Illyria

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Illyria ( ancient Greek Ἰλλυρίς Illyrís , Latin Illyricum ) is a name for a region in the west of the Balkan Peninsula . It is derived from the Illyrian people who settled here in ancient times .

Antiquity

Illyris, realm of the Illyrians

Illyria and the Illyrian Tribes
Provinces of the Roman Empire in the late Imperial Era

According to Herodotus , the land of the Illyrians extended in the 5th century BC. From the Adriatic coast to the Morava in the east and to the Adige in the west.

In ancient times there were relations between the Illyrian tribes and the Greeks , Demosthenes campaigned in 342 BC. BC among the Illyrians for enemies against Macedonia . In the second half of the 3rd century BC The Illyrian Labeates formed an empire under Queen Teuta with its seat in Scodra (today Shkodra ). After the wars between the Illyrians and Rome at the beginning of the 3rd century BC. This kingdom was restricted to its northern half.

Illyricum

After further long battles, the Illyrian Empire came completely under the rule of the Roman Empire and was henceforth called Illyricum in Latin . Since Sulla it was united with the province of Macedonia , only under Gaius Iulius Caesar did it become an independent province. A great uprising of the Illyrians between the years 6 and 9 AD could only be suppressed with difficulty by the Romans.

When the Romans conquered the territory of the Pannonian tribes, they named it Illyricum inferius , while what was later to become Dalmatia was called Illyricum superius . In late antiquity , after the imperial reform of Diocletian , the Illyricum was divided into seven provinces: both Noricum , both Pannonia , Valeria , Savia , Dalmatia and Dacia (the Dioecesis Illyrici occidentale ). Later the Illyricum was administered by a praefectus praetorio , the prefecture comprised the provinces Moesia superior , both Dacia , Dardania , Macedonia , Thessalia , Achaea , both Epirus , Praevalitana and Crete .

Between the 3rd and 6th centuries, Illyricum not only provided many recruits for the Roman army, but also descended from a number of emperors, including Diocletian and Justinian . After the so-called division of the empire of 395 , many Illyrian areas were part of the Eastern Roman Empire , and there were repeated disputes with Western Rome , which only gave up its claims to the entire Illyricum in 437. Latin remained the lingua franca, and large parts of the region were under canonical law of the Bishop of Rome . The northern Illyricum was inhabited by Ostrogoth groups at the beginning of the 6th century , and from around 580 onwards they settled across the entire region of Slavs .

Modern times

Since the Renaissance , the name Illyricum , according to the Latinizing time fashion, came into use again. The terms Illyrian and Illyrian were often equated with the South Slavs or the South Slavic languages .

Triune Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia of the Habsburg Empire 1745–1777

From 1767 to 1777, under Maria Theresa , the Kingdom of Croatia , the Kingdom of Slavonia and the Kingdom of Dalmatia were collectively called the Kingdom of Illyria - they had been installed as the Triune Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia in 1745 . Dalmatia remained under the Hungarian Crown during the Turkish Wars, the other two kingdoms became Ottoman in the 16th century , and came back to the Habsburg Empire at the beginning of the 18th century . After 1777 one spoke again of separate kingdoms. It was ruled by an Illyrian court deputation in Vienna .

Illyrian provinces

During the Napoleonic Wars , the name Illyricum was also used for administrative purposes in accordance with the classicist fashion of the times. The parts of Austria that were separated off in the Peace of Schönbrunn in 1809 were organized by France as "Illyrian Provinces" (with the capital Ljubljana ). It consisted of the Départements Carinthie ( East Tyrol and the western part of Carinthia - Lower Carinthia remained with Austria), Carniole ( Carniola ), Istrie (the coastal area ), Croatie Civile (" Civil Croatia ") and Croatie Militaire (" Military Croatia "), Dalmatie ( Dalmatia ) , Raguse ( Ragusa ).

Kingdom of Illyria 1814–1849

The Kingdom of Illyria in the Danube Monarchy (1843).
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Illyria ( Hugo Ströhl ).

After these provinces were returned to Austria in 1814, the Viennese court organized this area as the Kingdom of Illyria in the two gubernias of Laibach (with Carniola and Carinthia) and Trieste (with Gorizia and Gradisca and Istria ) with a slightly different definition: after western Croatia with Karlstadt and Fiume was "reunited with the Hungarian crown" in 1822, Lower Carinthia (1825) was added. Dalmatia had been an Austrian gubernium since 1814 - just as formally as a kingdom. In 1849, after the revolution and the subsequent state reforms, this kingdom was dissolved. Between 1849 and 1918, the crown lands of Carinthia , Carniola and the Austrian coastal region were on this territory .

The Illyrian kingship was (formally) led until 1918 in the title of Emperor of Austria .

present

On April 5, 1992, representatives of the Albanian minority of Macedonia in Struga and five other places on Lake Ohrid proclaimed a short-lived Albanian Autonomous Republic of Illyria (Ilirida). This was preceded by a vote on January 11 and 12, 1992, in which 99 percent of those questioned, with a stated participation rate of 92 percent, are said to have spoken out in favor of territorial and political autonomy.

literature

  • Hasan Ceka , Selim Islami , Skënder Anamali Frano Prendi ( Albanian ): Ilirët dhe Iliria. Te autorët antike - Burime të zgjedhura për historinë e Shqiperisë. Vol. I. , Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës , Instituti i Historisë, 1965.
  • Hasan Ceka ( French) : Illyrie. Etudes et materiaux archeologiques, Vol. I. , Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë; Qendra e Kërkimeve Arkeologjike; Universiteti i Tiranēs, Sectori i Arkeologjisë, 1971
  • Hasan Ceka, Kolë Luka (French): Questions de numismatique Illyrienne, avec, un catalogue des monnaies d'Apollonie et de Durrhachium , Universite d'Etat de Tirana , Institut d'Histoire, 1972
  • Pierre Cabanes , Grecs et illyriens dans les inscriptions en langue grecque d'Epidamne-Dyrrhachion et d'Apollonia d'Illyrie, ISBN 2865382419 , 1989
  • Pierre Cabanes , Neritan Ceka (French), Inscriptions d'Apollonia d'Illyrie , Publisher: Athènes: Botsaris, 1998
  • Neritan Ceka (Albanian): Në kërkim të historisë ilire (in German: In search of Illyrian history) , 1998, ISBN 978-2-86958-094-7
  • Claudia Fräss-Ehrfeld (ed.): Napoleon and his time, Carinthia - Inner Austria - Illyria . Verlag des Geschichtsverein für Kärnten, Klagenfurt 2009, ISBN 978-3-85454-113-4 .

historical monographs:

  • Ignaz de Luca: Illyria. > In: Geographisches Handbuch von dem Oestreichischen Staate. 4th volume Ungern, Illyria, and Transylvania. Verlag JV Degen, Vienna 1791, pp. 419–458 ( Google eBook, full view ).

swell

Web links

Wiktionary: Illyria  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Munzinger-Archiv / Handbuch-Zeitarchiv Zeitgeschehen 1992, p. 48 as well as Munzinger-Archiv / IH-Zeitarchiv 8/92 (January 1992), page 10 and Munzinger-Archiv / IH-Zeitarchiv 21/92 (April 1992), page 6
  2. ↑ Dr. Mario von Baratta (Ed.): Der Fischer Weltalmanach 1993, page 112. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt (Main) 1992