Bitter fringed gentian

Bitter fringed gentian
	Bitter fringed gentian ( Gentianella amarella )
Systematics
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Gentian Family (Gentianaceae)
Genre :	Wreath anian ( Gentianella )
Type :	Bitter fringed gentian
Scientific name
	Gentianella amarella
	( L. ) Borner

The bitterness Frans gentian ( Gentianella amarella ), also Bitter ring gentian , Bitter gentian , Gentian or Blattwinkelblütiger gentian called, is a species of the genus of gentianella ( Gentianella ) within the family of Gentianaceae (Gentianaceae). The five subspecies are widespread in temperate areas of the northern hemisphere in Eurasia and North America.

description

illustration

Illustration from Plantarum indigenarum et exoticarum icones ad vivum coloratae , or collection of pictures of domestic and foreign plants painted from nature, for botany enthusiasts and enthusiasts

Bitter fringed gentian ( Gentianella amarella )

Vegetative characteristics

The bitter fringed gentian is a biennial herbaceous plant that only produces a low rosette of leaves in the first year . In the second year, the stem usually grows from 5 to 30 (3 to 50) centimeters long . The stem is single or branched from just above the base and without cotyledons at the time of flowering (differentiation from similar species).

The leaves are arranged in a basal rosette and cross-opposite on the stem. The basal sheets are spatulate with a blunt upper end. With a length of 1 to 2, rarely up to 3 centimeters, the stem leaves are ovate to linear-lanceolate with a pointed to more or less blunt upper end.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from August to the beginning of October. The numerous flowers grow out of the leaf axils .

The relatively small, hermaphrodite flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope . The calyx is significantly shorter than the corolla tube. The five calyx lobes are upright and usually somewhat unequal. The mostly reddish-purple corolla is trumpet-shaped and 14 to 20 millimeters long. The crown throat is bearded.

The ovary and the capsule fruit are sessile or rarely with a short stalk.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36 or 18.

Locations and socialization

The bitter fringed gentian grows on dry, sandy or calcareous soils , but also occurs on peat or marl soils with varying degrees of moisture and thus thrives in bog meadows. It grows in companies of the Molinion Association.

natural reserve

The bitter fringed gentian is in danger of being exterminated, as it does not tolerate chemicals (e.g. pesticides ) and is also extremely sensitive to air pollution .

The bitter fringed gentian was classified in 1996 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in Germany under Category 2 = "highly endangered". It is specially protected according to the Federal Species Protection Ordinance (BArtSchV).

Systematics and distribution

It was first published in 1753 under the name ( Basionym ) Gentiana amarella by Carl von Linné . The new combination to Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner was published in 1912 by Carl Julius Bernhard Börner . The specific epithet Gentiana amarella means something bitter. Other synonyms for Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner are: Gentiana axillaris (FWSchmidt) Rchb. , Gentiana axillaris Rchb. , Gentiana lingulata C. Agardh , Gentiana uliginosa Murb. , Gentianella axillaris (Rchb.) Á.Löve & D.Löve , Gentianella axillaris (FWSchmidt) Jovanovic-Dunjic , Gentianella amarella subsp. axillary (FWSchmidt) Murb. , Gentiana amarella L. subsp. amarella .

From Gentianella amarella there are about five subspecies:

Gentianella amarella subsp. acuta (Michx.) JMGillett (Syn .: Comastoma acutum (Michx.) YZZhao & X.Zhang , Gentiana acuta Michx. , Gentianella acuta (Michx.) Hiitonen ): It is widespread in temperate Asia and North America. There are localities for Mongolia , Inner Mongolia , the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang , Hebei , Jilin , Liaoning , Shanxi , Shandong , Shaanxi and Ningxia , the eastern Russian areas of Magadan, Buryatia, Gorno-Altay, Tuva, Yakutia-Sakha, Krasnoyarsk as well as Irkutsk, the Canadian provinces of Quebec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territory, Yukon Territory, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia and Nunavut, the US states Alaska , North Dakota , South Dakota , Maine , Vermont , Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, New Mexico , Arizona , Nevada , Utah as well as California and the northern Mexican states Durango and Nuevo Leon.
Gentianella amarella (L.) Borner subsp. amarella (Syn .: Gentiana livonica (Ledeb.) Eschsch. , Gentianella amarella subsp. hibernica N.M.Pritch. ): It is found in North, Southwest, South, Southeast, Central and Eastern Europe, in the Caucasus and Central Asia , Siberia widespread. There are localities for Armenia , Azerbaijan , Dagestan , Ciscaucasia, Kazakhstan , Magadan, Buryatia, Gorno-Altay, Tuva, Yakutia-Sakha, Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omskansk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Karelia Belarus , Estonia , Lithuania , Latvia , European part of Russia , Ukraine , Romania , Bulgaria , Serbia , Slovakia , Hungary , Poland , Czech Republic , Austria , Germany , Belgium , Switzerland , Italy , France , Denmark , Sweden , Norway , Finland , Ireland and United Kingdom .
Gentianella amarella subsp. lingulata (C.Agardh) Holub (Syn .: Gentiana lingulata C.Agardh ): It occurs in the Czech Republic and Eastern Europe.
Gentianella amarella subsp. reussii (Tocl) Holub : It occurs in Slovakia .
Gentianella amarella subsp. septentrionalis (Druce) NMPritch. : It occurs in Great Britain and Iceland .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner s. str., bitter wreath an. In: FloraWeb.de.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e NM Pritchard, TG Tutin : Gentianella. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp. 65 (English, limited preview in Google Book search).
^ Gentiana amarella at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ ^a ^b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 759 .
^ Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 , pp. 663-667 .
^ Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Karol Marhold, 2011: Gentianaceae. : Datasheet Gentianella amarella In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
^ ^A ^b ^c Gentianella amarella in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 25, 2016.

Web links

Commons : Bitterer Fransenenzian ( Gentianella amarella ) - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Gentianella amarella agg., Bitter wreath (species group). In: FloraWeb.de.
Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
Bitter fringed gentian . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
Distribution in the northern hemisphere according to Eric Hultén
Thomas Meyer: Kranzenzian data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
photo
Data sheet Gentianella amarella with photo at Montana Plant Life . (English)

[FloraWeb-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner s. str., bitter wreath an. In: FloraWeb.de.

[FloraEuropaea1972-2] NM Pritchard, TG Tutin : Gentianella. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp. 65 (English, limited preview in Google Book search).

[IPCN-3] Gentiana amarella at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[Oberdorfer2001-4] Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 759 .

[Haeupler2000-5] Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 , pp. 663-667 .

[DictionaryBotanicalEpithets-6] Dictionary of Botanical Epithets

[Euro+Med-7] Karol Marhold, 2011: Gentianaceae. : Datasheet Gentianella amarella In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

[GRIN-8] A ^b ^c Gentianella amarella in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 25, 2016.