Ivan Antonovich Yefremov

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Ivan Yefremov (portrait on a commemorative postcard on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of his death)

Ivan Antonovich (Antipowitsch) Efremov ( Russian Иван Антонович (Антипович) Ефремов , after English. Transcription Ivan Antonovich Efremov ; born April 9 . Jul / 22. April  1908 greg. In Vyritsa , † 5. October 1972 in Moscow ) was a Russian - Soviet paleontologist and science fiction - author . He is considered the founder of taphonomy or fossilization, a geoscientific discipline that studies the formation of fossils .

The asteroid (2269) Efremiana , discovered in 1976 by the Soviet astronomer Nikolai Tschernych , was named after him.

Life

Ivan Yefremov 1925
Yefremov's resting place in the Komarovo cemetery near Leningrad with a futuristic tombstone.

According to the baptismal register of the Tsarskoye Selo district, Yefremov was born on April 9, 1908 (April 22, according to the Gregorian calendar ) in Vyritsa near Saint Petersburg . His father Antip Kharitonovich Yefremov (from 1910 Anton Kharitonovich) was a timber merchant and had done his military service in the famous Semyonovskoye regiment , one of the tsar's most traditional guards regiments . His mother, Varvara Alexandrovna Yefremowa (née Ananyeva), came from Tosno and was 18 years old when she gave birth to little Ivan.

Ivan didn't get around much in his pre-school days. However, he learned to read at an early age and at the age of six read 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and other novels by Jules Verne , which were found in his father's house library. Because of an illness of his younger brother Vasily, the family moved to Berdyansk on the Azov Sea . There Iwan attended school and continued to read books, whereby, according to his own account, the novels by HG Wells ( The Time Machine , The Invisible Man , The War of the Worlds ) particularly influenced him.

In 1917, during the Russian Revolution , his parents divorced. In 1919 the mother and the children moved to Cherson , married a Red Army officer and left the children with a relative who, however, shortly afterwards no longer wanted to look after them. So the children were initially in the care of the education authority. Ivan then ended up with a motorized company of the 6th Army of the Red Army . Presumably he stated on this occasion that he was born in 1907, which made him a twelve-year-old at the time, and that if he had given his actual age, he would probably not have been accepted into the army. In any case, 1907 was the official year of Yefremov's birth in the Soviet Union, which is also noted on his tombstone. As the "son of the company" Jefremov came to Perekop and took part in battles against the White Guards under Baron Wrangel . When his unit in Ochakov was under artillery fire, he was injured. As a result of the shock he received, he stuttered slightly for the rest of his life .

In 1921 he left the army and moved to Saint Petersburg, which was now called Petrograd , to finish school there. He then worked as a driver, sawmill and unskilled worker, attended the nautical school and went to sea in the Okhotsk and Caspian Seas from 1923 to 1925 .

As early as 1924 he began to be interested in paleontology . Yefremov got a place at the St. Petersburg State University , but did not obtain a formal degree . From the mid-1930s, Yefremov took part in several paleontological expeditions that led to the Volga region , the Urals and Central Asia . He then became one of the senior staff of the Paleontological Institute (PIN) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR . In 1935 he passed an external exam at the Leningrad Mining Institute . In 1941 he received his doctorate in biology .

In the 1940s, Jefremow developed the basics of taphonomy. His book "Taphonomie" was published in 1950. Many of the predictions made in it were later confirmed on an expedition to the Gobi Desert .

Jefremov's first non-scientific paper was published in 1944. His greatest success was the novel Andromedanebel , which was published in 1957 as an abridged preprint in the journal Technika-Molodjoshi and was published in 1958 as a book. In it, Jefremov describes the communist future of all humanity, who has visited the stars and turned the earth into a paradise. The human race is part of a "big ring" of different cosmic (and also communist) civilizations. Andromeda Nebula was one of the best-selling Soviet novels and for many Soviet citizens it became an ideal image of a future society. His next novel, The Hour of the Bull , published in 1970, was banned immediately after its publication at the instigation of the then KGB boss Yuri Andropov , and was not included in Yefremov's Collected Works and could only be published again after perestroika .

Awards

Works

Science fiction / adventure

As an author

  • At the lake of the mountain spirits. Narrative. 1944 (German 1946, 1952).
  • Atoll fakaofu. Narrative. 1944 (German 1956).
  • The moonlight rock. Narrative. 1944 (German 1953).
  • The diamond slot. Narrative. 1945 (German 1953).
  • The shadow of the past. Narrative. 1945 (German 1946).
  • The land from the sea foam. Novel. 1949 (German 1961).
  • The Nur-I-Descht observatory. Narrative. 1950 (German 1951).
  • Death in the desert. Narrative. 1950. (German 1953 as volume 2 of the book series Excitingly told ; also in 1961 as volume 40 of the book series Kompass-Bücherei , shortened by one story).
  • The white horn. Story (German 1951).
  • The hell flame. Story (German 1954).
  • The last topsail. Story (German 1956).
  • The girl from space (Russian Туманность Андромеды). Novel. 1958 (German 1958, 1965, each published by Kultur und Progress Verlag, Berlin (East)); 1983 published under the title Andromedanebel as a new translation in the West German Heyne Verlag .
  • The heart of the snake (Russian Сердце Змеи; German also encounter in space ). Narrative. 1959 (German 1960 in The New Adventure , Issues 174 and 175).
  • The knife's edge (Russian Лезвие бритвы). Novel in 4 books. 1959-1963. (German 1963 only excerpts under the title Das Kettenlink ).
  • The Bawardjed's Journey. Historical narrative. (Prehistory to The Land from the Sea Foam , German 2004).
  • The hour of the bull (Russian Час Быка). Novel. 1970 (German 2009).
  • Tais of Athens (Russian Таис Афинская). Historical novel. 1972.

As editor

  • 17 World Riddles - The Big Questions in Research. Popular science essays. 1972 (German 1972).

Scientific literature

Of the more than 100 scientific papers published by Yefremov, only a few have so far not appeared exclusively in Russian. This is followed by a selection of essays and review articles that have also or exclusively appeared in German or English.

  • Benthosaurus sushkini a new labyrinthodont from the Permo - Triassic deposits of the Sharschenga River, North Daugava Governorate. Известия Академии Наук СССР (Отделение Физико-Математических Наук). 1929, pp. 757-770. (Digitized version)
  • About the labyrinthodons of the USSR. II. Permian labyrinthodons of the former Vyatka governorate . Volume 2, Труды Палеозоологического Института, 1933, pp. 117-164.
  • Some new Permian reptiles of the USSR. In: Comptes Rendus (Doklady) de l'Académie de Sciences de l'URSS. Volume 19, No. 9, 1938, pp. 771-776.
  • The Mesen fauna of the Permian reptiles. In: New Yearbook for Mineralogy, Geology and Paleontology. Beilagen-Volume 84, Division B., 1940, pp. 379-466.
  • Brief review of the forms of the Permian and Triassic tetrapod fauna of the USSR. In: Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Department B. 1940, pp. 372–383.
  • Taphonomy: New branch of Paleontology. In: The Pan-American Geologist. Volume 74, No. 2, 1940, pp. 81-93. ( Text-only digitized version )
  • Ulemosaurus svijagensis Riab. - a deinocephale from the Permian deposits of the USSR. In: Nova Acta Leopoldina (NF). Volume 9, 1940, pp. 155-205.
  • The Gondwana System of India and the Vertebrate Life History in the Late Paleozoic . In: Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India. Volume 2, 1956, pp. 24-28. (Digitized version)
  • Some Considerations on Biological Bases of Paleozoology. In: Vertebrata Palasiatica. Volume 2, No. 2-3, 1958, pp. 83-100. (Digitized version)

literature

  • Vitali Bugrow: We have to live on this earth…. In: Soviet literature . 39, No. 12, 1987, pp. 135-142. (Conversation with Yefremov shortly before his death)
  • Hans-Peter Neumann: Bibliography of the literary works Ivan Jefremows. In: Quarber Mercury . Franz Rottensteiner's literary magazine for science fiction and fantasy. Volume 114, 2013, ISBN 978-3-934273-93-1 , pp. 123-139.
  • Everett C. Olson: The Other Side of the Medal. Blacksburg 1990. (English; a paleontologist talks about his collaboration with Jefremow)
  • Jeremej Parnow : The galactic ring. In: Soviet literature. 34, Issue 1, 1982, pp. 165-173.
  • Gennady Prashkevich: Ivan Antonovich Yefremov . In: Quarber Mercury . Franz Rottensteiner's literary magazine for science fiction and fantasy. Volume 114, 2013, ISBN 978-3-934273-93-1 , pp. 100-122.
  • AS Rautian: Iwan Antonowitsch Jefremow, 1907–1972 [Иван Антонович Ефремов, 1907–1972]. In: OL Rossolimo, JA Dunajew (ed.): Moscow Herpetologists [Московские герпетологи]. MGU Zoological Museum, KMK Publishing House, Moscow 2003, ISBN 5-87317-097-5 , pp. 125–161.
Lexicons

Web links

Commons : "Iwan Antonowitsch Eefremow"  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Lutz D. Schmadel: Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. 3rd, expanded edition. Springer Verlag, New York 1997, ISBN 3-662-06615-7 , p. 293.
  2. ↑ AS Rautian: Ivan Yefremov, 1907-1972. 2003.
  3. ↑ Note: AS Rautian: Iwan Antonowitsch Jefremow, 1907–1972. 2003 quoted Jefremov verbatim from his autobiography. It says: “ Because identification and registration were not required at the time, many, including me, made themselves a little older. “(Original quote:« В те годы при отсутствии паспортного режима, многие и я в том числе, несколе, несколеле несколеле, несколелеко прибавлows. "Rautianко прибавля does not make a direct connection with Jake.
  4. ↑ a b c About Ivan Yefremov. Retrieved May 9, 2018 (Russian).
  5. ↑ Ivan Yefremov - biography. Retrieved May 9, 2018 (Russian).
personal data
SURNAME Yefremov, Ivan Antonovich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ефремов, Иван Антонович (Russian); Efremov, Ivan Antonovich; Yefremov, Ivan Antonovich
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Soviet paleontologist and science fiction writer
DATE OF BIRTH April 22, 1908
PLACE OF BIRTH Wyriza , Russian Empire
DATE OF DEATH 5th October 1972
Place of death Moscow