Milestone
A milestone is the chainage of roads and how the historic post mile columns , placed at regular intervals on the edge of the traffic route. Since many stones are set 100 meters apart, the term hectometer stone is used for them . Milestones are located along roads as well as along railway lines and waterways. Their importance has declined with the advent of signposts , station signs and hectometer boards.
Road traffic
In road traffic, milestones serve as a point of reference for the driver who wants to determine the distance covered or the correctness of his route, as well as for determining his position.
Germany
In Germany, classified roads, i.e. federal autobahns and federal highways , as well as state and district roads, are now usually marked or kilometered with station signs made of metal or plastic. In some federal states, however, there are still many milestones today, as it would be too time-consuming and expensive to replace all the milestones with kilometer boards. In some cases (for example the station signs in Schleswig-Holstein, but also on some routes in Lower Saxony) the mileage is also attached to the delineator post . The kilometer stones and boards or station signs are usually 100 or 200 meters apart. The highways are an exception, as they are usually lined with blue metal signs at a distance of 500 meters.
There are also several milestones with the Berlin bear on federal motorways, which were set up from 1954 to commemorate the city that was divided until 1989/90.
Japan
There are old road stones in northern Japan that warn of the dangers of tsunamis . Some are more than 600 years old.
Austria
Motorways and expressways
Several standards are currently in use on Austrian motorways and expressways. Originally, motorways were marked with retroreflective blue aluminum signs every 500 m on both sides. The ASFINAG is now to about (For example, on the A1 ) set up only on the central high sign, but with number of highway and every 250 m (for example, A1 / 24.750 km). For better orientation for helicopters, orientation boards have been set up in the median between the directional lanes every 5 km. They are designed in a striking orange, the numbers are black. Two panels at an angle of about 60 ° are installed so that they can be optimally seen in flight along the motorway. In addition, similar signs have been placed under large overhead lines that span the motorway with a lightning symbol. The A14 has conventional signage every 200 m. Recently, motorway exit ramps have also been specially signposted, for example “Rampe D” “km 0.2”. For a long time in the 1970s and 1980s, white boards with kilometers as "construction km" were still to be seen on the central dividing strip.
In recent years there has been additional signage for helicopter flights, for example for rescue operations and police surveillance. Relatively large orange panels, in the form of a gable roof, labeled black on both sides with the number of kilometers, were mounted in the central axis. Sometimes lowered into the space between the central guide rails and thus barely visible from a car. The inclined surfaces are approximately at an angle of only 30 ° to the horizontal, so that they are optimized for the rather steep view (0 ° -60 ° to the vertical) from above from the helicopter arriving on the flight route along the motorway. Warning signs in the same format with a lightning symbol on each side warn of crossing high-voltage lines.
In addition, kilometers and marking lines - rather only single digits - were applied to the edges of large streets in white. Some serve as calibration marks for distance control (between vehicles) via video recording from a vehicle from a bridge and image processing.
State roads
From around 1990, the boards on state roads were supplemented with the street names at least at full kilometers in order to be able to indicate the exact street location more quickly in the event of accident reports. At least in Styria, state and district roads are provided with wooden pegs every 200 m, which are usually tapered into the banquet or the meadow next to it. The 50 cm long slats are about 3 cm × 8 cm in cross-section and have a white plate on each of their broad sides , black on retroreflective white: the number of kilometers on top, a horizontal line underneath and the hectometer number below (same size). The street name is small at the top of the front. Motorways and mountain roads on which a lot of snow (pushed to the edge) is expected have kilometer boards up to 2 m higher.
In the past, real kilometer stones made of small granite blocks were common on the former federal roads, the top 18 cm painted white, with the kilometer indication underneath a line and hectometer digit, each in 5 cm high black numbers.
Kilometers on signposts are rather rare in Styria, the rule in Upper Austria. Signposts on cycle routes are often small, non-retroreflective, dark and poor in contrast.
In a similar format to the kilometers, the waters crossed, district boundaries and boundaries for snow removal services are labeled on larger roads, also pass heights, on smaller roads (black and white) sometimes community boundaries and their course.
A special feature are kilometer tables with 2 entries, for example “21.833 (over) 22,000”, if the course is shortened by straightening and the kilometer reading starts again with a full kilometer. At the end of a longer construction phase, there is the transition to the old kilometrage - see photo. The order of the kilometer tables in this section is in this example ( B 178 ): ... - 4.6 - 4.8 - 5.0 - 5.2 - 5.326 / D 4.6 - D 4.8 - D 5, 0 - D 5.2 - 5.4 -…
Old post roads
Cylindrical stone pillars rising about 1.20 m above the surrounding level, with a diameter of approx. 25–30 cm, with a flat-conical bevel at the top, marked with chiseled text the regular stops of the mail coaches and at the same time the distances to the ends of the mail route .
The listed post milestone from 1838 by Neudorf ob Wildon was re-erected in 1995 in Anger a few meters east of the B67 (at N46.9000, E15.4872). It bears the inscription on the side: "3 Meile von Graetz" ( Graz ), "Station Nro 6", when looking north: "To Vienna 29 Meil", and when looking south: "To Trieste 30 Meil". At that time the distances were measured in old Austrian post miles of 7.5859 km.
Sweden
In Sweden, milestones ( milstenar ) were erected from 1649 to the 1870s to mark the distances on the country roads. According to a hospitality regulation from 1649, better conditions should be created for creating travel bills. The measurement was always taken from the Stockholm Castle , regardless of provincial borders or provincial cities.
The Swedish milestones are often carved out of stone and have inscriptions such as “1 MIL IFRÅN STOCKHOLM” (One mile from Stockholm), as well as the name of the respective Landshövding (provincial ruler). Sometimes a year and a royal crown can also be seen. An old Swedish mile was 10,688 meters.
In 1877, the requirement to erect milestones was abolished with a new route and road ordinance. At the same time, the length of a Swedish mile was set to exactly 10,000 meters, which is still true today.
The oldest known milestones are in the provinces of Dalarnas län and Skaraborgs län , both are from 1652. Swedish milestones are listed .
Switzerland
National road network
In the national road network , kilometer and hectometer boards are set up on motorways , motorways and in some cases also on main roads ( Hauptstrasse 4 from Brünig Pass , Hauptstrasse 6 / Hauptstrasse 11 along Lake Thun and Hauptstrasse 9 above the Simplon Pass ) .
Cantonal road networks
Some canton roads that are signposted as autobahns or motorways and that have a longer route are kilometered analogously to the national road network.
Some cantons, for example the canton of Thurgau or the canton of Basel-Landschaft , have provided their main and secondary roads with station signs since the 2000s . The canton roads of the canton of Thurgau are continuously kilometered on road posts or on the lamps every 200 m along the entire canton road.
United States
The interstate highways of the United States are kilometriert to the south and west. Other highways , however, are based on the boundaries of the counties . The exits are often based on the nearest milepost , known in the USA as a milepost (MP) . The additional letters N, E, S, W after the street numbers on the signs on the side of the street or on signposts indicate the directions northbound, eastbound etc.
Railway (Germany)
On the German railways , kilometer stones - if stones still exist - are referred to as departmental symbols or hectometer stones. Especially when the train is fast, the boards with kilometers on the catenary masts (plus a number) are easier to read for the train driver and passengers at eye level than the stones on the side of the track bed.
Flowing waters
Danube
The kilometering of the Danube waterway, flush with the surface in the embankments, consists of about 60 × 80 cm large white "stones" made of concrete, which only have one raised number about 4 cm (lower arches are slotted for the water outlet), the hectometers are painted black only from 1 - 9, in red then the full kilometer, supplemented by a black board on a 3 m higher column, labeled in white: above about 10 cm small in the middle thousands and hundreds digit, below about 30 cm large tens and units digit: So small 21 over large 34 for km 2134 near Linz.
Rhine
From 1863 onwards, a myriameter stone was set every ten kilometers along the Rhine and is extensively labeled. Later re-measurements required additional stones (sometimes even in the hectometer range) and panels. Nevertheless, there is a largely standardized kilometer system on the Rhine, which brings all the stones into one system.
Power lines
Gas and oil pipelines laid underground are indicated by yellow or orange, very flat conical caps on tubular steel masts a good 2 m high, sometimes at regular intervals. These now also have two flat, sloping orange panels with consecutive black numbers and an electrical measuring point for anodic corrosion protection.
Maps
Germany
With the introduction of the kilometer in Germany in the 1870s, kilometer stones also found their way into the measuring table . In the beginning there were only white triangles on Prussian editions, but after 1900 they were also labeled with km . In the 1930s at the latest, people began to give them a corresponding number so that they can be traced back to their zero point. On the other hand, Hessian editions have a circle with a point and number as a symbol.
Austria
On precise maps, around 1: 50,000 from the Federal Office for Metrology and Surveying , the kilometers (at least) of the Danube are shown by delicate blue lines on one bank. Map signs for railways with horizontal lines or black-and-white sequences are based on the railroad kilometers. The pylons of high-voltage lines are entered and numbered on the 1: 50,000 map as horizontal lines.
See also
- Kilometrage
- Milestones on mountain passes for cyclists
- Milestone (German predecessor)
- Miliarium (Roman predecessor)
- Myriameter stone (every ten kilometers)
- Mittmille-Stein (road building block in Sweden)
- Path module
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Warning of the ancestors: Waystones in northern Japan warned of tsunamis. April 12, 2011, accessed May 15, 2011 .
- ↑ Signalization Ordinance Art. 89 Para. 6
- ↑ On the measuring table sheet 4407 Bottrop (1907) still without inscription. On the other hand, the measurement table sheet 5818 Frankfurt am Main (1906) already shows km .
- ↑ See e.g. B. the table sheet 3759 Schwiebus (1933).
- ↑ See e.g. B. the measuring table sheet 6019 Babenhausen (1936) or the measuring table sheet 5718 Ilbenstadt (1955).
