Hart's tongue fern

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Hart's tongue fern
Hart's tongue fern (Asplenium scolopendrium)

Hart's tongue fern ( Asplenium scolopendrium )

Systematics
Ferns
Class : True ferns (Polypodiopsida)
Order : Spotted ferns (Polypodiales)
Family : Striped fern family (Aspleniaceae)
Genre : Striped Ferns ( Asplenium )
Type : Hart's tongue fern
Scientific name
Asplenium scolopendrium
L.

The stag's tongue fern ( Asplenium scolopendrium ), also simply stag's tongue , is a species of the striped fern family (Aspleniaceae), to which around 720 species belong worldwide. Sometimes this genus (previous name Phyllitis ) was placed in the potted fern family (Polypodiaceae). Due to its full-edged leaf fronds, the stag's tongue fern is easy to distinguish from all other European ferns, which usually have one to multi-pinnate fronds.

features

Deer tongue, illustration
Sori with spurs

The persistent (perennial) deer tongue is characterized by undivided, whole-margined, elongated-tongue-shaped, heart-shaped at the base above the petiole, narrowed and pointed, glossy green leaf blades that are 15 to 45 (rarely more than 60) centimeters in size and upright or curved grow overhanging from a rhizome in tufts like a funnel. These leaves are evergreen, with the fronds that appear in late spring freshly light green, the older ones are strong green and leathery, firm. On their underside, elongated-linear, rust-brownish double sori (groups of sporangia containing the spores ) are formed, which are arranged obliquely to the midrib, parallel to the lateral nerves. The spore ripening takes place in the months of July to September.

The lateral nerves branched off from the leaf veins are interpreted as an ancient feature in comparison to other, "more modern" fern species with reticulated leaves.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 72.

Occurrence

Ornamental variety with curled leaf margins
As-built aspect (northern slope in the lower Bühlertal) in Baden-Württemberg
Asplenium scolopendrium var. Americanum

Deer tongue fern occurs particularly on light to shady, soaky, north-exposed steep slopes of calcareous, base and humus-rich canyon forests with ash , maple and linden as the dominant tree species. For this special, naturally very valuable forest form, namely the Fraxino-Aceretum pseudoplatani, the deer tongue is even a characteristic species within the herb layer. Block rubble and damp, calcareous walls, for example at cemeteries or in wells, are sometimes colonized ( crevice roots ). It also occurs in the Asplenio-Cystopteridetum from the association Cystopterion and in societies of the class Thlaspietea. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises on the Vorderen Wildengundkopf in Bavaria up to 1700 m above sea level.

The distribution is Holarctic and thereby disjointly scattered in the temperate zones in eastern North America, Europe and East Asia. In Europe, the species occurs mainly in the western, Atlantic-influenced, winter-mild part. Within Germany there are focal points in the south-west. a. in the area of ​​the Swabian Alb , the Rhenish Slate Mountains and the Alpine Foreland . Otherwise the spread is very unsteady; in large parts of Germany the species is absent or occurs only sporadically. Hart's tongue fern is under nature protection (among other things, "particularly protected" according to the Federal Species Protection Ordinance ) and is a type of the Red Lists .

Taxonomy and systematics

Scientific synonyms for Asplenium scolopendrium L. are Scolopendrium vulgare Sm. And Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. , also Biropteris antrijovis Kümmerle , Phyllitis antrijovis (Kümmerle) W. Seitz and Asplenium scolopendrium subsp. antrijovis (Kümmerle) Brownsey & Jermy .

Two particular varieties also occur in North America:

  • Asplenium scolopendrium var. Americanum (Fernald) Kartesz & Gandhi : It occurs at altitudes from 0 to 100 meters in Ontario, Alabama, Michigan, New York, Tennessee and in Mexico in the state of Nuevo León.
  • Asplenium scolopendrium var. Lindenii (Hooker) Viane, Rasbach, & Reichstein : It occurs in the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Chiapas and also occurs on Hispaniola.

Cultivation and Use

There are numerous ornamental forms of the deer tongue cultivated in gardens, which have, for example, strongly wavy, curled leaf edges (see photo). The leaves of the deer's tongue (or Latin scolopendria in the pharmaceutical literature of the Middle Ages) were used earlier as wound remedies and for spleen diseases .

history

Antiquity

In the 16th century the fathers of botany disputed where to look for the hart's-tongue fern in the works of ancient authors.

The following plants were available:

With these ancient authors they found the following recommendations for use:

  • for Asplenon , Asplenium or Skolopendrium : softens the spleen (Dioskurides - Pliny - Galen), stones crushed (Dioskurides - Galen), causes ceremonial applied infertility in women (Dioskurides - Pliny), helps against hiccups (Dioskurides - Pliny), helps against dysuria (Dioscurides) and against jaundice (Dioscurides);
  • for phyllitis : helps against dysentery and diarrhea (Dioscurides - Galen), against the bites of poisonous animals (Dioscurides);
  • for hemionitis : drunk with vinegar softens the spleen (Dioscurides);
  • for the lingua herba : uses lard to make hair shine (Pliny)
Vienna Dioscurides 6th century. Left: Scolopendrion (sheet 290v). Right: Phyllitis (sheet 367v)
Splenion - Scolopendria. Left: Pseudo-Apuleius , Kassel 10th century. Middle: Gart der Gesundheit 1485 Right: Hortus sanitatis 1491 Further historical images:
Deer tongue. Illustrations. Left: Vitus Auslasser 1479. Right: Otto Brunfels 1532. Further historical images:

Late antiquity and the Arab Middle Ages

The late antique herbal books Pseudo-Apuleius and (Pseudo-) Dioscorides de herbis femininis as well as the herbal books of the Arab Middle Ages received Dioscuride's statements on the “Asplenium” / “Scolopendrium”.

Latin Middle Ages and Modern Times

In the Macer floridus (11th century) and its German translation (Deutscher Macer, 13th century), the standard works of herbal medicine of the Latin Middle Ages, the stag's tongue fern was not mentioned. In the Physica manuscripts from the 14th to 15th centuries, ascribed to Hildegard von Bingen , the use of the “shepherd's tongue” is described in detail:

“The shepherd's tongue is warm and is good for the liver, lungs and aching bowels. Boil it strongly in wine, add pure flour, then let it boil again, then pulverize long pepper and twice as much cynamomum and let the milk with the wine boil again, press it through a cloth and so make a press and drink often sober as after breakfast. It uses the liver, cleanses the lungs, heals aching bowels, and removes internal putrefaction and slim. And again, dry the shepherd's tongue in the hot sun or on warm bricks, pulverize it and lick it out of your hand after breakfast and often sober. This will soothe the head and chest pain and clear other pains in your body. If a person becomes incapacitated by a strong and sudden pain, he will quickly drink the same powder in warm wine and it will be better. "

- Hildegard von Bingen, Physica : Paris manuscript, 1st half of the 15th century, Book I / Chapter 30. In the translation by Herbert Reier, Kiel 1980.

In southern German manuscripts of the 15th century, in the little book on the burnt-out waters ascribed to Michael Puff and summarized in the small distilling book of Hieronymus Brunschwig , the effects are recorded that were ascribed to the waters distilled from deer tongue leaves in the 15th century. The herb was recommended against liver, bladder and lung ailments until the 19th century, albeit rarely.

The spleen as the seat of melancholy

The effect on the “spleen” attributed to the leaves of the hart's tongue fern since ancient times is hardly understandable with the “anatomical thinking” that has grown since the 16th century. The term “anatomical thinking” describes the tendency to judge normal and pathological phenomena in the body primarily on the basis of organ or cell changes. This “anatomical thinking” displaced the humane theory that had prevailed until then . According to this doctrine of the humours, the stag's tongue fern, native to the shady northern slopes, was assigned to melancholy . In the middle of the 15th century, this reference was interpreted to mean that the herb was also good against "fearful dreams, against melancholy and against sadness" and to treat "hot diseases of the liver" and poorly healing wounds and ulcers ("cancer") ) be.

literature

  • Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Haeupler, H. & P. ​​Schönfelder (1988): Atlas of the fern and flowering plants of the Federal Republic of Germany. Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart. ISBN 3-8001-3434-9
  • Kremer, BP & H. Muhle (1991): Lichen, Moose, Farne. Steinbach's nature guide, Mosaik-Verlag, Munich. ISBN 3-576-10762-2
  • Lexicon of Biology. Vol. 4. Herder-Verlag, Freiburg, 1985. ISBN 3-451-19644-1

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  75 .
  2. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 89.
  3. ↑ Christenhusz, M. & Raab-Straube, E. von (2013): Lycopodiophytina. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Asplenium scolopendrium In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  4. ^ Warren H. Wagner Jr., Robbin C. Moran, Charles R. Werth: Aspleniaceae. In: Flora of North America, vol. 2. [1]
  5. ↑ Dieter Lehmann: Two medical prescription books of the 15th century from the Upper Rhine. Part I: Text and Glossary. Horst Wellm, Pattensen / Han. 1985, now at Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg (= Würzburg medical-historical research , 34), ISBN 3-921456-63-0 , p. 194 (“hirtz czüngen, daz krüt”).
  6. ↑ Otto Brunfels . Contrafeyt Kreueterbuch . Strasbourg 1532, pp. 171–172 (digitized version ) - Hieronymus Bock . Kreueterbuch . Strasbourg 1539, Part I, Chapter 188 (digitized version) - Leonhart Fuchs . De historia stirpium . Basel 1542, pp. 294–295 (digitized version ) and New Kreütterbuch . Basel 1543, Chapter 111 (digitized version)
  7. ^ Theophrastus. Natural history of plants . Edition: Kurt Sprengel . Theophrast's natural history of plants . Friedrich Hammerich, Altona 1822, Part I Translation, Book 7. Chapter 14 (digitized version ) Part II Explanations, pp. 284–285 (digitized version )
  8. ^ Dioscurides . De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. In the translation by Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, Book III, Cap. 111: Phyllitis (digitized version )
  9. ↑ Book III, Cap. 141: Asplenon (digitized version )
  10. ↑ Book III, Cap. 142: Hemionitis (digital copy )
  11. ↑ Pliny. Naturalis historia . Translated and explained by Philipp H. Külb . Metzler, Stuttgart 1840-1864. Book XXIV, § 170: Lingua herba (CVIII) (digitized version )
  12. ↑ Book XXV, § 133: "Lingulica" (LXXXIV) (digitized version )
  13. ↑ Book XXVII, § 34: «Asplenion» (XVII) (digitized version )
  14. ↑ Galen. De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , lib. VI, Chapter I, 67: Asplenum (Kühn edition 1826, Vol. XI, p. 841) (digitized version )
  15. ↑ De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , lib. VIII, Chapter XXI, 10: Phyllitis (Kühn edition 1826, Vol. XII, p. 152) (digitized version)
  16. ^ Pseudo-Apuleius , Kassel, 10th century (digitized version)
  17. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit , Mainz 1485, Chapter 351 (digitized version)
  18. ^ Hortus sanitatis , Mainz 1491, I, 458 (digitized version)
  19. ↑ Left: Scolopendria. Hortus sanitatis , Strasbourg edition 1497. Right: Use of the same printing block for the Hyrtzzung chapter in the Small Distilling Book , Strasbourg 1500 ( picture link )
  20. ↑ Vitus outlet. Herb book 1479, sheet 111r (digitized version )
  21. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Contrafeyt Kreueterbuch . Strasbourg 1532, pp. 171–172 (digitized version )
  22. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Cap. 138 (digitized version)
  23. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs. New Kreütterbuch . Basel 1543, Chapter 111 (digitized version)
  24. ↑ Hieronymus Bock , Strasbourg edition 1546, Part I, Chapter 188 (digitized version)
  25. ↑ Franzesco Gonzaga. Herbarium Apulei Platonici. Rome 1481/82 Herba Splenion (digitized version ) - Kai Brodersen : Apuleius, Heilkräuterbuch / Herbarius , Latin and German. Marix, Wiesbaden 2015, Appendix: Concordance list
  26. ↑ HF Kästner (Ed.): Pseudo-Dioscorides de herbis feminis. In: Hermes. Volume 31, 1896, pp. 578–636 (616) (digitized version )
  27. ^ Avicenna . 10-11 Century canon of medicine . Translation and editing by Gerhard von Cremona and Arnaldus de Villanova . Revision by Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Venice 1556 [(digitized)], Book II, Chapter 638 Scolopendria (digitized)
  28. ↑ Pseudo-Serapion . 13th century, print. Venice 1497, Chapter CXCIII: Scolofendrion (digitized version )
  29. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar . 13th century Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya - Large compilation of the powers of the well-known simple healing foods and foods. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart 1842, Volume II, p. 31: Skolofendrion - Asplenon (digitized version )
  30. ^ Based on the Paris manuscript Codex 6952 f Edition Daremberg / Reuss 1855, Sp. 1142 (digitized version )
  31. ↑ Cpg 226 (Heidelberg), Alsace 1459 - 1469, sheet 103r (digitized version ) --- Cpg 558 (Heidelberg), Northern Bavaria, around 1470 - 1485, sheet 23v (digitized version ) --- Cpg 545 (Heidelberg), Nuremberg 1474, Sheet 109r-v (digitized version )
  32. ↑ pressure Bämler, Augsburg 1478 (digitized)
  33. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig. Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 56v (digitized version )
  34. ↑ Nicolas Lémery . Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples, contenant leurs noms, origines, choix, principes, vertus, étymologies, et ce qu'il ya de particulier dans les animaux, dans les végétaux et dans les minéraux , Laurent d'Houry, Paris, 1699, p 178: Ceterach (Digitalisat) German: Complete Lexicon of Materials. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 282: Ceterach (digitized)
  35. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (ed.). Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and pharmacists art clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 153: Asplenium (digitized version )
  36. ↑ William Cullen . A treatise of the materia medica. 2 volumes. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789, Volume II, p. 41: Asplenium (digitized) . German. Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790, Volume II, p. 41: Milzkraut (Asplenium) (digitized version)
  37. ↑ Georg Julius von Schlechtendahl . In: Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch , Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach , Justus Friedrich Karl Hecker (1795–1850), Ernst Horn , Johann Christian Jüngken , Heinrich Friedrich Link , Joseph Müller (1811–1845) (eds). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medicinal Sciences . Veit, Berlin, Volume 31, 1843, p. 329: Scolopendrium (digitized version )
  38. ↑ Hager's handbook of pharmaceutic practice for pharmacists, doctors, chemists and medicinal officials. Springer Berlin, Volume II 1902, p. 861: Scolopendrium (digitized version )
  39. ↑ Henry E. Sigerist . Renaissance. The birth of western medicine. ... The birth of anatomy. In: Essays on the history of medicine. Presented to Karl Sudhoff . University Press, Oxford, 1924, pp. 194-200.
  40. ↑ Cpg 226 (Heidelberg), Alsace 1459 - 1469, sheet 103r (digitized version ) --- Cpg 558 (Heidelberg), Northern Bavaria, around 1470 - 1485, sheet 23v (digitized version ) --- Cpg 545 (Heidelberg), Nuremberg 1474, Sheet 109r-v (digitized version )
  41. ↑ Little Book of the Burnt Waters . Printed by Bämler, Augsburg 1478 (digitized version )
  42. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig. Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 56v (digitized version )

Web links

Commons : Hart's Tongue Fern  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files