calendar for 1930. In: The world of Islam. Vol. 12, No. 4, 1931, pp. 137-166.
• Turkey since World War IV - Turkish History Calendar for 1931–1932. In: The world of Islam. Volume 15, 1933, pp. 1-33.
• Turkey in 1933 a. 1934 - history calendar. In: Communications from the seminar for oriental languages ​​in Berlin. (Dept. 2), Vol. 38, 1935, pp. 105-142.
• The will of the leader and the will of the people in the new Turkey. In: Orient News. (Berlin), Volume [? 3], pp. 273-277. [Turk. Translated in: Cumhuriyet. Feb. 27, 1938].
• Communism and Islam in the Turkish War of Liberation. In: The world of Islam. Volume 20, 1938, pp. 110-117.
• The Form of Marriage According to Turkish Law - A Contribution to Private International Law. In: The world of Islam. Volume 22, 1940, pp. 1-66.
• The Turanism of the Young Turks - On Ottoman Foreign Policy in the World War. In: The world of Islam. Volume 23, 1941, pp. 1-54.
• Turkey in 1935–1941 - History Calendar. Harrassowitz, Leipzig 1943, pp. I – X.
• Turanism and Kemalist Turkey. In: The Orient in German Research. Pp. 248-254 et al. Contributions to Arabic Studies, Semitic Studies, etc. Islamwissenschaft, Harrassowitz, Leipzig 1944, pp. 468–483.
• On the form of marriage in Turkey - A comparative study. In: The world of Islam. New Series, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1953, pp. 143-214.
• To the Ziya Gökalp bibliography. in: Festschrift Zeki Velidi Togan. Istanbul 1950–1955, pp. 127–130.
• General Milne on the dispatch of Mustafa Kemal to Anatolia. In: The world of Islam. New Series, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1953, pp. 267-277.
• Turkey in 1942–1951 - History Calendar. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1955, pp. I – VIII.
• The "Imam Marriage" in Turkey. In: The world of Islam. New Series, Vol. 4, Nos. 2-3, 1955, pp. 164-201.
• The question of women in Turkey. In: Saeculum. Volume 10, 1959, pp. 360-369.
• On the problem of the Battle of the Marne in 1914. Historical magazine Volume 190, 1960, pp. 311–348.
• The current situation of Islam in Turkey. In: The world of Islam. New Series, Vol. 6, Nos. 3-4, 1961, pp. 185-202.
• The Turkish Orthodox Church [with addenda] In: Islam. Volume 39, 1964, pp. 95-129; Volume 45, 1969, pp. 317-323; Volume 46, 1970, pp. 225 f.
• Türk Kurtuluş Savaş Kronolojisi II: Mondros'tan Mudanya'ya kadar. Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 1970, p. 239.
• Turkey in 1952–1961 - History Calendar. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1965, I – VIII.
• Kurtuluş Savaşı ile İlgili İngiliz Belgeleri [German: The Turkish Liberation Struggle in the Light of British Documents], Türk Tarih Kurumu, 16th series, Volume 11, Ankara 1971, pp. I – XIV.
• Islam in the new Turkey - A legal historical investigation. In: The world of Islam. New Series, Vol. 1, pp. 1, 3-7, 9-174; Version in Turkish language: Özel Dizi: Volume 10, Bilgi Yayınları, Ankara 1972.
• Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı Kronolojisi II: Mudanya Mütarekesinden 1923 sonuna kadar <11 Ekim 1922–31 Aralık 1923>. Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 1973, pp. I – VIII, 1-49.
• Mustafa Kemal and England in a new perspective. In: The world of Islam. New Series, Volume 16, 1975, pp. 166-228.
• Türkiye Kronolojisi <1938–1945>. (Translated from: Gülayşe Koçak), Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 1990, pp. I – X, 1–150.

literature

• Klaus Kreiser : Gotthard Jäschke (1894–1983): From Islamic Studies to Foreign Studies . In: The world of Islam . tape 38 , number 3. Koninklijke Britt BV , Leiden 1998, p. 406-423 .
• Johannes Benzing : Gotthard Jäschke (1894–1983). In: Islam. Volume 62, Issue 1, 1985, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1515 / islm.1985.62.1.1 .
• Ludwig Budde : In memory of Professor Dr. Gotthard Jäschke. In: Communications from the German-Turkish Society. Volume 10, 1984, pp. 31-33.
• Maria Keipert (Red.): Biographical Handbook of the German Foreign Service 1871–1945. Published by the Foreign Office, Historical Service. Volume 2: Gerhard Keiper, Martin Kröger: G – K. Schöningh, Paderborn u. a. 2005, ISBN 3-506-71841-X .
• Klaus Kreiser: Gotthard Jäschke (1894–1983): On the emergence of Turkish contemporary history research. In: Nurettin Demir, Erika Taube (ed.): Turkology today - tradition and perspective. Materials of the third German Turkology Conference. Leipzig, 4th to 7th October 1994. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1998, pp. 185-194.
• Materialia Turcica. Volume 9, 1983, p. 178 f.
• Ulrich Peter:  JÄSCHKE, Gotthard. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 30, Bautz, Nordhausen 2009, ISBN 978-3-88309-478-6 , Sp. 675-682.
• Bertold Spuler : For guidance. In: The world of Islam. NS, Vol. 15, 1974, pp. 1-4.
• Bertold Spuler: Gotthard Jäschke (1894–1983). In memory. In: The world of Islam. NS, Volume 23/24, 1984, p. 498.
• Bertold Spuler, Mihin Lugal: Gotthard Jäschke'nin vefatı Üzerine. In: Belleten - Türk Tarih Kurumu. Volume 48, No. 194, 1984, pp. 334-339 [Turkish version of the obituary].
• Türkiye Ansiklopedisi. Volume 21, 1971, p. 22.
• Fethi Tevetoğlu, in: Türk Ansiklopedisi. Volume 21, Ankara 1974, p. 22.

Web links

• Literature by and about Gotthard Jäschke in the catalog of the German National Library

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Bertold Spuler: Gotthard Jäschke (1894–1983). In memory. In: The world of Islam. New Series, Vol. 23/24, 1984, JSTOR 1570686 , p. 498.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 419 .
3. ↑ ^{a b} Bertold Spuler: For guidance. In: The world of Islam. New Series, Vol. 15, 1974, pp. 1-4, JSTOR 1570117 , p. 1.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Bertold Spuler: For escort. In: The world of Islam. New Series, Vol. 15, 1974, pp. 1-4, JSTOR 1570117 , p. 3
5. ↑ Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 413 . With reference to Gudrun Meier: Heinrich August Jäschke - person and scientific effectiveness. In: Lydia Icke-Schwalbe, Gudrun Meier (Ed.): History of Science and Current Research in Northwest India - International Colloquium from March 9th to 13th 1987 in Herrnhut (= Dresden Conference Reports. Volume 2). Dresden 1990, pp. 15-27.
6. ↑ Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 414, 420 .
7. ↑ ^{a b c d} Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 422 .
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 407 .
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 409 . With reference to Ernst Schulin: World War II experience and historians' reaction. In: Wolfgang Küttler [et al.] (Ed.): Crisis Consciousness, Disaster Experiences and Innovations 1880–1945. Frankfurt a. M. 1971, pp. 165-188, p. 173.
10. ↑ ^{a b c d} Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 420 .
11. ↑ Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 414 .
12. ↑ Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 420 f .
13. ↑ Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 415 .
14. ↑ Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 421 .
15. ↑ Bertold Spuler: For escort. In: The world of Islam. New Series, Vol. 15, 1974, pp. 1-4, JSTOR 1570117 , pp. 1 f.
16. ↑ ^{a b c} Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 410 .
17. ↑ Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 412 .
18. ↑ Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 413 .
19. ↑ Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 417 .
20. ↑ Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 418 .
21. ↑ Anonymus: List of publications Gotthard Jäschke. In: The world of Islam. Vol. 15, 1974, pp. 5-25, JSTOR 1570118 .
22. ↑ Werner Schwartz: Supplement to the Gotthard Jäschke list of publications since 1973. In: Die Welt des Islams. New Series, Vol. 23, 1984, pp. 499-502, JSTOR 1570687 .
23. ↑ Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 406 (Kreiser points out that the article is incorrect.).
24. ↑ Kreiser: The world of Islam . 1998, p. 410 (Kreiser refers to the semi-official character of the place of publication.).