Large orphanage BMV

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Foundation document of the Great Orphanage dated November 13, 1245

The Large Orphanage BMV (advertised Large Orphanage Beatae Mariae Virginis ) is a foundation under civil law with its seat in Braunschweig . It was founded in the 13th century by citizens of the city of Braunschweig.

history

The large orphanage Beatae Marie Virginis on a map of the city of Braunschweig from 1829

In 1245 wealthy Brunswick citizens donated the Beatae Mariae Virginis hospital ("the Blessed Virgin Mary ") or Marienhospital for short . The hospital was supposed to accept the sick and infirm. The founding deed, confirmed on November 13, 1245 by Duke Otto I of Braunschweig and Lüneburg , is in the holdings of the Braunschweig City Archives .

The hospital was on the border of the two precincts Old Town and Altewiek built next to the church Beatae Mariae Virginis , of which the Foundation also their patronage received. The first hospital building fell victim to a city fire as early as 1278.

To finance the facility, the hospital was provided with extensive land by its donors. The income from the hospital established extensive financial activities. The hospital was able to act as a lender to Duke Otto as early as 1250. Even today, the foundation's assets essentially consist of real estate.

The Alexiusspital on today's Münzstrasse

After the Thirty Years' War , the Alexiusspital (also known as the “Kornhaus”), which was used as a “workhouse and madhouse”, was attached to the hospital and in 1677 the hospital was redesigned as a “ poor , ways , breeding and work house”. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that the orphans were housed separately from the other residents.

After the demolition of the Marienkirche, the ducal court architect Carl Christoph Wilhelm Fleischer (1727–1787) built a new building complex in the classical style between 1784 and 1787 , which enclosed a central inner courtyard as a solid structure . The structure formed the largest closed building ensemble in the Braunschweig city center. It was destroyed in 1944 during World War II. The west wing was rebuilt as a simple two-story building after the destruction, but was not used again as an orphanage.

The orphanage school

Around 1750, the new director Johann Arnold Anton Zwicke founded a kind of secondary school based on the model of the “economic-mathematical secondary school” of the theologian Johann Julius Hecker (1707–1768) in Berlin . The practice-oriented curriculum from 1754 contained subjects such as mathematics, geography and economics. The orphanage school also offered these lessons to children of middle-class parents with considerable success. The school closed in 1917 when the foundation ran into financial crisis.

The print shop of the Great Orphanage

In 1751, a ducal printing press was attached to the orphanage. The court master of the Collegium Carolinum , poet and composer Justus Friedrich Wilhelm Zachariae (1726–1777) was appointed director. The pupils of the orphanage were used to work. These workers were an important factor in minimizing costs for the operation of the print shop, as the orphans were looked after by the orphanage during their apprenticeship. After completing their five-year training, they continued to depend on the orphanage printing company because they had learned in a state-owned company that was not managed by a “ proper ” master . So they could not become journeyman and look for work in other private printing works. The orphanage printing company developed into an important publishing house, in which the early works of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe were also published. The orphanage printing and publishing company was discontinued in 1986.

Destruction and rebuilding

Building facade of the large orphanage BMV, Behind Liebfrauen

When the Braunschweig city center was largely destroyed by Allied bombing raids in World War II, the orphanage buildings were also badly hit. Its residents could be evacuated to emergency shelters, the building complex was completely destroyed.

The facilities of the large orphanage were temporarily continued in the former air fleet command, today's comprehensive school Franzsches Feld . In 1961, a new building was moved to the south of Braunschweig city center, on Salzdahlumer Straße. In the 1980s the orphanage withdrew from the field of home education and set up outpatient care groups, special educational day groups and a youth hostel.

Financial crisis

At the beginning of the 21st century, after more than 750 years of existence, the foundation got into a financial crisis that threatened its very existence. Projects under own sponsorship were discontinued, the youth hostel closed in 2004, kindergartens and day-care centers were transferred to another sponsorship in 2006. Since 2009, the Large Orphanage Foundation BMV has again supported the financing of various social child and youth work projects.

Well-known educators and teachers

Known students

literature

  • Annette Boldt-Stülzebach: Orphanage (BMV) . In: Luitgard Camerer , Manfred Garzmann , Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon . Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1992, ISBN 3-926701-14-5 , p. 240 .
  • Notker Hammerstein (Ed.): 18th century: from the late 17th century to the reorganization of Germany around 1800 , in: Handbuch der deutschen Bildungsgeschichte , C. H. Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-32464-9 .
  • Georg von Hartmann: The Brunswick Foundations of Public Law , in: Braunschweiger Werkstücke , Series A, Volume 11, the whole series Volume 50, Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1973.
  • Friends of the Great Orphanage V. (Hrsg.): Festschrift for the consecration of the new buildings of the large orphanage Beatae Mariae Virginis in Braunschweig 1962 , Braunschweig 1962.
  • NN: 750 years of the Great Orphanage BMV. 1245-1995. Contributions to contemporary history , orphanage printing house, Braunschweig 1995.
  • Albert Trapp : 200 years of orphanage printing works in Braunschweig 1751–1951 , orphanage printing works and publishing house, Braunschweig 1952.
  • Adolf Suchel: 700 years of history of the Great Orphanage BMV in Braunschweig 1245−1945: A memorial sheet , orphanage book printing and publishing house, Braunschweig 1948.
  • Friedrich Koldewey : The constitution of the Realschule in the Princely Great Orphanage in Braunschweig 1754 . Braunschweig 1886.
  • Hermann Dürre : History of the City of Braunschweig in the Middle Ages . Grüneberg, Braunschweig 1861 ( digitized version ).
  • Johann Arnold Anton Zwicke: Preliminary news of the current state of the school in the Hochfürstl. large Waysenhaus in Braunschweig , Braunschweig 1754.

Web links

Commons : Großes Waisenhaus (Braunschweig)  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Hermann Dürre: History of the City of Braunschweig in the Middle Ages , p. 108.
  2. ^ Claus Veltmann (Ed.): Children, Scabies, Karitas: Orphanages in the Early Modern Age , Franckesche Stiftungen Verlag, Halle (Saale) 2009, p. 155, ISBN 978-3-447-06334-0 .
  3. ↑ Hammerstein, in: Handbuch der deutschen Bildungsgeschichte , p. 430.
  4. ↑ Hammerstein, in: Handbuch der deutschen Bildungsgeschichte , p. 246.
  5. ↑ Udo Sträter (Ed.): Orphanages in the early modern period , Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 2003, p. 100, ISBN 3-484-84010-2 .
  6. ^ Heinz Schmidt-Bachem : From paper: A cultural and economic history of the paper processing industry in Germany , Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2011, p. 118, ISBN 978-3-11-023607-1 .

Coordinates: 52 ° 15 ′ 40 "  N , 10 ° 31 ′ 27.4"  E