Heunisch (grape variety)

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Heunisch
Synonyms Gouais blanc, Gwäss - for more see section synonyms
Heunisch
Art Grape vine ( Vitis vinifera subsp. Vinifera )
Berry color white yellow, green
use
origin Central Europe
VIVC no. 5374
ancestry

not known, "European original variety"

List of grape varieties

Heunisch was the most important white wine variety in Central Europe until the middle of the 19th century . It was particularly characterized by its high yield and late budding. This meant that she was able to produce a stable yield in years with late frosts. These varietal characteristics were important properties in the Middle Ages. The wine is thin, low in extract and rich in acid.

Genetic analyzes showed that 119 of the grape varieties known today are verifiably derived from Heunisch . Through natural crossing with Burgundy or Vitis vinifera subsp. silvestris , for example, created the Chardonnay and Riesling varieties . With Traminer, Heunisch is one of the original varieties of many European grape varieties.

Origin, distribution

It is a very old grape variety whose origin and migration are only based on guesswork. The migration from east to west seems to be well secured because the variety was also involved in the creation of Hungarian varieties such as Furmint . The late ripeness and the sensitivity to winter frost place its original home in more southern areas. Three immigration hypotheses are often mentioned. The way and when the immigration happened is uncertain and due to the lack of data it will hardly be possible to clarify. Possible migration routes are:

  • from east to west under Attila († 453) by the Huns , who subjugated the Germanic tribes;
  • with the Hungarians / Magyars 905 or 922;
  • with southern German settlers who emigrated to Transylvania and Hungary in the 9th and 11th centuries and sent travelers to their homeland.

It can also be assumed that the variety was brought to Central Europe in times of peace, since it was only during these times that it was possible to cultivate and maintain vineyards. Starting from southern Germany, the variety probably spread to France and Switzerland. The name Gwäss , which is common in Switzerland, could also have caught on in France. There the name is Gouais and is phonetically identical to Gwäss .

Huntscher and frentscher wine

In the high and late Middle Ages a distinction in the German production regions between hunt rule or Hun ( Pannonia ) and frentschen or Franconian vines. The name Heunisch is often associated with the designation "hunnisch", "huntsch" or "hünsch". Initially, "Hunnisch" or "Heunisch" was derived from the Huns. What is meant, however, is not the equestrian people of the Migration Period, but the Hungarians and their settlement area in the Pannonian Plain, which in the Middle Ages was much larger than today's state of Hungary. Philip Jacob Sachs wrote in his Ampelographie in 1661 : Heunisch was brought to Germany by the Huns or the Hungarians during their raids at the beginning of the 10th century. The term huniscdrubo appears in the Isidoric glossary Summarium Heinrici . The text of the Isido text was corrupt. Balanite was mistakenly spelled balatine, which Heinrich translated as large grapes . The fact that the original Isidoric term balanin referred to the size of acorns and was not understood by Heinrich is irrelevant in this context. It is interesting rather that Henry the large clusters with the Balaton , the Balaton , brought in conjunction and translated accordingly as huniscdrubo. He must have known a grape variety from Hungary with large grapes, which was apparently grown on Lake Balaton.

Heunisch has been represented in all Central European countries since the High Middle Ages . The distribution from north-east and west France via Switzerland, south-west Germany, Austria, Hungary to Eastern Europe is documented by naming.

In French sources, Heunisch has been called Gouais Blanc since the 13th century . In 1283, Philippe de Beaumanoir mentions the Red Heunisch as a simple grape variety for which only half of the Pinot Gris is available for sale . Due to the poor quality of the wine, the variety has almost completely disappeared from the French vineyards . In Lorraine , clearing of existing vineyards was ordered as early as 1598. However, the variety held up despite this and later arrangements, because it is extremely productive. It also sprouts late in spring. The sensitive flowers therefore usually escape the spring frosts.

As Gwäss , the French name is borrowed in German-speaking Switzerland . In the 16th century the variety came to Switzerland , where it is still grown today under the name Gwäss in Upper Valais . The Heunisch was widespread in Eastern and Southeastern Europe and produced good quality here. In Transylvania , for example, the famous Cotnari was made from it .

The variety was no longer recommended and planted towards the end of the 18th century. Today there are only extremely small stocks of hayfish .

ancestry

It is a very old grape variety whose origins are not known.

It is of great importance that Heunisch (= Goais blanc ) acted as a natural crossing partner (spontaneous crossing) in a large number of grape varieties that are important today. The following list contains some of the well-known grape varieties.

  • Heunisch × Pinot

Aligoté , Aubin Vert , Auxerrois , Bachet Noir , Beaunoir , Chardonnay , Dameron , Franc Noir de la Haute Saône , Gamay Blanc Gloriod , Gamay , Knipperlé , Melon de Bourgogne , Peurion , Romorantin , Roublot and Sacy .

The Pinot variety was most likely Pinot Noir (the genetic proximity of Pinot Noir , Pinot Gris and Pinot Blanc does not yet allow a more precise determination). The frequency of the spontaneous crossing between the Pinot varieties and Heunisch can be explained by the fact that the Pinot with Heunisch in France, especially in Burgundy and Champagne , were planted and propagated together in the vineyards for several centuries.

Colombard , Meslier-Saint-François , Balzac Blanc

  • Heunisch × unknown grape variety

Blaufränkisch , Muscadelle

  • Heunisch × Vitis sylvestris × Traminer clone

Riesling , Weißer R Noiseling , Weißer Elbling

Ampelographic features

White Heunisch

Since it is a very old variety, a large variety of clones has emerged. This is expressed by very different morphologies. This becomes visible in the changing intensity of red color on the shoot, tendrils, buds, leaves and grape structure, the hairiness on the tip of the shoot, young and mature leaves and the shape and position of leaves, grapes, berries and shoots. Heunisch clones are also named with their own names such as: Weißer Heunisch , Grobheunisch , Gelber Heunisch , Red-striped Heunisch and Roter Heunisch . But these are not independent grape varieties.

  • Shoot tips: glabrous and reddish in color
  • Leaves: medium-sized and coarse, slightly indented leaf margin, serrate, underside with slightly woolly hairs
  • Shoot growth: strong
  • Grapes: large, pyramidal, knotty, dense berries, round berries, white-yellow colored with a thin berry skin, with brown spots on the sun side

A photo of shoot tips, leaves and grapes can be found in the Vitis database.

Maturity: late

Yield

Heunisch is characterized by high yields and is reliable in years with late frost due to late budding.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages:

  • high and safe yield
  • undemanding
  • Late budding, therefore reliable in years with late frosts

disadvantage

  • Wines are low in extract and high in acid

Wine

The wine is of poor quality, watery and acidic. In the Middle Ages, the variety was cultivated for its good fertility. Hildegard von Bingen stated in her Physica in the second half of the 12th century that the Franconian wine was a strong wine that had to be mixed with water, whereas the Hunnish wine was naturally watery and did not need to be diluted.

Synonyms

Genetic studies have shown that the White Heunisch is identical to Goais blanc (synonym in France). 219 synonyms can also be found in the Vitis database.

See also

literature

  • Hans Ambrosi , Bernd HE Hill, Erika Maul, First H. Rühl, Joachim Schmid, Fritz Schuhmann: Color Atlas of Grape Varieties . 3. Edition. Eugen Ulmer, 2011, ISBN 978-3-8001-5957-4 .
  • Pierre Galet : Dictionnaire encyclopédique des cépages . 1st edition. Hachette Livre, Paris 2000, ISBN 2-01-236331-8 .
  • Hermann Goethe : Ampelographic dictionary . An alphabetical compilation and description of the previously known grape varieties in Germany, France, Greece, Italy, Austria, the Orient, Switzerland, Serbia, southern Russia, Hungary, Vienna 1876.
  • Jancis Robinson : The Oxford Wine Lexicon . 3rd revised edition. Gräfe and Unzer Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-8338-0691-9 , pp. 284 .
  • Ferdinand Regner : Directory of the Austrian quality wine grape varieties and their clones. 2008, LFZ Klosterneuburg

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ accessed on June 21, 2016 Heunisch (grape variety) in the database Vitis International Variety Catalog of the Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof (English)
  2. ↑ JM Boursiquot, T. Lacombe, J. Bowers, C. Meredith, Le Gouais , un cépage clé du patrimoine européen, in: [1] (PDF; 1.34 MB) Bulletin de l'Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV), No. 77, 875-876 (2004), pp. 5-19
  3. ↑ a b c Erika Maul: The very old grape variety Weißer Heunisch and its children, some of whom have become famous, such as B. Chardonnay. German Viticulture Yearbook 2005, Ulmer Verlag, pp. 129–145.
  4. ^ Fritz Schumann, Grape varieties and types of wine in medieval Germany , in: Christhard Schrenk, Hubert Weckbach (Hrsg.): Weinwirtschaft im Mittelalter . On the distribution, regionalization and economic use of a special culture from Roman times (sources and research on the history of the city of Heilbronn 9), Heilbronn 1997, pp. 221–250, here p. 222
  5. ^ Philip Jacob Sachs, Ampelographie sive Vitis Viniferae, Preßburg 1661, p. 22: Heunisch vel Hunnisch quod ab Hunnis vel Hungaris in Germaniam anno 906 et 923 irrumpentibus eo simul translatae vites.
  6. ↑ Hildebrandt, Summarium Heinrici, vol. 1, p. 171f .: Balatine a magnitudine sunt dicte huniscedruben . See second version, vol. 2, p. 41: Balatinae hunisc drubun a magnitudine dictae sunt.
  7. ^ Fritz Schumann: Grape varieties and types of wine in medieval Germany. In: Christhard Schrenk, Hubert Weckbach (Hrsg.): Wine economy in the Middle Ages. For the distribution, regionalization and economic use of a special culture from Roman times. (Sources and research on the history of the city of Heilbronn 9) Heilbronn 1997, pp. 235–237.
  8. ↑ Philippe de Beaumanior, Coutumes de Beauvaisis , ed. by Amédée Salmon, 2 vols., Paris 1899/1900 (Neudr. Paris 1970), vol. 1, no. 790: Drois pris de vins de rentes (…) Li vins fourmenteus, a la mesure de Clermont, doit estre prisiés chascun mui .XII. s. de rente, et li vins de moreillons chascun mui .IX. s. de rente chascun an, et li vins de gros noirs ou de gouet chascun mui .VI. de pension.
  9. ↑ JM Boursiquot, T. Lacombe, J. Bowers, C. Meredith, Le Gouais , pp. 9-12.
  10. ↑ Olivier Jullien, Topographie de tous les vignobles connus , Geneva, Paris 1985 (reprint of the 1866 edition), p. 446
  11. ↑ JM Boursiquot, T. Lacombe, J. Bowers, C. Meredith, Le Gouais , un cépage clé du patrimoine européen, in: Bulletin de l'Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV), No. 77, 875-876 (2004), pp. 5–19 , (PDF; 1.34 MB)
  12. ↑ Erika Maul: On the origin of old grape varieties , Swiss journal for fruit-viticulture No. 6/06
  13. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from November 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. A single Pair of Parents proposed for a group of Grapevine Varieties in Northeastern France, by JE Bowers, R. Siret and CP Meredith and by P. This and J.-M. Boursiquot @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ecaaser3.ecaa.ntu.edu.tw
  14. ^ Karl Bauer, Ferdinand Regner , Barbara Schildberger: Weinbau , avBuch im Cadmos Verlag, Vienna, 9th edition 2013, ISBN 978-3-7040-2284-4 , p. 102
  15. ↑ Louis Bordenave, Thierry Lacombe, Valérie Laucou, Jean-Michel Boursiquot: Etude historique, génétique et ampélograpfique des cépages Pyrénéo Atlantiques . In: Le Bulletin de l'OIV . No. 920-921-922 , 2007, ISSN  0029-7127 , Vol. 80, pp. 579 (French, oiv.int [PDF; 5.3 MB ; accessed on November 26, 2014]). online ( Memento of the original from June 4, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.oiv.int
  16. ^ Karl Bauer, Ferdinand Regner , Barbara Schildberger: Weinbau , avBuch im Cadmos Verlag, Vienna, 9th edition 2013, ISBN 978-3-7040-2284-4 , p. 83
  17. ^ A b Karl Müller: Viticulture Lexicon . Verlag P. Parey, Freiburg 1930, p. 341
  18. ↑ Hans Ambrosi, Bernd HE Hill, Erika Maul, Erst H. Rühl, Joachim Schmid, Fritz Schuhmann: Color Atlas Rebsorten , 3rd edition, Eugen Ulmer, 2011, ISBN 978-3-8001-5957-4 , p. 136
  19. ↑ a b Heunisch (grape variety) in the database Vitis International Variety Catalog of the Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof (English)
  20. ↑ Hildegard von Bingen, Physica, Würzburg 1835, p. 45: Franconicum et forte vinum velut procellas in sanguine parat, et ideo qui eum bibere voluerit, aqua temperet. Sed necesse non est, ut hunonicum aqua permiscatur, quoniam illud naturaliter aquosum est.
  21. ^ Regner F., Stadlbauer A., ​​Eisenheld C. 1998, Heunisch x Fränkisch an important gene pool of European grape varieties . Vitis Enol. Sci. 53 (3): 114-118
  22. ↑ John Bowers, Jean-Michel Boursiquot, Patrice This, Kieu Chu, Henrik Johansson, Carole Meredith: Historical Genetics: The Parentage of Chardonnay, Gamay, and Other Wine Grapes of Northeastern France. Science September 3, 1999: 1562-1565. doi: 10.1126 / science.285.5433.1562