Witch trials in the county of Werdenfels
As a result of the witch trials in the county of Werdenfels from 1589 to 1591, 51 people died in the former county of Werdenfels in what is now the Garmisch-Partenkirchen district . Of these, 48 women and one man were sentenced to death for witchcraft and executed in Garmisch. Two women died while in custody, one of whom committed suicide. A total of 127 people were accused of witchcraft in this witch hunt.
Overview
Werdenfels county
In 1249 Werdenfels Castle and Falkenstein Fortress and the surrounding area changed hands for 250 pounds of Augsburg coins. Ritter Schweiker von Mindelberg sold his fortune in the upper Loisach Valley to Bishop Konrad von Freising . In addition to the two castles, this included the forests and mountains between Plansee and Partnach and from the Zugspitze to the "hanging stone" near Oberau . The fishing waters of the Loisach and the Eibsee also went to the bishop. Up until this point in time, the Freising bishopric had appeared in the upper Loisach Valley through mere manorial rule. Now he moved up to the judicial and administrative power, which were subordinate to three villages: Germarsgau ( Garmisch ), Aschau and Vorchhaidt ( Farchant ). A knight moved into the castle as keeper and judge.
In 1294, the Freising Bishop Emicho expanded the power of the Hochstift Freising in the upper Loisach and Isar valleys through purchases. The Hochstift acquired the Partenkirchen and Mittenwald markets as well as the Isar Valley and the Karwendel Mountains from the last Count of Eschenlohe . The Freising group combined their entire possessions to form the County of Werdenfels, which thus became the largest sub-territory of the Hochstift Freising.
population
At the end of the 16th century, the local farmers in the mountainous region of Werdenfelser Land were very impoverished. However, due to the favorable traffic situation on the trade route between Venice and Augsburg, the merchants came to modest prosperity. The picture of the population was rounded off by the craftsmen and the many servants and maids. In the three court locations Garmisch, Partenkirchen and Mittenwald there were market clerks and 24 part-time judges, the so-called judges. The Hochstift Freising appointed a nurse ; Pastors , chaplains and beneficiaries took care of the salvation . The Werdenfelser Land could not feed more than four and a half to five and a half thousand people until the beginning of the 19th century.
While the local courts were solely responsible for the lower jurisdiction , maleficent matters, i.e. crimes that could be punished with the death penalty, were heard before the regional court, the head of which was appointed by the prince-bishop from among the elected judges. Traditionally, this choice fell on the Garmisch judge, whom the sovereign bestowed the ban on blood . The regional court met in different sizes, with all 72 judges from all three places of the court on important matters. This gave the Werdenfelsers participation rights in criminal matters that went far beyond the usual - also in comparison to the other Freising territories. Deviating from this regulation, the witch trials of the 16th century were not led by the elected judge, but by the caretaker who, as an official, represented the interests of the sovereign.
Another peculiarity of the Werdenfelser criminal law was the regulation that the movable assets of the convicted did not go to the heirs, as usual, but to the sovereign.
Despite the Christianization in the 8th century, the traditional superstition remained alive in the population for centuries. In many natural phenomena such as the foehn wind , people saw a game of the devil and demons . "Blaser", people who make warts disappear and heal sick animals, have stayed in the area around Garmisch-Partenkirchen to this day. At that time it was suspected that this group of people could harm humans and animals with the help of evil forces. If these people were convicted, the law of the time allowed no other sentence than the death penalty.
Processes
group | 1589 | 1590 | 1591 | total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Executed | 0 | 46 | 3 | 49 |
Those who died in custody | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
All in all | 1 | 47 | 3 | 51 |
introduction
The files of the Werdenfels witch trials have been preserved to this day. They contain a lot of genealogical information on the 127 accused and 51 convicted. Furthermore, 124 people injured by witches are listed as well as 650 people who were involved in the trials.
In 1583 the easily influenced Caspar Poissl von Atzenzell became the new caretaker in the county of Werdenfels. The inhabitants of the country had been very restless the years before. Plague epidemics , diseases, hailstorms that devastated the fields and dead animals terrified the general public. In the plague year of 1574, for example, Ursula Thurn from Partenkirchen lost several children.
Poissl's predecessor Herwart von Hohenburg still exercised a moderating influence on allegations of witchcraft. On April 23, 1581, rumors of witchcraft peaked. A fortune teller from Ettringen in the county of Schwabeck told the sick miller from Garmisch that bad people had attached the disease to her, suspecting 80-year-old Elisabeth Schlamp from Garmisch. Shortly afterwards there was a violent hailstorm in Garmisch, which the court procurator, the miller's brother, attributed to Elisabeth Schlamp. On May 20, the court procurator interrogated four people who had contact with the suspected witch. However, these statements were not very conclusive and nurse Herwart reported this process to Freising . The answer was not to litigate Schlamp, on the other hand, the nurse should secretly investigate this person. The Garmisch were not satisfied with this and brought more witnesses from Garmisch and Partenkirchen and demanded that Schlamp be arrested immediately. After these demands, the nurse wanted to interrogate the terminally ill woman, but she was no longer able to interrogate. Subsequently, the agitation against the Schlamp and other people increased more and more, until the nurse felt compelled to send another report to Freising, in which he complained: “When your favor and grace do no other understanding and respect, so a big unrest will follow ... "
First convictions
The angry Garmisch population met with open ears from the new nurse Poissl. The Eibsee fisherman Hans Ostler had a lot of sick cattle and the cream of the cows could not be buttered. The fisherman suspected 55-year-old Ursula Klöck, who came from Tyrol , of witchcraft. Mang Resenberger, who had already testified against the Schlamp, gave the fisherman the tip to boil a clay pot with water until it shattered. The human next to walk into his home would be the one to harm him. The fisherman then let a clay pot filled with water boil until it shattered for two days. By chance, Klöck passed his property and wanted to speak to the fisherman. Hans Ostler had no more doubts about this incident: Ursula Klöck was the witch who harmed his cattle. When this story became known, the Garmisch people began to get restless again and brought these accusations to the nurse.
On the evening of September 28, 1589, Pfleger Poißl had the accused Ursula Klöck taken to the Garmisch office building. The number of prisoners increased to three women on October 8th. The old, often accused, Elisabeth Schlamp and her unmarried daughter, the approximately 45-year-old Apollonia Schlamp, were also arrested on instructions from Poissl.
The experienced Schongau executioner and witch finder Jörg Abriel examined all three women, while the nurse Poissl wrote to his superiors about his judgment: "... all three women were found to be fiends because he really discovered the sign of the devil in them." Then the women became amicable, that is, without torture , interrogated. During the interrogation, the prisoners were very obstinate and only stated on record that there were more such women in the county. Master Jörg attributed this obstinacy to the fact that the women's meals were not cooked with holy water and consecrated salt. The nurse took this complaint to heart so much that he later had all the people accused of witchcraft cooked according to the executioner's recipe.
Following a request from the Werdenfels nurse, on October 20, 1589, he received government approval to question the accused embarrassingly. This cleared the way for Poissl to be tortured. At first he questioned the women without torture, but did not get any confessions . After another request, he received another permit from the government on October 30th and again had Jörg Abriel called to the county to carry it out.
With the embarrassing questioning , Abriel and the nurse squeezed confessions out of the women. Ursula Klöck accused her own sister, Barbara Achrainer, of witchcraft. Achrainer was arrested on November 21st. On December 4th, Klöck and the two Schlamps were brought to the dungeon of Werdenfels Castle, Achrainer followed there on December 15th. Under torture, Ursula Klöck, Elisabeth Schlamp and Barbara Achrainer also accused 60-year-old Margarethe Gattinger from Hammersbach of complicity. According to further testimony, nothing stood in the way of Gattinger's arrest on December 17, 1589. She was immediately brought to the castle and examined and tortured by two witch finders, Jörg Abriel and the executioner from Hall in Tirol , because they recognized her as a person capable of magic. The nurse had no approval from the Freising government for this embarrassing questioning.
On December 21, 1589, Gattinger committed suicide with a torn apron hem. Since the two witch finders had left the county over Christmas, the corpse had to stay in the castle for several days until it could be cremated by the Biberach witch finder master Christoph after the holidays . The subsequent execution by cremation can be seen as a sign that the wife was considered convicted of witchcraft. According to the witch finders, the cremation should avert the danger that other witches practice magic with the corpse. For the other four prisoners, the suicide resulted in new chains being put on them immediately. Before her death, the wife and Ursula Klöck accused other women of witchcraft under torture. On January 12, 1590, an order was issued from Freising to confiscate the property of the four prisoners. The orderly set February 5, 1590, the first Sunday after Maria Candlemas , as the day on which the women were to be executed . He asked the government to lessen the death penalty and to kill the witches by strangling and then burning them. On January 31, the verdict was confirmed from Freising.
On the so-called 1st Maleficent Rights Day , the four women were presented to the assembled court. The court gave a speech to the people present in which there was no evidence of any evidence of the wrongdoings listed. In the speech only the pressed confessions of the convicted were read out. Then an executioner carried out the sentence and the women were burned alive. The mitigation of the sentence was not granted.
This was only the beginning of the trials and the safety of every single inhabitant of Werdenfelser Land seemed to be in danger.
2. Maleficent Rights Day
After the 1st Maleficent Rights Day, nine people had been arrested by the end of Holy Week . At this time the well-known witch finders and executioners master Jörg Abriel from Schongau and Christoph von Biberach were brought back to the county. The young executioner Jakob von Biberach was a new addition. On Easter evening, the executioners began examining the suspects, who were then taken to the dungeon of Werdenfels Castle on April 25, 1590. One day later the embarrassing questioning of women began, which lasted until May 4th. The interrogation protocols are all terrifyingly uniform. This suggests that the executioners put the statements into the mouths of the women word for word. Often these confessions are so absurd that they can only be explained by the agony of the accused. Such logs began with the person's name, age, and marital status. Next, it was noted on what occasion the person became susceptible to witchcraft. The next point was how the evil spirit appears to the accused, and recently hints of repentance were noted.
On May 8, 1590, the orderly set the second day of maleficence, on which the women were to die, to Monday, May 21. On May 11th there was a big feast at the castle with the keeper, the three executioners, the clerk and the Garmisch priest. Jörg Abriel repeatedly visited the women on May 16, 17 and 18 to see whether the convicts would stick to their statements. All nine women stayed, they would rather die than be subjected to torture again. Again, the women were to be burned alive. On the night of May 21st, a heavy thunderstorm came down that soaked the pyre completely. One of the executioners then stated that burning alive was not possible. The nurse then ordered the women to be strangled before they were burned.
3rd Maleficent Rights Day
The dungeon in the castle did not stay empty for long. On May 23, 1590, the nurse had nine other accused incarcerated. The witch finders Master Christoph and Young Master Jakob von Biberach who had stayed in the country immediately began the embarrassing questioning. Agnes Plöcker from Garmisch confessed to the delight of the executioners and accused many women who were later executed. Three other women were incarcerated by May 31. On June 5, Pfleger Poißl reported to the government in Freising that twelve witches and sorceresses had been identified by the Biberach witch-finders. Since three of them were pregnant, nine women were sentenced to death for the 3rd Maleficence Rights Day, set on June 18. These also strangled the executioners and their assistants before they burned them.
4th Maleficent Rights Day
In a report dated July 7, 1590, Pfleger Poißl set the fourth day of maleficence law to be July 23, 1590 for ten other women. In this letter, fear emerges for the first time that this matter is getting out of hand: "Unfortunately, the matter is dragging on and does not look like an end." On July 9, the pastor visited the condemned and told them about it Death sentence. The executioner from Hall in Tirol carried out the judgment on this 4th day of maleficence law. Again, the executioner's henchmen first strangled the women before they were burned. One of the condemned shouted to the audience in the judging room: "You pious women, fly over the mountains, because whoever of you falls into the hands of the chastener and faces severe torture must die!" The distrust and the grew Doubts in the population. Many have already said: "It is not right for the little people, since so many have already been executed and no matter how many are to be executed."
5th Maleficent Rights Day
Despite all concerns, the witch hunt continued. On the same day that the 4th Maleficent Rights Day took place, the orderly had another woman arrested. Simon Kembscher had been incarcerated for several weeks. Under torture, he not only admitted to being in league with the devil, but also confessed to several murders and robberies. On July 27th and 28th, the torturers tormented 80-year-old Anna Schlamp from Garmisch, who soon died in prison. The 5th Maleficent Rights Day was set for Monday, August 20, 1590. Four convicted women and Simon Kembscher, the only convicted man in the witch trials, were to die that day. Ursula Prandner from Mittenwald was 94 and the beggar Anna Wideman was 84 years old. Since the executioners condemned Simon Kembscher as a murderer and sorcerer, the executioners wheeled him first before he was cremated. On the same day, the executioners burned the four women alive.
6. Maleficent Rights Day
The processes slowly stalled due to a lack of money and grain. However, nine more women were incarcerated and tortured over the next few weeks. The keeper reported to the government in Freising October 1, 1590 as the day of maleficence law, on which the convicts were to be executed. The executioner burned all nine people alive at the stake on the 6th Maleficent Rights Day.
7. Maleficent Rights Day
Most of October 1590 was relatively quiet. Only when the executioner Jörg Abriel stopped off with his son in Werdenfelser Land did the witch hunt gain new impetus. One reason for this was certainly the instruction of the Elector Ernst of Cologne , Bishop of Freising , Liège and Munster , to continue to take action against magical persons. The execution of three women should have taken place on December 17th. However, the appointment was canceled because one of the convicts, Anna Windegger from Partenkirchen, was pregnant. Despite her age of 57, Barbara Feurerer also pretended to be pregnant.
At the end of February 1591, Anna Windegger gave birth to a son in prison, who died a few weeks later in his father's house. This, Georg Windegger, had previously sent a pardon to Freising, in which he asked for his wife's release. He offered to endure the punishments in her place. The next three months gave the incarcerated women an unusual break. On July 11, 1591, the torture started again. As of July 15, eight women were still in prison. The keeper Poissl was met with sheer hatred on the part of the population; He also had to endure death threats, as he described to his superiors in Freising. In the summer, Maria Schlamp gave birth to twins in the dungeon, who also died a little later at home with their father.
Poissl set the 7th and last day of maleficence law to be November 4th, which was postponed for one day for unknown reasons. Three women died on November 5th; they were burned alive. Maria Windegger, from Farchant, was around 30 years old and was the youngest of all women executed here for witchcraft.
End of the witch trials
Over the next several months, some of the women still detained were released. In the autumn of 1592, four more women had to endure the embarrassing questioning. This torture did not result in a conviction. Only Maria Schorn, imprisoned since 1590, was sentenced to life imprisonment. In the summer of 1596, her husband's pardon was granted and she was allowed to leave the dungeon after six years.
The orderly Kaspar Poißl died in 1598 and the Schongau executioner Jörg Abriel in 1605 in Munich . In 1607 the witch craze flared up again briefly in Garmisch. But the government in Freising gave instructions not to pursue two cases of possible witchcraft.
List of all 51 executed or perished in custody victims of the witch trials
Surname | born | Resident | marital status | progeny | died | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achrainer Barbara | around 1550 in Garmisch |
Garmisch | widowed | at least five children | Feb. 5, 1590 1st Maleficent Rights Day burned alive |
Mother: Schlamp Elisabeth (witch) Sister: Schlamp Apollonia (witch) |
Fiery Barbara | around 1533 | Garmisch | married | five children | Nov. 5, 1591 7th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
If Dorothea | around 1525 | Mittenwald | married | at least one child | July 23, 1590 4th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Goose Anna | around 1539 | Garmisch | married | at least two children | June 18, 1590 3rd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Goose Barbara | around 1520 | Garmisch | widowed | May 21, 1590 2nd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
||
Gattinger Magdalena | around 1533 | Wamberg | married | at least one daughter | May 21, 1590 2nd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Margarethe Gattinger | around 1529 | Hammersbach | married | Dec 21, 1589 hanged himself |
||
Grasegger Barbara | around 1530 | Hintergraseck | married | at least five children | July 23, 1590 4th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
Mother: Schlamp Anna (witch) Sister: Ningedult Barbara (witch) |
Gugg Barbara | around 1532 | Mittenwald | widowed | four children | Oct. 1, 1590 6th Maleficent Rights Day burned alive |
|
Hibler Margarethe | around 1540 | Vodergraseck | married | at least eight children | June 18, 1590 3rd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Youngholzer Barbara | around 1555 | Garmisch | single | no children | July 23, 1590 4th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Kätzler Brigitta | around 1528 | Garmisch | married | at least three children | Nov. 5, 1591 7th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
Occupation: midwife |
Kembscher Katharina | around 1534 | Wamberg | married | at least nine children and one grandson | May 21, 1590 2nd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
Man: Kembscher Simon (Witcher) |
Kembscher Simon to the Saurbaur |
around 1532 | Wamberg | married | at least nine children and one grandson | Aug. 20, 1590 5th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
Only convicted man, also confessed to some murders Woman: Kembscher Katharina (witch) |
Klöck Margarethe | around 1550 | Obergrainau | married | four children and three grandchildren | May 21, 1590 2nd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Klöck Margarethe | around 1524 | Hammersbach | married | four children, six grandchildren, eight great-grandchildren | June 18, 1590 3rd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Klöck Ursula | around 1535 in Elmen in Tyrol |
Obergrainau | married | five children, three grandchildren | Feb. 5, 1590 1st Maleficent Rights Day burned alive |
|
Knilling Anna | around 1548 | Garmisch | married | at least seven children | July 23, 1590 4th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Knilling Margarethe | around 1534 | Partenkirchen | married | at least five children, two grandchildren | May 21, 1590 2nd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Krin Rosina | around 1558 | Farchant | married | three children, one granddaughter | Oct. 1, 1590 6th Maleficent Rights Day burned alive |
|
Lidl Anna | around 1550 | Garmisch | married | May 21, 1590 2nd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
||
Lidl Apollonia | around 1520 | Garmisch | widowed | two daughters | June 18, 1590 3rd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Loipold Agathe | around 1550 | Garmisch | married | at least one son | June 18, 1590 3rd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Mayr Barbara | around 1530 | Garmisch | married | at least twelve children | July 23, 1590 4th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Möltzer Ursula | around 1520 | Garmisch | widowed | three children | Oct. 1, 1590 6th Maleficent Rights Day burned alive |
|
Ningedult Barbara | around 1536 | Partenkirchen | married | at least four children, one granddaughter | Oct. 1, 1590 6th Maleficent Rights Day burned alive |
Mother: Schlamp Anna (witch) Sister: Grasegger Barbara (witch) |
Noll Uhliana | around 1560 | Mittenwald | married | at least one child | July 23, 1590 4th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Part Anna | around 1520 | Partenkirchen | widowed | at least one son | June 18, 1590 3rd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Plöcker Agnes | around 1540 | Garmisch | married | at least seven children, two grandchildren | June 18, 1590 3rd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Prandner Ursula | around 1496 | Mittenwald | widowed | Aug. 20, 1590 5th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
||
Püschl Elisabeth | around 1545 | Garmisch | married | at least five children | July 23, 1590 4th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Margarethe traveler | around 1520 | Garmisch | widowed | at least two children and one granddaughter | June 18, 1590 3rd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Sailer Barbara | around 1524 | Mittenwald | widowed | at least three children, two grandchildren | July 23, 1590 4th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Schenich Anna | around 1540 | Garmisch | married | at least three children, two grandchildren | July 23, 1590 4th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Sloppy Anna | around 1510 | Garmisch | widowed | three children | Died in prison on July 28, 1590 |
Daughter: Grasegger Barbara (witch) Daughter: Ningedult Barbara (witch) |
Schlamp Apollonia | around 1545 | Garmisch | single | Feb. 5, 1590 1st Maleficent Rights Day burned alive |
Mother: Schlamp Elisabeth (witch) Sister: Achrainer Barbara (witch) |
|
Sloppy Elisabeth | around 1510 | Garmisch | widowed | Feb. 5, 1590 1st Maleficent Rights Day burned alive |
Daughter: Schlamp Apollonia (witch) Daughter: Achrainer Barbara (witch) |
|
Schmidt Katharina | around 1550 | Garmisch | married | at least six children, eleven grandchildren | Aug. 20, 1590 5th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Schorn Veronika | around 1538 | Garmisch | widowed | at least seven children, 15 grandchildren | Oct. 1, 1590 6th Maleficent Rights Day burned alive |
|
Black Katharina | around 1510 | Garmisch | widowed | at least two children | May 21, 1590 2nd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Strobl Anna | around 1519 | Grainau | married | six children and thirty grandchildren | Oct. 1, 1590 6th Maleficent Rights Day burned alive |
|
Thurn Ursula | around 1518 | Partenkirchen | widowed | at least three children, one grandchildren | July 23, 1590 4th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Vitus Katharina | around 1518 | Mittenwald | married | Aug. 20, 1590 5th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
||
Volckl Apollonia | around 1543 | Partenkirchen | widowed | three children | Oct. 1, 1590 6th Maleficent Rights Day burned alive |
|
Völckl Margarethe | around 1546 | Partenkirchen | married | at least one daughter | Oct. 1, 1590 6th Maleficent Rights Day burned alive |
|
Walser Brigitta | around 1540 | Garmisch | married | a child who died as an infant | May 21, 1590 2nd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Widemann Anna | around 1506 | Garmisch | widowed | at least one single child | Aug. 20, 1590 5th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Windegger Anna | around 1561 in Farchant |
Partenkirchen | married | four children, one of whom was born in prison, but died a little later | Nov. 5, 1591 7th Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Wolfhart Margarethe | around 1550 | Garmisch | widowed | at least two children | May 21, 1590 2nd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
|
Zobl Anna | around 1544 | Garmisch | married | four children | Oct. 1, 1590 6th Maleficent Rights Day burned alive |
|
Zott Dorothea | around 1545 | Mittenwald | single | June 18, 1590 3rd Maleficent Rights Day strangled and then burned |
Profession: Dairyman |
Web links
- Witches and saints, faith and superstition in Werdenfelser Land. Retrieved January 7, 2012 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Josef Brandner: Farchanter Drei-Föhren-Chronik . Self-published, Farchant 1979, p. 6-7 .
- ↑ a b c Reinhard Heydenreuter : Administration of criminal justice in the Bavarian possessions of the Hochstift Freising . In: Hubert Glaser (Ed.): Hochstift Freising. Contributions to the history of ownership . 1st edition. Wewel, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-87904-167-9 , p. 225 ff . .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 3 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 5 .
- ↑ Original files at the Historical Association of Upper Bavaria: Werdenfelser Witches Trial from 1589 seq . No. 183 .
- ↑ a b Fritz Kuisl: The witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 6 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 7-9 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 9-10 .
- ↑ a b c Fritz Kuisl: The witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 10-12 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 12-13 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 13-17 .
- ↑ a b Fritz Kuisl: The witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 17 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 18-19 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 20-22 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 22-24 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 25-26 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 27 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 28-29 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 30 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 31 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 32-34 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 35-36 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 36-39 .
- ↑ Fritz Kuisl: The Witches of Werdenfels . Hexenwahn in Werdenfelser Land, reconstructed on the basis of the trial documents from 1589 to 1596. Adam-Verlag, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1979, p. 40-41 .