Jewish community Tauberbischofsheim

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The Jewish community in Tauberbischofsheim in the Main-Tauber district ( Baden-Württemberg ) was founded in the Middle Ages and existed with a few interruptions until the Nazi era , when the last Jewish residents of Tauberbischofsheim were deported in 1940.

history

Historical development of the Jewish community

In Tauberbischofsheim there was a Jewish community from the Middle Ages until 1939/40, with Jews in the city between the 13th and 20th centuries with probably only a few interruptions. Persecution of Jews in the Middle Ages, which almost completely wiped out the Jewish community of Tauberbischofsheim, occurred in 1235, 1298 (130 deaths), 1336–39 and 1348/49. From the 17th century onwards, the number of Jews in Tauberbischofsheim rose again.

The former synagogue of the Tauberbischofsheim Jewish community in Bachgasse with a noticeably high entrance area
Jewish cemetery in Tauberbischofsheim

The Tauberbischofsheim Jewish community owned the Tauberbischofsheim synagogue , a school, a ritual bath and the Tauberbischofsheim Jewish cemetery . A separate religion teacher was employed, who was also active as a prayer leader and schochet . From 1850 to 1864 Tauberbischofsheim was temporarily the seat of a district rabbinate. Before and after that, this was the Wertheim District Rabbinate . From 1852 until his death in 1869, Jakob Löwenstein was a district rabbi. Before that he worked in the district rabbinate in Gailingen . From 1875 on, a preparatory school in Tauberbischofsheim offered not only Catholic and Protestant but also Jewish students the opportunity to complete preparatory training for the teaching profession. In 1876 they visited 3 Jewish students.

In the First World War claimed five Jewish citizens Tauberbischofsheim home: Karl Bloch, Sally bridge Heimer, Max Mayer, Corporal Louis tear and Ludwig Scharff.

In 1924 there were still around 140 Jewish people living in Tauberbischofsheim, of whom three of the school-age children attended the religious school of the Jewish community. The following Jewish associations existed in Tauberbischofsheim: A charity and funeral association Chewra Kadischa (1924 with 25 members), the Israelitische Frauenverein (founded in 1916, 1924 with 30 members, 1932 with 40 members, to support the needy and sick as well as funeral services) as well as the immigrants provident fund (established in 1930, Jewish support by hikers). The Samuel Strauss Foundation and the Israelite Cultural Fund existed at Jewish foundations in Tauberbischofsheim .

When the Jewish community in Hochhausen and the Jewish community in Impfingen had already been dissolved, the individual Jews still living there (3 in Hochhausen in 1924, 3 in 1932, 4 in Impfingen in 1924, 3 in 1932 and 3 in Königshofen in 1932) belonged to the Jewish community in Tauberbischofsheim. In the school year 1931/32, 12 children attended Jewish religious education.

In 1933 there were a total of 19 Jewish shops in addition to several Jewish cattle and horse traders. These included: five manufactory stores, two shoe stores, a leather store, a fashion store, two wine stores, two grain stores and a bank. Known by name were: Weinhandlung Adler (Würzburger Straße 1), cattle shops Rafael Bauer and Leo Brückheimer (Gartenstraße 2), ladies hat store Nelly Bloch (Hauptstraße 44), manufactured goods Justin Blum (Marktplatz 11), Fa. Heumann & Kraft, Inh. Max Heumann and Louis force (Grabenweg 4) footwear store Jakob and Marie Levy (Hauptstrasse 64), Metzger Emil Sauer (Hauptstrasse 53), manufactured goods action Willi Sauer (Hauptstrasse 46), grocery store Moritz mirror (square 10), Weingroßhandlung Adolf Strauss (Hauptstrasse 46).

In 1933, at the beginning of National Socialist rule, there were still 106 Jewish residents in Tauberbischofsheim. Under the Nazi tyranny , the city's Jewish families suffered from a special local pogrom . After increasing disenfranchisement and increased reprisals as well as the effects of the ordered boycott of Jewish shops , some of them emigrated or moved to other cities in Germany. From 1938/39 the remaining members of the community were deported to concentration camps . After the attack on Poland , the Jews who remained in the village were rounded up on September 3, 1939 by SA men and chased through the town to the synagogue with a poster around their necks with the inscription "We are the war instigators", where they kneel and kneel down had to kiss the ground. They were then forced to throw themselves into the stream that ran by there. The 15 Jewish families were locked in the community center for weeks. On October 22, 1940, the last Jewish residents from Tauberbischofsheim were deported to the Gurs concentration camp .

Memorial plaque in the town hall of Tauberbischofsheim for “the Jewish fellow citizens expelled and murdered by injustice and tyranny” of the city from 1933 to 1945

Of the Jews who were born in Tauberbischofsheim or who lived in the town for a longer period of time, it can be proven that 79 people perished during the National Socialist era .

Since 1981 a plaque in the foyer of the town hall, Marktplatz 8, has commemorated 35 Jewish victims of the Shoah .

Population development

Population development in the Jewish community of Tauberbischofsheim
year total % of the total population
1825 109 4.6% of a total of 2,374 inhabitants
1834 123 4.4% of 2,338
1855 104 unknown
1865 147 5.1% of 2,891
1875 177 6.2% of 2,329
1880 200 6.5% of 3,074
1885 207 unknown
1900 181 4.6% of 3,930
1910 154 4.3%
1925 111 unknown
1933 106 unknown

Source: The Jews in Tauberfranken 1933–1945 , State Center for Political Education Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart, 1984

Jewish personalities in Tauberbischofsheim

See also

literature

  • Franz Gehrig , Hermann Müller: Tauberbischofsheim . Association of Tauberfränkische Heimatfreunde e. V., Tauberbischofsheim 1997, pp. 285-297 (VIII. The Jews of Tauberbischofsheim).
  • Klaus-Dieter Alicke: Lexicon of the Jewish communities in the German-speaking area. 3 volumes. Gütersloher Verlagshaus , Gütersloh 2008, ISBN 978-3-579-08035-2 .
  • Joachim Hahn , Jürgen Krüger: Synagogues in Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Joachim Hahn: Places and Facilities . Konrad Theiss Verlag , Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1843-5 , ( Memorial Book of the Synagogues in Germany . Volume 4), pp. 7–9.

Web links

Commons : Jüdische Gemeinde Tauberbischofsheim  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Alemannia Judaica: Tauberbischofsheim (Main-Tauber district) Jewish history / prayer room / synagogue . Online at www.alemannia-judaica.de. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  2. ^ Franz Gehrig, Hermann Müller: Tauberbischofsheim . Association of Tauberfränkische Heimatfreunde e. V., Tauberbischofsheim 1997, pp. 285–288 (The fate of the Tauber-Franconian Jews since the Middle Ages).
  3. ^ A b c Franz Gehrig, Hermann Müller: Tauberbischofsheim . Association of Tauberfränkische Heimatfreunde e. V., Tauberbischofsheim 1997, pp. 289-292 (Liberation and Hope) u. Pp. 294–297 (Witnesses to the Jewish Past).
  4. ^ A b Franz Gehrig, Hermann Müller: Tauberbischofsheim . Association of Tauberfränkische Heimatfreunde e. V., Tauberbischofsheim 1997, pp. 292–294 (persecution in the Third Reich and emigration).
  5. ↑ Information based on the lists from Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.
  6. ↑ Information from "Memorial Book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933-1945".
  7. ↑ Memorial sites for the victims of National Socialism. A documentation . Volume 1. Federal Agency for Civic Education, Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-89331-208-0 , p. 92.
  8. ^ A b Alemannia Judaica: Dittigheim (town of Tauberbischofsheim, Main-Tauber district) Jewish history / prayer hall / synagogue . Online at www.alemannia-judaica.de. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  9. ^ Alemannia Judaica: Hochhausen (city of Tauberbischofsheim, Main-Tauber district) Jewish history / prayer hall / synagogue . Online at www.alemannia-judaica.de. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  10. ↑ Alemannia Judaica: Impfingen (city of Tauberbischofsheim, Main-Tauber district) Jewish history / prayer hall / synagogue . Online at www.alemannia-judaica.de. Retrieved May 27, 2015.