Henry of Lancaster, 3rd Earl of Lancaster

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Henry's coat of arms before 1322
Seal of Henry

Henry of Lancaster, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and 3rd Earl of Leicester (* around 1280, † September 22, 1345 ) was an English magnate .

origin

Henry of Lancaster came from a branch of the English ruling family Plantagenet . He was the second son of Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster , the youngest son of King Henry III. , and from his wife Blanche , daughter of Count Robert von Artois and widow of King Henry I, King of Navarre and Count of Champagne . By his birth Heinrich belonged to the high nobility in England as well as in France. He was not only closely related to the English kings, but also to the French royal family through his half-sister Jeanne .

Childhood, inheritance and marriage

Henry spent his childhood and youth in England, together with his older brother Thomas and John , the son and heir of the Duke of Brabant, who with Henry's cousin Margaret , daughter of King Edward I was engaged. Henry took part in tournaments with Thomas as a teenager , but Henry never had a close relationship with his older brother. In order to provide his younger son with possessions, his father transferred the Welsh castles Grosmont , Skenfrith and Whitecastle , the so-called Three Castles , as well as Monmouth and two estates in Gloucestershire to the king. He gave them back to Henry's father as a lifelong and Henry as a hereditary fief , so that Henry became the sole owner of these properties after his father's death in 1296 and thus became the Marcher Lord . His brother Thomas, however, inherited the other, extensive estates of their father and the titles Earl of Lancaster and Earl of Leicester . In addition, Henry inherited possessions in Provence from his paternal grandmother Eleanor of Provence . In 1291 Edward I had given his brother Edmund the right to marry off the young heiress Maud de Chaworth . This she engaged to Henry. The wedding took place before March 2, 1297. Through his wife's inheritance, Henry received the reign of Kidwelly in Wales and other estates in Hampshire , Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Northamptonshire . After the death of his younger brother John around 1317, he inherited his French possessions, including Beaufort in the Île de France .

Military service

From 1297 to 1298 Henry of Lancaster took part in Edward I's campaign to Flanders during the Franco-English War . In February 1299 he was first as Baron Lancaster in a parliament appointed. In 1301 he was knighted. The letter from the barons, with which they wanted to protest against the Pope's interference in the war with Scotland in 1301 , he sealed as Henry of Lancaster, Lord of Monmouth . From 1300 Henry was regularly called up for military service in the war with Scotland, while he took part in the siege of Caerlaverock Castle in 1300 . From 1309 to 1310, 1317 and 1323 he was to raise troops in his Welsh possessions for battle in Scotland. During the rebellion of the Welsh Llywelyn Bren he led as Marcher Lord in March 1316 together with William Montagu and John Hastings of southeast Wales troops to Glamorgan to put down the rebellion. His cousin Edward II , who had succeeded Edward I as king since 1307, gave him the confiscated properties of his Welsh vassals who had supported the rebellion.

Relationship to Eduard II.

Political activity until 1317

In 1308 Henry was one of the magnates whom Edward II and his wife Isabelle welcomed on their arrival in Dover after their marriage in France . He then took on a prominent position during the couple's coronation at Westminster Abbey . In 1310, however, he was one of the opposition barons who forced the king to appoint the Lords Ordainer , who in 1311 published the Ordinances , a program to reform the rule. In 1313 the king pardoned him for his role in the assassination of the royal favorite Piers Gaveston , although it is unclear to what extent Henry was involved in the affair. In the next few years he took part in parliaments and council meetings several times. At the Clarendon council in February 1317, he may have represented his brother Thomas, who had become a bitter opponent of the king's policies.

Role during his brother's rebellion

In 1317, the French King Philip V called Henry to France to pay homage to him for his possessions in Champagne and Brie, which he had inherited from his mother. Edward II asked the French king to postpone this date, but Henry was not in England from 1318 to at least 1320, it is possible that he was in France and visited his properties there and the goods he had inherited after the death of his younger brother John. Henry probably stayed in France until the spring of 1322, so that he did not take part in his brother Thomas' rebellion from 1321 onwards. During this rebellion, which was put down by Edward II in March 1322, Henry apparently had no contact with his brother. As the brother of the leading rebel, Henry's possessions were also temporarily confiscated, but they were quickly returned to him. After Thomas of Lancaster had been executed as a traitor in March 1322, Henry quickly asked the king to be allowed to use the titles of Earl of Lancaster and Earl of Leicester as heir to his brother, who died childless , and he claimed his brother's confiscated property. However, the king left him only part of the family property, and from 1324 he was allowed to use the title Earl of Leicester. With this, some of the vassals and followers who had already served his brother entered Henry's service, including Hugh Cuilly and William Trussell .

Increasing tensions between Lancaster and Edward II.

In the summer and autumn of 1322 Henry did not take part in the failed campaign of the king in Scotland , as he may still be in France, but a contingent of his vassals belonged to the royal army. After the failure of the rebellion of Thomas of Lancaster, the king's policy was determined by his favorites Hugh le Despenser the Elder and his son Hugh of the same name . Hugh le Despenser the Elder had been the stepfather of Henry's wife Maud, but Henry quickly became an opponent of the Despensers. When Bishop Adam Orleton of Hereford was accused of assisting rebel Roger Mortimer of Wigmore in his escape from the Tower , he asked Henry for assistance. Henry pledged his support to Orleton, but when the king heard of it, he also accused Henry of treason. The King's conviction was strengthened as Henry had begun to wear his brother's coat of arms and had erected a memorial cross in Leicester in his memory . The allegations against Henry were to be discussed during parliament, but during parliament the debate over a planned trip by the king to France was in the foreground. As Duke of Aquitaine , Edward II was supposed to pay homage to the new French King Charles IV . Henry was supposed to accompany his cousin on this trip, but the king never set out for France, fearing that another rebellion might occur in his absence. In 1326, the King commissioned Henry to investigate the murder of the judge Roger Beler , and in the event of war he was supposed to supervise the creation of contingents in the Midlands .

Role during the fall of Edward II.

Instead of Edward II, Queen Isabelle had traveled to France to pay homage to the French king. In opposition to the Despensers, however, she had allied herself in France with Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, who had escaped from the Tower. The king entrusted various magnates with the defense of the various regions of the empire in order to protect them from a feared attack by Mortimer. Henry was to defend the Midlands with the elder Despenser . When the Queen and Mortimer actually landed in southern England with a small mercenary army in September 1326 to overthrow the king, John Vaux came to Leicester at the beginning of October with money, weapons and horses. He wanted to help the elderly Despenser to repel the invasion, but Henry learned that Vaux had moved into Leicester Abbey quarters. There he surprised Vaux, captured him and got hold of the equipment and the money. Within three days, he put up a posse to join Queen Isabelle at Dunstable . The rule of Edward II and the Despensers quickly collapsed. Henry now called himself Earl of Lancaster and Leicester. On October 26, 1326, he took part in the council meeting in Bristol , at which numerous barons appointed the Prince of Wales Edward as the imperial administrator instead of the fled king. The next day he was one of the judges who sentenced the captured Hugh le Despenser the Elder to death and had him executed. He then led the persecution of Edward II, who had fled to Wales with the younger Despenser. On November 16, he captured the king and despenser in South Wales. Lancaster brought the king into his reign of Monmouth. On November 20, the overthrown king gave him the great seal there, and Lancaster, as Henry was now called, took him on to his castle in Kenilworth . He then took part in the tribunal in Hereford which sentenced the younger despenser to death. In December 1326, the new Lancaster government transferred the administration of the Honor of Lancaster, including Lancaster Castle, and other estates that had previously belonged to his brother Thomas of Lancaster. Lancaster then supported the change of throne in favor of the young Prince of Wales. In January 1327 he took part in the parliament that Edward II declared deposed and instead his son Edward III. sat on the throne. He then belonged to the delegation that moved the imprisoned Edward II in Kenilworth to abdicate. He is said to have supported the former king together with the Bishop of Winchester when he collapsed when he was asked to abdicate.

Henry of Lancaster. Depiction of his grave brasse in St Mary's Church in Elsing

Political activity during the reign of Edward III.

Member of the Regency Council

Immediately before the coronation of Edward III. on February 1, 1327 Lancaster made the king and three sons of Mortimer knights, and during the coronation Lancaster led the line of magnates. Subsequently, the parliament gave him the supervision of the minor king. Lancaster took over the chairmanship of the Regency Council, which, along with other prelates and magnates, also included Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent and Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk , two uncles of the king, Henry's son-in-law Thomas Wake and the allied barons of Northern England, Henry Percy and John de Ros belonged to. In March 1327 the conviction of Thomas of Lancaster was invalidated, after which Henry received most of his lands as inheritance. However, he did not get back all of his brother's possessions, especially not his headquarters at Pontefract Castle . In July 1327 Lancaster became a member of a committee that reviewed and reversed the gifts of landowners to the Despensers, which had often been made under pressure.

Scroll during the failed campaign against Scotland in 1327

Shortly after the accession to the throne of Edward III. there was a new Scottish raid on northern England in early 1327. An army was raised to repel the Scots who had penetrated into County Durham . For this Lancaster should raise troops in Wales and lead to Newcastle . In June Lancaster and the Earl of Kent were named as commanders of the army, in July Lancaster was then sole commander in chief of this campaign later called the Weardale Campaign . When the English captured the Scots at Stanhope Park , the English hesitated to attack so the Scots could escape. According to various chroniclers, Roger Mortimer prevented the attack while Lancaster and other leaders urged an attack. After this shameful end of the campaign, negotiations began. During the Parliament of York in February 1328 Lancaster and his supporters firmly opposed a peace with Scotland, but the government ruled by Mortimer concluded the Treaty of Edinburgh on March 17, 1328 with Scotland , which on May 8th by Edward III. was confirmed in Northampton . With this treaty, England recognized the independence of Scotland, which ended the long war with Scotland. However, many English felt the treaty as a disgrace, and especially the barons, who raised claims to Scottish territories, resolutely rejected it. Henry's son-in-law Thomas Wake was one of these barons, who were referred to as the disinherited .

Increasing tensions between Lancaster and Mortimer

Although Lancaster officially presided over the Regency Council and was thus the leader of the government, the real power lay with Queen Isabelle and her lover Roger Mortimer. In April 1327 Mortimer had the overthrown King of Kenilworth brought to Berkeley Castle without consulting the Regency Council , where he was probably murdered in September. In March 1328, Lancaster's ally John de Ros was replaced as Steward of the Household and replaced by Mortimer's ally John Maltravers , with whom he could control the king's household. The peace made with Scotland against Lancaster's will had shown his powerlessness. Political tensions rose in the spring and summer of 1328, and Lancaster eventually became the leader of Mortimer's opponents. The dissatisfaction with Mortimer was based primarily on the failure to attack Stanhope, on the Peace of Edinburgh, on the enrichment of Isabelle and Mortimer at the expense of the state, who bypassed the Regency Council for this purpose, and on the ongoing unrest in England. According to the chroniclers, the enthusiasm and approval that Isabelle and Mortimer experienced during their invasion had turned into hatred.

Lancaster had already refused to take part in a meeting of the Privy Council in York in early 1328, in which it came to matters in Gascony . In the summer of 1328 his opposition to Mortimer turned into open enmity. In July he did not take part in a parliament in York that he himself had called for. On September 7, 1328, he met Mortimer, Isabelle and the king at Barlings Abbey near Lincoln and threatened Mortimer with the use of his armed retinue, which he carried with him. The young king now feared that Lancaster would openly rebel against him. On Lancaster's behalf, the Bishop of Winchester and Thomas Wake negotiated with London merchants who, on September 27, 1328, sent the King a list of complaints against Mortimer. They demanded a reduction in the queen's holdings, a review of responsibility for the failure of the campaign against Scotland and, above all, the removal of Mortimer from the royal court.

The Lancaster rebellion against Mortimer

On December 23, 1327 Robert de Holand , a former vassal of Thomas of Lancaster, had his confiscated property back. Holand had been the most important vassal of Lancaster's brother, but he and his army had surrendered early during the rebellion and thus contributed to the failure of the rebellion. This made him particularly hated by the supporters of the Lancasters. On October 15, 1328, Holand was murdered by Thomas Wyther in Hertfordshire while he was on his way to London to meet Queen Isabelle. The severed head of Holland was sent to Lancaster. Lancaster now refused to take part in Parliament in Salisbury in October 1328 , where he was facing charges of murder, and repeated lawsuits against Mortimer. Despite the king's requests, Lancaster stayed with an army he had raised in Winchester, not far from Salisbury . Bishop John Stratford of Winchester tried in vain to mediate. During Parliament, it was suspected that Lancaster was not attending Parliament because he feared Mortimer would disempower and overthrow him. Mortimer, who was made Earl of March , swore at the urging of Archbishop Simon Mepham that he would not harm Lancaster. Yet Lancaster stayed away from Parliament. After the end of Parliament, Lancaster rushed to Leicester, the center of his possessions, while the royal court moved first to Westminster, then to Gloucester and on to Worcester . After negotiations between Mortimer and Lancaster failed in December, an armed conflict between the two parties now seemed inevitable. At the beginning of January 1329 Lancaster appeared in London, where he was joined by Thomas Wake, Henry de Beaumont, 1st Baron Beaumont , Thomas Roscelyn , William Trussell and other barons, but above all the Earl of Kent and the Earl of Norfolk. Archbishop Mepham and the bishops of Winchester and London openly supported Lancaster. On December 29, Mortimer had openly declared Lancaster a rebel. He now led an army to Leicester, which sacked the city and Lancaster's possessions there. Then Lancaster marched with his allies, supported by a strong contingent of the City of London to Bedford . However, shortly before the battle broke out, Archbishop Mepham and Bishop Gravesend of London tried to mediate again. Several supporters of Lancaster now feared Mortimer's revenge, and a little later the Earl of Kent and the Earl of Norfolk switched sides at Bedford and joined Mortimer. Lancaster himself might not have been ready for a bloody conflict, for a little later he asked Archbishop Mepham for mediation and Mortimer and the king for mercy. They renounced an execution of Lancaster, but formally submitted him to the judgment of Queen Isabelle. On January 16, Lancaster's holdings and those of his supporters were confiscated. He was sentenced to a heavy fine of £ 11,000 and only on 6 February 1329 was he given his possessions back on a promise to pay another £ 30,000. As a concession, he was assured that the complaints against the government would be discussed during the next parliament. His supporters Henry Beaumont, Thomas Roscelyn, William Trussell and Thomas Wyther, the murderer of Holand, were banished from England. Other Lancaster supporters were fined.

Further political activity during Mortimer's reign

Lancaster was allowed to keep his possessions after his failed rebellion, but he was disempowered and had lost his political influence. He had aged a lot as a result of the crisis and lost his eyesight, but Mortimer wanted to get him out of the way. In September 1329 Lancaster was allowed to travel to France with his entourage and stay there until Christmas. On December 3, the King instructed Bishop William Airmyn of Norwich to go to Lancaster in France, so that they could both travel as ambassadors to the French court. There they should with King Philip VI. of France to clarify legal questions after the homage to Edward III on June 6th. were still open. Lancaster's stay in France was further extended when the king commissioned him in January 1330 to discuss a marriage between Philip's eldest son John and Eleonore , a sister of Edward III. to negotiate. On February 28, the King charged Lancaster with further peace negotiations with France. When exactly Lancaster returned to England after this is unknown. He had traveled to the Parliament in October 1330 that the King had called to Nottingham , but Mortimer is said to have refused him quarters with the king at Nottingham Castle and to have demanded that he be at least a mile outside the city. Possibly Lancaster was ready to take the coup in which the young Edward III. On the night of October 19, Mortimer was deposed to support him. Ultimately, the king was able to arrest Mortimer without Lancaster's assistance, but when the blind Lancaster learned of Mortimer’s fall, he is said to have cheered. He convinced the king not to execute the captured Mortimer without trial, but to have him condemned by a parliament. During the following Parliament in Westminster, Mortimer was sentenced to death as a traitor, while Lancaster and his followers were pardoned. On December 12, they were waived post-rebellion fines.

Further activity during the reign of Edward III.

After the fall of Mortimer, Lancaster was again a member of commissions and committees despite his blindness and was also invited to the parliaments and the meetings of the Privy Council. In 1331 he served as a judge, and in the same year he was a member of the council that was to advise the regent John of Eltham during the king's stay in France . In 1333 Lancaster was even called up for military service in the war with Scotland, while in 1335 he was excused for military service due to his blindness. Lancaster took on various tasks for the king, including in 1339 he belonged to the legation that signed a treaty with the Duchy of Brabant . Edward III. thanked him with donations of money and the bestowal of rights and privileges for his possessions. From its extensive holdings, Lancaster had an annual income of about £ 5,500 in the early 1330s. As early as 1333, Lancaster had given the properties of South Wales and Yorkshire to his only son, Henry of Grosmont . Grosmont distinguished himself in the war with Scotland and represented his father in parliaments.

Marriage and offspring

Henry had at least one son and six daughters with his wife Maud de Chaworth:

  1. Blanche of Lancaster (1305-1380) ⚭ Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell
  2. Henry of Grosmont (around 1310–1361) ⚭ Isabel de Beaumont , daughter of Henry de Beaumont and Alicia Comyn, 8th Countess of Buchan
  3. Matilda of Lancaster (1310-1377)
    1. William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster
    2. Ralph Ufford
  4. Joan of Lancaster (1312-1345) ⚭ John Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray
  5. Isabel of Lancaster, Abbess of Amesbury Abbey (1317-1347)
  6. Eleanor of Lancaster (1318-1372)
    1. John de Beaumont, 2nd Baron Beaumont
    2. Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel
  7. Mary of Lancaster (1320-1362) ⚭ Henry Percy, 3rd Baron Percy

He was able to marry off all of his daughters, some of them to children of his own followers like Thomas Wake and John de Beaumont . His wife died between 1317 and 1322. It is not clear whether he married a second time after her death. It is said that around 1323 he married Alix , a daughter of the famous Jean de Joinville , who is also said to have been married to his brother John. His heir became his son Henry of Grosmont.

After 1330 Lancaster had donated a hospital dedicated to the Virgin Mary in Leicester Castle , where he was also buried. After his death the hospital was transformed into the collegiate monastery of St Mary in the Newarke .

Reconstructed arches of St Mary on the Newarke church in the De Montfort University Heritage Center in Leicester

rating

As a wealthy magnate, Lancaster played an important political role in the 1320s. Because of his tenacity, the Lancaster legacy was preserved after his brother Thomas was sentenced and executed. He was an opponent of the Despenser's favoritism, played a significant part in their overthrow and in the overthrow of his cousin Edward II, but could not prevent the arbitrary rule of Roger Mortimer and Queen Isabelle. As an experienced soldier from the wars with Scotland, he also seems to have been ready to fight both the Despensers in 1326 and Mortimer in 1328, although neither did so. Several chroniclers praised him for his loyalty to Edward III. and for his work as an advisor. The chronicler Froissart writes that Lancaster was nicknamed Tortcol , which either indicates a physical deformity , but as a reversible neck could also be an allusion to his pride. Ian Mortimer writes about Henry in his biography about Roger Mortimer that Lancaster was not a skilled strategist. He would not have had a clear concept or ideas for improving the government during his revolt from 1328-1329, but only sought to overthrow Mortimer and increase his own property and power.

Web links

Commons : Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Scott L. Waugh: Henry of Lancaster, third earl of Lancaster and third earl of Leicester (c. 1280-1345). In: Henry Colin Gray Matthew, Brian Harrison (Eds.): Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , from the earliest times to the year 2000 (ODNB). Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-861411-X , ( oxforddnb.com license required ), as of 2004
  2. Natalie Fryde: The tyranny and fall of Edward II, 1321-1326 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003. ISBN 0-521-54806-3 , p. 20
  3. John Robert Maddicott: Thomas of Lancaster, 1307-1322. A Study in the Reign of Edward II. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1970, p. 4
  4. John Roland Seymour Phillips: Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke, 1307-1324. Baronial politics in the reign of Edward II. Clarendon, Oxford 1972, ISBN 0-19-822359-5 , p. 13
  5. John Robert Maddicott: Thomas of Lancaster, 1307-1322. A Study in the Reign of Edward II. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1970, p. 68
  6. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 75
  7. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 38
  8. John Roland Seymour Phillips: Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke, 1307-1324. Baronial politics in the reign of Edward II. Clarendon, Oxford 1972, ISBN 0-19-822359-5 , p. 118
  9. John Roland Seymour Phillips: Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke, 1307-1324. Baronial politics in the reign of Edward II. Clarendon, Oxford 1972, ISBN 0-19-822359-5 , p. 228
  10. John Robert Maddicott: Thomas of Lancaster, from 1307 to 1322. A Study in the Reign of Edward II. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1970, p. 319
  11. Natalie Fryde: The tyranny and fall of Edward II, 1321-1326 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003. ISBN 0-521-54806-3 , p. 73
  12. John Robert Maddicott: Thomas of Lancaster, 1307-1322. A Study in the Reign of Edward II. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1970, p. 59
  13. John Roland Seymour Phillips: Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke, 1307-1324. Baronial politics in the reign of Edward II. Clarendon, Oxford 1972, ISBN 0-19-822359-5 , p. 228
  14. Natalie Fryde: The tyranny and fall of Edward II, 1321-1326 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003. ISBN 0-521-54806-3 , p. 183
  15. Natalie Fryde: The tyranny and fall of Edward II, 1321-1326 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003. ISBN 0-521-54806-3 , p. 188
  16. Natalie Fryde: The tyranny and fall of Edward II, 1321-1326 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003. ISBN 0-521-54806-3 , p. 192
  17. ^ WM Ormrod: Edward III . Yale University Press, New Haven 2011, ISBN 978-0-300-11910-7 , p. 55
  18. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 200
  19. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 203
  20. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 200
  21. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 210
  22. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 211
  23. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 212
  24. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 210
  25. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 212
  26. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 199
  27. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 214
  28. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 217
  29. Natalie Fryde: The tyranny and fall of Edward II, 1321-1326 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003. ISBN 0-521-54806-3 , p. 222
  30. ^ WM Ormrod: Edward III . Yale University Press, New Haven 2011, ISBN 978-0-300-11910-7 , p. 77
  31. ^ WM Ormrod: Edward III . Yale University Press, New Haven 2011, ISBN 978-0-300-11910-7 , p. 90
  32. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 239
  33. ^ Scott L. Waugh: Henry of Lancaster, third earl of Lancaster and third earl of Leicester (c. 1280-1345). In: Henry Colin Gray Matthew, Brian Harrison (Eds.): Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , from the earliest times to the year 2000 (ODNB). Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-861411-X , ( oxforddnb.com license required ), as of 2004
  34. John Roland Seymour Phillips: Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke, 1307-1324. Baronial politics in the reign of Edward II. Clarendon, Oxford 1972, ISBN 0-19-822359-5 , p. 13
  35. ^ Ian Mortimer: The greatest traitor. The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England, 1327-1330. Pimlico, London 2003, ISBN 0-7126-9715-2 , p. 213
predecessor Office successor
Thomas of Lancaster Lord High Steward
Earl of Lancaster
Earl of Leicester
1324-1345
Henry of Grosmont