Hurricane Gordon (1994)

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Hurricane Gordon (1994)
Category 1 hurricane ( SSHWS )
Hurricane Gordon on November 18th at its peak
Hurricane Gordon on November 18th at its peak
Emergence November 9, 1994
resolution November 21, 1994
Peak wind
speed
85  mph (140  km / h ) (sustained for 1 minute)
Lowest air pressure 980  mbar ( hPa ; 29  inHg )
dead 1147
Property damage $ 514 million (1994)
Affected
areas 		Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Jamaica , Haiti , Dominican Republic , Cuba , Florida , Georgia , South Carolina
Season overview:
1994 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Gordon was the seventh named tropical cyclone and third hurricane of the 1994 Atlantic hurricane season and marked the end of the season. The long-lived system trailed the western Caribbean and Florida on a tortuous course the strength of a tropical storm before intensifying into a Category 1 hurricane and endangering North Carolina . Gordon was a disastrous event for Haiti and killed 1,122 people there. The property damage caused by the storm was determined to be 514 million US dollars (1994; in today's prices: 1,000 million US dollars). Despite the high casualty figures in Haiti and extensive property damage in Jamaica , Cuba , Florida and North Carolina, the name Gordon was not removed from the list of Atlantic hurricane names after the season .

With a duration of 324 hours as a tropical system, Gordon, along with Hurricane Marco of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season, is the longest-lasting tropical storm in November in the Atlantic Ocean .

Storm course

The thirteen-day meteorological history of the hurricane was erratic, persistent and highly unusual. The hurricane formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on November 10, 1994, and grazed Nicaragua before making its winding route north across the Greater Antilles and Florida to the open Atlantic Ocean and back to the east coast of the United States . On its meandering migration route, the storm reached six times overland, four times as a tropical storm and twice as a tropical low pressure area. Three of these landfalls occurred in Florida.

Phase of creation

Hurricane Gordon Railway Track

In the first week of November, a large area of ​​disturbed weather accumulated north of Panama over the southwestern Caribbean Sea. A passing tropical wave caused mild convection activity and when another tropical wave passed by on November 6, it added cyclonic circulation to the disturbance. The convection slowly organized as the disturbance drifted north-westerly. On November 7th at 12:00 UTC , the circulation was sufficiently strong to allow intensity estimates using the Dvorak technique . During the following two days, the system steadily organized itself and generated deep atmospheric convection off the southeast coast of Nicaragua. This organization with initial wind speeds of 45  km / h ensured that the system off the coast of Nicaragua was classified as the twelfth low pressure area of ​​the season. The system moving further northwest developed a slow pattern of intensification and had favorable discharge at altitude. On the morning of November 9, convection flickered in places and ribbon structures appeared shortly thereafter, even after the system landed on the northeastern coast of Nicaragua near Puerto Cabezas that afternoon . A full day later, a trough to the northwest of the system over the Gulf of Mexico steered the low pressure area again off the coast, and in a northeast direction over the warm areas of the western Caribbean Sea. These warm waters heated up the low pressure area, which intensified on the night of November 9th with sustained wind speeds of 65 km / h to create Tropical Storm Gordon.

The weak air currents could not give Gordon a fixed trajectory, so that if there was a slight west-southwest wind shear, it meandered roughly in a north-northeast direction and could not intensify under these conditions. Eventually, an approaching trough pushed Gordon north-northeast at a pulling speed of 13 km / h, the storm intensifying slightly as it passed through the central Caribbean Sea, reaching sustained winds of 75 km / h. The trough continued to steer Gordon, pushing him eastward towards Jamaica on the afternoon of November 12th. Despite the warm water, Gordon did not intensify that day, which was due to strong wind shear in the upper troposphere, which eroded the circulation at altitude and reduced wind speeds to 65 km / h.

Train through the Greater Antilles

November 13th was a busy day in Gordon's life cycle. The trough over southern Florida and the Gulf of Mexico pushed the tropical storm further east towards Jamaica. In the early hours of the morning the storm reached the western edge of the island and dumped 189 mm of precipitation on Jamaica. Southwest wind shear prevented the storm from developing winds in excess of 75 km / h, but the landfall did not appear to disrupt the organization of the system. Accelerating forward, Gordon turned northeast. Wind shear continued to hamper the altitude development necessary for typical cyclonic organizing, but the circulation below the surface had increased. The sustained wind speeds were still only 65 km / h, but as the system approached the east of Cuba a gust of 192 km / h was recorded. The center crossed the shoreline near Guantanamo Bay, and Gordon dumped heavy rainfall as the center crossed the east of the country; in Camp-Perrin in the west of Haiti the precipitation was even higher with 583 mm precipitation.

Meanwhile, the large-scale circulation that covered most of the Caribbean Sea, of which Gordon was only a part, had come into interaction with a trough in the upper troposphere near the Florida Strait. This trough increased the large-scale circulation at altitude, which in turn propelled Gordon and created several other low-level circulations in the western Caribbean Sea. When night fell, the storm had not only crossed land twice that day, but had developed subtropical characteristics.

Gordon during the hybrid tropical / subtropical phase when a front dumped rain over Haiti

The large-scale low pressure system in which Tropical Storm Gordon was embedded now steered it west-northwest, on November 14 south past Turks and Caicos and the Bahamas . A high pressure ridge near the mid-Atlantic states increased the air pressure gradient in the vicinity of the storm, so that despite its subtropical properties, especially the lack of deep convection, the storm developed a strong wind zone immediately outside the center. These winds reached wind speeds of up to 85 km / h. The ridge steered the hybrid system further west-northwest past the western Bahamas. This brought the southern part of the storm circulation over the north of Cuba, while the northern part of the circulation intensified and generated sustained wind speeds of 90 km / h at Palm Beach. The storm's fourth landfall occurred on November 15 as Gordon swept over Key West , Florida. The storm continued its migration west across the Lower Florida Keys to the Florida Strait, where the storm center began to warm and deep convection heralded the return of tropical features.

Second landfall in Florida and intensification to hurricane

Hurricane Gordon at its peak on November 18 at 1:08 p.m. (UTC)

The steering currents remained weak, which gave the storm the chance to fully develop deep convection again while it was at sea. It was at this stage that Gordon began creating tornadoes . However, because the storm center was off the coast, most of these tornadoes are unlikely to have been registered, but some of them made contact with the ground on the Florida coast. Four of these tornadoes were classified in the F0 category of the Fujita scale , two in the F1 category and one in the F2 category, which includes wind speeds of 181–253 km / h.

After the storm remained in place for almost a day, a trough in the mid-to-upper troposphere over the central United States moved Gordon northward and then north-northeast toward the west coast of Florida, which is the center of the storm between Ft. Crossed Myers and Naples with sustained winds of 85 km / h. The eastward component of the storm's movement began to intensify and Gordon was moving northeasterly across the peninsula at a forward speed of 17 km / h. While crossing the mainland, Gordon hardly weakened, but maintained wind speeds of 85 km / h. He crossed Florida in just under six hours and accelerated forward. When the storm got back over the open Atlantic Ocean early on November 17th, the air pressure in its center began to drop. An improvement of the organization was not apparent and the wind shear bit back in the core of deep convection, but on November 17, suddenly reached Gordon sustained wind speeds of 120 km / h, Category 1 has been in a hurricane Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale incremented .

Third landfall in Florida and departure

The short wave trough that Gordon had steered across Florida. overtook the storm and was now in front of it, so that in its place came the influence of the train path by a ridge in the middle troposphere over the eastern United States. Under this influence, the storm, which had last moved northeast at almost 40 km / h, began to turn north late on November 17th. This movement now developed into a loop, while the Gordon, now moving west-northwest, briefly threatened the Outer Banks of North Carolina before coming to a halt again off the coast. In the presence of weak steering currents, Gordon lost some of its power and with sustained wind speeds of 110 km / h only achieved the strength of a tropical storm. On November 18, Gordon began drifting south of the North Carolina coast about 80 nautical miles from the Outer Banks. Warm water improved the structure of the organization, but this did not lead to stronger winds, and the storm followed the trend of weakening. Strong, heavy winds at altitude occurred, which caused the convection at altitude to be blown and colder and drier air masses to enter the storm system, which weakened the convection near the ground.

A high pressure area over the central states drifted east and added a westerly component to Gordon's southerly movement, so that the storm was now moving again in a southwesterly direction towards Florida. The persistent wind shear and the lack of deep convection ultimately led to the persistent wind speeds no longer reaching gale force and on the morning of November 20th Gordon was downgraded to a tropical low pressure area. The high pressure area over the continent directed the low pressure area further west, so that the storm near Cape Canaveral reached the last time over land on the night of that day with sustained winds of 45 km / h. At the time when Gordon hit Florida three times, the storm had dumped between 130 and 250 mm of rainfall over Florida, with a station in Cooperstown recording the highest rainfall at 409 mm. The system migrated north through Florida, and then northeast through Georgia , before finally merging into a frontal system via South Carolina. Storm-induced rain along the east coast of the United States extended as far north as New Jersey . In New Holland , North Carolina 126 mm of precipitation were measured and at Norfolk 133 mm of rain were recorded.

Effects

Effects by region
region Victim damage
Costa Rica 6th unknown
Jamaica 4th $ 11.8 million
Cuba 2 $ 102 million
Haiti 1122 unknown
Dominican Republic 5 unknown
Florida 8th $ 400 million
North Carolina 0 $ 0.5 million
total 1147 $ 514 million

Although Gordon spent most of its life cycle as a tropical storm, the system caused extensive property damage and huge loss of life. The United Nations Mission in Haiti determined that 1,122 people had died there. Six victims were reported from Costa Rica , five from the Dominican Republic , two each from Jamaica and Cuba, and eight from Florida.

Jamaica

As Gordon passed Jamaica south and east, the storm caused reported property damage of $ 11.8 million, primarily in Clarendon Parish . About half of this was damage to infrastructure and a quarter was damage to agriculture. The effects of the storm killed four people and injured two others in Jamaica.

Haiti

Haiti recorded large numbers of victims from many tropical cyclones, but the country was particularly devastated by Hurricane Gordon. According to the United Nations, 1122 inhabitants of the exploited country were killed by Gordon, but some estimates are higher that up to 2200 people could have lost their lives to Gordon. Experts repeatedly point out that in Haiti in particular the catastrophic effects of tropical cyclones are partly caused by humans. As a result of heavy deforestation , only 1.4% of the original forest in Haiti was left in 2004 , so that exposed slopes of the mountains allow the rainwater to shoot down unchecked. The lack of trees thus contributed to the devastating flash floods and inundations from which most of the victims by Gordon in Haiti resulted.

Florida

Gordon grazed or crossed parts of Florida three times. This resulted in interruptions in the power supply, which affected a total of 425,000 customers. On its second landfall, a 154 m long cargo ship ran just 45 m from the beach at Ft. Lauderdale aground. Four of the tornadoes recorded in connection with Gordon in Florida did not cause any damage, but two of them scored F1 and one F2 on the Fujita scale. One of the F1 tornadoes struck Lake Worth, where several trees were uprooted and two businesses and 39 homes were damaged. The F2 tornado hit Brevard County , where 62 trailers were destroyed and 229 others damaged in the Snug Harbor / Barefoot Bay trailer park.

Florida's landscape was also affected by the storm. Gordon caused coastal erosion , particularly on the east coast of the peninsula, causing around $ 275 million in damage from destroyed crops and damage to agricultural land.

Other US states

Hurricane Gordon created a storm surge that reached a level of around 70 cm above normal in Frisco . Due to the strong surf and the deep water, several sections of North Carolina Highway 12 were inaccessible for up to four days. There was also significant coastal erosion along the Outer Banks. To the north of Hatteras Village, the waves washed a section of around 70 m out of the dunes. The impact in North Carolina was similar to that of the Perfect Storm of 1991 , but the property damage from Gordon was less. The hurricane destroyed five homes in Kitty Hawk , where another 52 homes and two businesses were damaged. Two houses in Rodanthe were damaged by floods. Property damage in northern North Carolina was put at $ 314,000. The impact on the more southerly sections of North Carolina was less, but there was also significant coastal erosion. A family had to be brought to safety by the Coast Guard off the coast because their boat began to fill up in waves about 3.5 m high.

Further north, the interaction of Gordon and a high pressure ridge over New England led to flooding on the coast in eastern Virginia . The tide reached a level of 120 cm above normal in Virginia Beach , washing away a 30 m long jetty. The storm surge also caused damage to roads in Virginia and also less damage to buildings.

No deletion

After Gordon passed through, the World Meteorological Organization issued an official statement praising the warning infrastructure of Jamaica and Cuba for the fact that in these two countries the loss of life caused by Gordon was low and the lack of such a system in Haiti for the enormous number was held responsible for the dead there.

Despite the destruction in Haiti and extensive property damage in Cuba and Florida, the World Meteorological Organization did not remove the name Gordon from the list of names of tropical cyclones in the spring of 1995 . Usually, the member states of the world organization must send a delegate to the annual conference if they formally request the deletion of a name. Haiti did not send a delegate to the spring 1995 meeting. As a result, Gordon is one of the few catastrophic tropical cyclones whose name was not deleted after the season. It was first used in 1994 - the Gorden name had replaced the Gilbert name from the 1988 hurricane season. The name was used again in 2000 and 2006 and is also on the hurricane name list for 2012 .

supporting documents

  1. ^ NHC Hurricane Research Division: Atlantic hurricane best track. 2007, archived from the original on March 8, 2008 ; accessed on June 19, 2014 (English).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Richard J. Pasch: Preliminary Report Hurricane Gordon 8-21. November 1994 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. January 10, 1995. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  3. ↑ Avila: Tropical Depression Twelve Discussion Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 8, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  4. ↑ Mayfield: Tropical Depression Twelve Discussion Number 2 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 8, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  5. ^ Rappaport: Tropical Depression Twelve Discussion Number 3 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 9, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  6. ↑ Lixion Avila: Tropical Depression Twelve Discussion Number 4 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 9, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  7. ^ A b Lixion Avila: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 9 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 10, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  8. ^ Pasch: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 10 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 10, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  9. ↑ Mayfield: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 11 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 11, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  10. ^ Lixion Avila: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 12 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 11, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  11. ↑ Lixion Avila: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 13 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 11, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  12. ^ Pasch: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 14 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 11, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  13. ↑ Mayfield: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 15 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 12, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  14. ^ Lixion Avila: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 16 . National Hurricane Center. November 12, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  15. ↑ Lixion Avila: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 17 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 12, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  16. ↑ Jarrell: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 18 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 12, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  17. ↑ Rafi Ahmad: GEOHAZ2001 page 016 ( English ) Department of Geography and Geology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica. August 20, 2003. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
  18. ↑ Mayfield: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 19 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 13, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  19. ^ Pasch: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 20 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 13, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  20. ↑ ORE: Rainfall - ORE - Camp-Perrin, Cayes, Haiti - 1994 ( English , PDF; 72 kB) Organization for the Rehabilitation of the Environment. January 1, 1995. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
  21. ^ Pasch: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 21 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 13, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  22. ↑ Lawrence: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 22 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 13, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  23. ↑ Mayfield: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 23 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 14, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  24. ^ Pasch: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 24 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 14, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  25. ^ Pasch: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 25 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 14, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  26. ^ Rappaport / Jarrell: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 26 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 14, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  27. ↑ Mayfield: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 27 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 15, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  28. ^ Lixion Avila: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 28 ( en ) National Hurricane Center. November 15, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  29. ↑ Lixion Avila: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 29 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 15, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  30. ^ A b Lixion Avila: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 31 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 16, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  31. ^ Rappaport: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 30 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 15, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  32. ↑ a b Infamous Florida Hurricanes ( English , PDF) 2008 Governor's Hurricane Conference. May 11, 2008. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
  33. ↑ Lawrence: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 32 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 16, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  34. ^ A b Lawrence: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 33 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 16, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  35. ^ Rappaport: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 34 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 16, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  36. ↑ a b Rappaport: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 35 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 17, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  37. ↑ Lawrence: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 36 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 17, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  38. ↑ Lawrence: Hurricane Gordon Special Discussion Number 37 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 17, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  39. ↑ Lawrence: Hurricane Gordon Discussion Number 38 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 17, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  40. ^ Rappaport: Hurricane Gordon Discussion Number 39 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 17, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  41. ^ Rappaport: Hurricane Gordon Discussion Number 40 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 18, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  42. ^ Lixion Avila: Hurricane Gordon Discussion Number 41 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 18, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  43. ^ Rappaport: Hurricane Gordon Discussion Number 42 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 18, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  44. ↑ Mayfield: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 43 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 18, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  45. ↑ Lawrence: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 44 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 18, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  46. ^ Lixion Avila: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 45 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 19, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  47. ^ A b Mayfield: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 46 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 19, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  48. ↑ Mayfield: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 47 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 19, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  49. ↑ Lawrence: Tropical Storm Gordon Discussion Number 48 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 19, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  50. ^ Pasch: Tropical Depression Gordon Discussion Number 49 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 20, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  51. ↑ Mayfield: Tropical Depression Gordon Discussion Number 50 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 20, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  52. ↑ Mayfield: Tropical Depression Gordon Discussion Number 51 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 20, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  53. ↑ Lawrence: Tropical Depression Gordon Discussion Number 52 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 20, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  54. ^ Subtropical Storm / Hurricane Gordon - November 11-22, 1994 ( English ) Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. January 1, 1995. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
  55. ^ Pasch: Tropical Depression Gordon Discussion Number 53 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 21, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  56. ↑ a b Jarrell: Tropical Depression Gordon Discussion Number 54 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. November 21, 1994. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  57. ↑ David Roth: Subtropical Storm / Hurricane Gordon - November 11-22, 1994 ( English ) Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. June 18, 2007. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
  58. ^ David Roth: Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Southeast ( English ) Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. February 14, 2011. Archived from the original on May 2, 2012. Retrieved on October 13, 2011.
  59. ^ David Roth: Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Mid-Atlantic ( English ) Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. February 14, 2011. Archived from the original on October 27, 2008. Retrieved on October 13, 2011.
  60. ↑ Jamaica National Meteorological Service: Tropical Storm Gordon Preliminary Damage Assessment ( English , GIF) 1994. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
  61. ↑ Université Catholique de Louvain: EM-DAT: The OFDA / CRED International Disaster Database for North America ( English ) 2007. Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
  62. ↑ NCDC: Event Details ( Memento from May 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  63. ↑ NCDC: Event Details ( Memento from May 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  64. ↑ Jamaica National Meteorological Service: Preliminary Damage Assessment Matrix (US $): Tropical Storm Gordon, 10-13. November 1994 ( English , GIF) National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
  65. ↑ Jeff Masters: Hurricanes and Haiti: A Tragic History ( English ) The Weather Underground. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
  66. ↑ a b c Lixion Avila, Edward N. Rappaport: Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1994 (PDF) National Hurricane Center. January 4, 1996. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
  67. ^ A b Cape Hatteras, NC National Weather Service: Preliminary Storm Report… Hurricane Gordon ( English , GIF) National Hurricane Center. November 21, 1994. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
  68. ↑ a b James Ireland, Newport National Weather Service Office: Gordon Damage ( English , GIF) National Hurricane Center. November 28, 1994. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
  69. ↑ James Ireland, Newport National Weather Service Office: Gordon Damage (page 2) ( English , GIF) National Hurricane Center. November 28, 1994. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
  70. ↑ Tom Matheson, Wilmington NC Weather Service Office: Storm Survey Report, Hurricane Gordon Nov. 18, 1994 ( English , GIF) National Hurricane center. December 2, 1994. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
  71. ↑ ?: Family on boat rescued off NC (English) (GIF). Retrieved October 14, 2011. 
  72. ↑ Event Report for Virginia ( Memento August 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  73. ↑ Early Warning Saves Grief And Money ( English ) World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on August 22, 2006. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
  74. ↑ Hurricanes Igor and Tomas get Their names retired ( English ) Retrieved on 22 May 2012 found.

Web links

Commons : Hurricane Gordon (1994)  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files