Henriete Dermane

Henriete Karlovna Dermane born Henriete Ābele , ( Russian Генриетта Карловна Дерман ; born August 10 ^{. Jul} / 22. August  1882 ^greg. In Riga , † 8. January 1954 in Vorkuta ) was a Russian - Soviet revolutionary and library scientist .

Life

Dermane's father Karl Ābelis was a raftsman . She attended the Riga Lomonosov girls 'grammar school with graduation in 1899. In 1900 she joined the Baltic - Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Organization (PLSDRO) and worked in the propagandist college . 1903–1905 she studied in Moscow in the higher education courses for women and was the contact person for the Moscow Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party . She then returned to Riga and in the autumn of 1905 traveled to Switzerland , Germany and Belgium on behalf of the Latvijas Sociāldemokrātiskā Strādnieku partija (LSDSP) . In Brussels she married in November 1905 party members Vilis Dermanis. Soon the couple returned to Latvia to continue revolutionary activity. There were arrests and prison terms. 1907–1911 Dermane worked in the Riga LSDSP organization. In 1910 she was elected to the Central Committee.

In 1911 Dermane and Dermanis were arrested again. While Dermanis was sentenced to four years in katorga , Dermane was soon released for lack of evidence. In 1912 she traveled to Siberia to see her exiled husband in Balagansk . She dealt with translations and worked as a German and French teacher. In the spring of 1914 she organized her husband's escape from exile. They traveled to St. Petersburg and came to Germany. At the beginning of the First World War , they were arrested as Russian subjects in Berlin in August 1914 and expelled in October 1914, after which they emigrated to the USA .

Dermane and her husband settled in Boston , where Dermane worked as a tutor and carried out assignments for the LSDSP emigrant organization. She completed a librarian training at Simmons College with completion in 1917. The training was associated with lectures on library science and librarianship in Russia and with practical activities in the university library , the library of DuPont , in the Boston Public Library and the library of Harvard University .

From June 1917 to May 1921, Dermane worked in Washington, DC at the Library of Congress in the Slavic Department, cataloging and classifying the Judin collection, which had been gathering dust in the attic for 10 years. Your work was very much appreciated. In 1918 Dermane had a daughter who lived only 14 days. In 1919 she and her husband joined the US Communist Party .

After her husband returned to Latvia, Dermane traveled to Latvia via Moscow in late 1921. In Moscow on September 18, 1921, she submitted a report on the library system in the USA. She then worked in Riga in the central office of the trade unions . In August 1922 she was arrested after her husband for belonging to the Communist Party of Latvia and imprisoned in the Riga Central Prison. At the end of December 1922, as part of an exchange of political prisoners with her husband , she was expelled to Soviet Russia , so they settled in Moscow. In 1923 they joined the CPSU .

From February 1923 Dermane headed the library of the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences, first as vice director and then as director. She found a disordered inventory of over 386,000 units, so that immediately under her leadership the systematic reorganization of the inventory with cataloging and in particular the creation of a subject catalog was carried out and the library was organized according to her experience. At the same time she took part in the organization of the library of the Lenin Institute founded in 1923 and headed the library of the institute until its reorganization in 1931. She also participated in the organization of the reconstruction of the Rumyantsev library and was a member of the provisional board until 1925 and 1924 then member of the Library's Scientific Council. 1925-1931 she headed the library commission of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR . Since 1923 she was a member of the cataloging commission at the Institute for Library Science and participated in the development of the first Soviet cataloging regulation. The first Soviet dictionaries and textbooks for librarianship were created under her editorship. In December 1929 she reported in French on the state publishers in the Soviet Union at the World Congress of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) in Rome , Florence and Venice .

In the summer of 1930 Dermane became director of the Moscow Library Institute (MBI), which had just been founded with the support of Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya . This new institute replaced previous librarianship institutions, including Lyubov Borisovna Chawkina's Research Cabinet for Library Science, and was the first Soviet library college (1964 Moscow State Culture Institute, 1994 Moscow State Culture University, 1999 Moscow State University of Culture and Art, 2014 Moscow State Culture Institute). She organized teaching and research according to the US model. She set up a RabFak department to prepare for university studies. The evening study department followed in 1931 and the department for staff training for youth libraries in 1933. Krupskaja criticized the political part of the curriculum because of its too peaceful and not too combative character with regard to Soviet power. In December 1933, Dermane was appointed vice head of the library science chair at the MBI. When the MBI was merged with the Institute for Library Science in April 1934, Dermane became director of this new institute. In May 1935 she was a delegate of the USSR at the IFLA World Congress in Madrid and Barcelona and reported in English on the information work of the Soviet libraries and the training of librarians. In 1936, Simmons College Dermane earned a Bachelor of Science degree. In 1936, according to Dermanes proposals, the aspirant for the preparation of candidates in library sciences and in 1937 distance learning was introduced.

During the Great Terror , arrests of Latvians began in the Soviet Union in the mid-1930s . In 1936 many close friends of Dermanes were arrested. On December 26, 1937, Dermanes husband Vilis Dermanis, who had become a professor at the Communist University of the National Minorities of the West and the Moscow Pedagogical Institute , was arrested and shot on February 3, 1938 on the Butovo Poligon . Dermane was arrested on January 8, 1938, expelled from the CPSU as an enemy of the people on January 11, and on May 8, 1939 by the Military College of the Supreme Court of the USSR under Article 58 of the RSFSR Criminal Code to 15 years of corrective labor camp with subsequent five years of loss of political rights and convicted of confiscation of personal property, pleading not guilty. After her arrest, a number of her innovations in the MBI were abolished, and the devaluation of standardization hampered the later automation of library processes.

On June 20, 1939, Dermane was taken to the Vorkuta labor camp on a prisoner transport . In 1943 it was moved to the Katorga- like special zone . In 1948, at the request of her friends, she was taken over into the household part of the camp and headed the technical library of the coal chemistry laboratory, where Georgi Leontjewitsch Stadnikow worked as a laboratory assistant. In contact with the scientific libraries in Moscow, Leningrad and other cities, with publishers of chemical literature and with editors of scientific journals, she procured the necessary domestic and foreign literature. She prepared summaries and translated into Russian .

In 1950 the political prisoners were transferred with Dermane to the special camp of the MWD Retschlag , where working conditions were restricted. Dermane suffered a stroke and, after recovering, worked as an accounting officer. Shortly before she was released from the camp, she suffered a second stroke. She died in Vorkuta Hospital and was buried in the Vorkuta Cemetery. Her grave is unknown.

On October 22, 1955, Dermane was rehabilitated by the Supreme Court of the USSR for lack of a criminal offense. The first publications about her life and work appeared in 1966 in Latvian and in 1972 in Russian. In 1992, the Moscow State University of Culture and Art, which emerged from the MBI, hosted a scientific conference on Dermanes' 110th birthday and also in 2007 on her 125th birthday. The branch library No. 4 in Severny in the Vorkuta district, which is located near the former burial site of the camp prisoners , has been named after her since 2013 .

Web links

• Literature by and about Henriete Dermane in the bibliographic database WorldCat

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Большой энциклопедии Кирилла и Мефодия: Дерман Генриетта Карловна (accessed July 14, 2020).
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Мезенцева О. П .: Неизвестная переписка создателя МГУКИ Г. К. Дерман (по материалам архива Е. А. Набатниковой) . In: Материалы Международной конференции « Крым 2001 ». Т. 3 . Moscow 2002, p. 123–127 ( [1] [accessed July 13, 2020]).
3. ↑ Чёрный Ю. Ю .: Генриетта Дерман - директор библиотеки Комакадемии . In: Теория и практика общественно-научной информации . No. 18 , 2002, p. 145–148 ( [2] [accessed July 14, 2020]).
4. ^ GK Derman; GJ Ivanov; LV Trofimov: Instrukcija po katalogizacii proizvedenij kollektivov, utverždena naučno-političeskoj sekciej gosudarstvennogo učenogo soveta . Gosudarstvennaja Centraʹlnaja Knižnaja Palato RSFSR, Moscow 1926.
5. ^ Simmons Library: Henriette Derman: LS Alumna, Crusader, and Political Prisoner (accessed July 14, 2020).
6. ↑ ^{a b c} Штраус В. П .: Генриета Дерман . In: Россия и Балтия . Nauka , Moscow 2006, ISBN 5-02-035105-9 , pp. 207-208 .
7. ↑ Ķipers J .: Henriete Dermane (1882–1954) . In: Karogs . No. 11 , 1966, pp. 128-135 .
8. ↑ Сеглин Е. В .: Генриета Карловна Дерман . In: Научные и технические библиотеки СССР . No. 3 , 1972, p. 3-15 .