Johann Georg Faust

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Johann Faust as one imagined him around 1726. In fact, nothing is known about its appearance.

Johann Georg Faust , also Georg Faust , (* probably around 1480 in Knittlingen , Simmern, Roda and Salzwedel are also mentioned in various sources ; † around 1541 in or near Staufen im Breisgau ) was a wandering faith healer , alchemist , magician , astrologer and fortune teller .

His life is considered the historical model for the well-known works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe : Faust I and Faust II . In all testimonies about Faust that were written down during his lifetime, Faust always appears with the first name Georg or Jörg. A Johann Faust is only written about more than two decades after his death, because he probably omitted the frequently used first name Johann himself. From reports about Faust, in connection with older stories of magicians, the Faust saga developed in many literary and musical works .

Origin from Knittlingen or Helmstadt

Faust Museum in the old town hall of Knittling
Faust archive in the old Latin school, Knittlingen

Faustus is a Latin scholar name that was common during the Renaissance period. Faustus means "the lucky one". The bearer of the name wanted to present himself as happy and auspicious and humanistically educated. In Knittlingen, however, Faust is also guaranteed as a family name from 1546–1566 by the Maulbronn muster lists. Only nine contemporary sources are known of historical Faust, most of which give "Georg" as a first name. For the most part, these contain only a small amount of information subjectively colored by the respective authors. Faust's birthplace is controversial. In addition to Knittlingen in Baden-Württemberg , Helmstadt near Heidelberg is also mentioned . Roda in Thuringia only plays a role as the place of birth in the Faust legend.

In Knittlingen, which belonged to the Palatinate until 1504, there is now an extensive Faust Museum and Faust Archive . The controversial historical document for Knittlingen as Faust's birthplace is a copy of the deed of a property purchase in 1542. This handwritten copy was made by the teacher Karl Weisert in 1934 with a pencil. The original burned during World War II. The correctness of Weisert's copy was confirmed on March 3, 1934 by the then mayor Lehner with his signature and stamp. According to this, a Knittlinger purchase letter describes the house next to today's city church as the building "allwo Fausten born":

"Early knife and Hofraytin's living quarters, including cellars and the rest of the way, everything on and on the right hand side of the mountain next to the Cappel, one side of Jörgen Gerlachen's seelig dwelling, all where Fausten born, also next to the wagon hut and the small staggered walkways ... to one Right, steady, vested and sold forever. "

- Knittlinger's letter of purchase from 1542

In addition, Johannes Manlius , who was born in Ansbach, quoted a statement by his Wittenberg teacher Philipp Melanchthon in 1563 that he had known the Knittlinger Faust:

"I have a gekennet / with Nammen Faustus of Kund Ling (is a small stettlein / not far from my fatherland) the same also as it was too Crockaw in the school went / as he had taught it the Zauberey / how to then times on site at the very used / also publicly emptied such art. He went back and forth everywhere / and said a lot of hidden things. "

- Philipp Melanchthon

Melanchthon came from Bretten, five kilometers away . In a protocol from the city of Ingolstadt from 1528, a “Dr. Jörg Faustus von Haidlberg “gave the speech. In the weather diary of Rebdorf Prior Kilian Leib , a "Georgius Faustus helmstet." Is mentioned. The abbreviated word "helmstet." Gave rise to the thesis of "Georg Helmstetter", who would only have called himself Faustus by his self-chosen nickname. A Georgius Helmstetter dioc actually enrolled at the University of Heidelberg in January 1483. Warmaciensis, who received his doctorate on March 1, 1487 and stayed in Heidelberg until the spring of 1489. The name Faustus is nowhere in the registers associated with the name Georgius Helmstetter. These speculations also ignore the fact that “Faust, like a large part of the Knittling population at the time, was probably born as a serf from Helmstadt and that he could easily find out that this Palatinate noble family held large estates and important offices in the area around Rebdorf. If he presented himself to Prior Kilian Leib as a "helmstet" and also as Commander of the Johanniter, he could count on a favorable reception. "

Wisdom, Black Art, or Boasting

Faust appeared in many cities in southern Germany. He appeared as a philosopher, faith healer, alchemist and fortune teller. However, many saw him only as a cheater and impostor. He experienced particular hostility from clerics . For the time before 1506 there is no reliable evidence of Faust's work.

Report of Trithemius

A stay in 1506 near Gelnhausen is documented . This is reported in a letter from Abbot Johannes Trithemius to Johann Virdung , written in 1507 ; the handwritten original is in the Vatican Library . It is the first, longest and most momentous contemporary source. The man called himself, with title, after Trithemius: “Magister Georgius Sabellicus, Faustus iunior. fons necromanticorum, astrologus, magus secundus, chiromanticus, agromanticus, pyromanticus, in hydra arte secundus ”.

Johannes Trithemius was the author of a work against the magical being (Antipalus maleficiorum)

“When I returned from the Margraviate of Brandenburg last year, I met this person [Faust] near the town of Gelnhausen, where in the hostel I was told a lot of naughtiness he had done with great cheek. When he heard of my presence, he immediately fled the hostel and could not be persuaded by anyone to introduce himself to me. We also remember that he sent us through a citizen the written record of his folly, which he gave you. In that city clergymen told me that he had said in the presence of many that he had attained such a great knowledge and memory of all wisdom that if all the works of Plato and Aristotle and all their philosophy had been completely lost from human memory, he like a second Hebrew Ezra through his genius wanted to restore them all and more aptly. When I was later in Speyer, he came to Würzburg and is said to have boasted in the presence of many people with equal vanity that the miracles of our Savior Christ were not astonishing; he could do whatever Christ did, as often and whenever he wanted. During the fasts of that year he came to Kreuznach, where he boasted in the same grandiloquial way quite enormous things and said that in alchemy he was the most perfect of all who had ever been and that he knew and could what only the people wanted. During this time the schoolmaster's position in the imaginary city was vacant, which was transferred to him at the request of Franz von Sickingen, the bailiff of your prince, a man extremely eager for mystical things. But soon afterwards he began to commit the most shameful fornication with boys and, when the matter came to light, fled the punishment that threatened him. "

- Johannes Trithemius, 1507

In the Erfurt inn

In a letter written in 1513 by the humanist Mutianus Rufus , who met Faust in an inn, he is described as “a mere boastful and fool”.

“Eight days ago a chiromancer came to Erfurt by the name of Georgius Faustus Helmitheus Hedelbergensis, a mere boastful and fool. His art, like that of all fortune tellers, is vain, and such a physiognomy is easier than a water spider. The stupid are full of admiration. The theologians should rise up against him instead of trying to destroy the philosopher Reuchlin . I heard him chatter in the tavern; but I did not punish his presumption; for what do I care about strange folly? "

- Mutianus Rufus, 1513

Maulbronn Monastery

Faust Tower Maulbronn Süd

A historical source reports on Faust's stay in Maulbronn Monastery in 1516. At the time, Johann Entenfuß was an abbot willing to build . In the Princely Württemberg servant book from the 17th century, the archivist Philip Jacob Zeiter reports: "Johannes Entenfuß de Evisheim [...] is Dr. Fausten was the magician's college who visited this abbot in Maulbronn. ”The construction work ran into considerable financial difficulties for the monastery - and perhaps that is why Abbot Entenfuss had called Faust for help. Today the so-called Faust tower at the southeast corner of the monastery refers to Doctor Faustus.

Bamberg, Rebdorf Abbey and Ingolstadt

The prince-bishop of Bamberg's bishopric , Georg III, had Faust put a horoscope for him

Faust was in Bamberg in 1520 to meet the Bamberg Prince-Bishop Georg III. Schenk von Limpurg to draw up a horoscope. This emerges from a court chamber account of the bishop, in which it says: "Item X guld [en] give and schenckt doctor faustus ph [ilosoph] o zuuererung has m [a] gracious] gentleman a nativitet [horoscope] or indicium [ Natal horoscope] made, zalt on Sunday after stolastice Jussit R [everendissi] mus ”.

In 1528 Faust must have stayed in Rebdorf Abbey , close to Eichstätt , as can be seen from the above-mentioned weather diary of Prior Kilian Leib. “Georgius Faustus helmstet. said on June 5th: If the sun and Jupiter are in the same degree of one and the same zodiac sign, then prophets are born (probably those like him). He assured that he was commander or preceptor of a small branch of the Johanniter in the border area of ​​Carinthia, a place called Hallestein. "

In the same month, Faust visited Ingolstadt , from where he was expelled for his fortune-telling, however, after a short time. In addition, the city council minutes record: “On Wednesday after viti [17. June] 1528 is one of the called Dr. Jörg Faustus from Heidelberg said that he would consume his penny elsewhere and has pledged not to punish or ape such demands for the authorities. "

The 1530s

Joachim Camerarius commented on Faust's astrological interpretations

Four years later, Faust was in Nuremberg . This emerges from the rejection of the escort by the then deputy mayor, which is in the city's archives. It says: “Doctor Fausto, the great sodomite and nigromantico to furr, glait ablainen. Burg [ermeister] Ju [ni] or. ”The Waldeckische Chronik by Daniel Prasser reports on Faust's stay in Korbach in 1536, but there is a lack of corroborating parallel sources.

The Tübingen professor Joachim Camerarius described Faust in 1536 as an astrologer :

“Before the nuns [this month, recently] I had a very sad night when Luna was in opposition to Mars in the constellation of Pisces. For your fist makes me want to discuss this with you; if he would rather have taught you a little of this art, which he inflated with a little wind of the most insignificant superstition, or I don't know what juggling would like to have maintained. But what does that finally tell us? And what else? Because I know that you have carefully inquired about everything. Will the emperor win? It must of course be done that way. "

The Worms city ​​doctor Philipp Begardi expressed himself critical of Faust's healing methods in 1539.

“A well-known dappferer man is invented: but I don't want his name to be identified, so he doesn't want to be hidden, nor unknown. Then he traveled a long time ago through all the lands, Fürstenthuomb and Kingdom, made his name known to everyone himself, and his great art, not only in medicine, but also Chiromancei, Nigramancei, Visionomei, Visiones imm Christal, and such other art, highly famous. And also not just famous, but also fooled themselves and learned meister known and written. Has also known himself, and has not denied, that he was, and hey, Faustus, who wrote himself Philosophum Philosophorum etc. But how many have complained to me that they were cheated by them, theirs was a big number. Nuon his promised would also be great, like that of Tessali [traveling doctor in ancient Greece]: his rhuom, like also of Theophrasti [Paracelsus, 1493–1541]: but that, as I still hear, invented vast kleyn and deceitfully: yes He always took it, or received - which I am right to say - not hemmed in, and afterwards also withdrawn, he has, as I noted, blessed many with his feet. But what should one now darzuothuon, it's gone, I want to leave it at that now, you keep lying what you have to send. "

- Philipp Begardi : Index Sanitatis

Transition to the legend

Johann Weyer described the arsenic poisoning of the chaplain Dorstenius

The last testimony written during Faust's lifetime is a letter from Philipp von Hutten dated January 15, 1540, in which he commented on a horoscope provided by Faust: “Here you have a little bit of all the governor nations so that you can see that we are here in Venezola not only to have been unhappy, all of the Armata that I have been told were spoiled within the third month, before and after we went to Seville, that I must confess that the Philosophus Faustus almost hit it when we met an almost [very] bad year have, but God have praise we almost got the best of all the others. ”Just a few decades after Faust's death, the reports about him are becoming more and more adventurous and preparing the turn for the legend. The description of Johann Weyer , a pupil of Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim , which was no longer written down during Faust's lifetime, comes from this intermediate area . In De praestigiis daemonum , published in 1568, he reports on Faust's imprisonment towards the end of the 1930s in Batenburg, a suburb of what is now the Dutch municipality of Wijchen . There, in the chaplain Johann Dorstenius, Faust found a pleasant person who hoped that he would teach him magical arts. Dorstenius got Faust wine, and as a reward he was promised a means of removing his beard without a razor. Faust recommended that he rub arsenic over his beard . As a result, not only did the hair of the chaplain come loose, but also the skin. Weyer allegedly heard the story several times from Dorstenius himself.

Death of an alchemist

Inscription at the Löwen inn in Staufen

Faust's death is dated to the years 1540/41. He is said to have died in chemical experiments in the Hotel zum Löwen in Staufen im Breisgau as a result of an explosion. Faust is said to have tried to make gold. His body was found in a "terribly deformed condition". It was concluded that the devil himself had taken possession of his soul. In the Zimmerischen Chronicle wrote Froben Christoph von rooms to 1564:

“It is also around the time [meaning the Reichstag in Regensburg 1541] that Faustus died at or at least not far from Staufen, the steadfast man in Breisgew. In its time it was a wonderful nigromanta, as it may have been invented in our times in german countries, who also felt so much strange hendel every now and then, that being in vil jaren with luminous worms are forgotten. Has become an old man and, they say, died at once. Vil have all sorts of allegations and suspicions, the evil gaist, whom he only called his brother-in-law during his lifetime, killed ine. [...] The books that he read were to be used by the gentleman of Staufen, in whose rule he left, but that is why afterwards many people have advertised and, in my opinion, they made a careful and unfortunate treasure and gift. He has banished the munich in Lüxhaim in Wassichin ain ghostly into the closter, whose in vil jaren they didn’t have any contracts and they marvelously molestirted [molested], allain the cause that they didn’t keep waves overnight, that's why he did inen the restless [restless] guest made. "

- Froben Christoph von Zimmer : Zimmeric Chronicle

This reflects the contemporary ambivalence to this new scientific occupation alchemy . Froben Christoph himself had secretly carried out alchemical experiments during his studies in France and had also obtained relevant literature, on the other hand he could not reconcile this with his beliefs and ended this research again. What we call superstition today that ghosts and ghosts could be conjured up was belief. In a later addendum, the chronicle remained unfinished, the doubts about faith still remain, but the ghost stories are omitted.

“But that the practice of such art is godless, especially careful, that is undeniable, then that proves itself in the erfarnus, and we know how it fared the well-known black artist, Fausto. After many wonderful things that he loved in his life, including a special treatise who was to be made, ultimately in the rule of Staufen im Preisgew in great oldness was killed by the evil gaist. "

- Addendum to the Zimmeric Chronicle

With the distance in time from the real event, the depictions of Faust's life and death became more and more fantastic. The dramatic end of Faust was very favorable to his spiritual and learned adversaries. Clerics saw in him an opponent. For scholars and doctors, it was a competitor who won them over to listeners and patients. A final assessment of the historical figure of a fist turns out to be difficult due to the inadequate sources and the early creation of legends. In the Historia by D [oktor] Johann Fausten by the printer Johann Spies , published in 1587, the historical Faust can hardly be recognized among the legendary ingredients.

literature

  • Frank Baron: The Myth of the Faustian Devil's Pact. History. Legend. Literature. De Gruyter, Berlin 2019.
  • Frank Baron: Faustus. Winkler, Munich 1982.
  • Frank Baron, Richard Auernheimer: Was Dr. Faustus in Kreuznach? Reality and fiction in the Faust picture of Abbot Johannes Trithemius (= Bad Kreuznacher Symposia. 3). Publishing house of the Rheinhessische Druckwerkstätte, 2003.
  • Ernst Beutler: Georg Faust from Helmstadt. Echoes of the Frankfurt Faust exhibition. Leipzig 1936.
  • Wilhelm Creizenach :  Faust . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 6, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1877, pp. 583-587.
  • Carl Kiesewetter : Faust in history and tradition . Spohr, Leipzig 1893 (reprinted by Olms, Hildesheim 1963).
  • August Kühne (Ed.): The oldest Faust book. Literal copy of the editio princeps of Spies' Faust book from 1587 [...] together with variants of Unicum from 1590. E. Luppe, Zerbst 1868 ( Google Books ).
  • JM van der Laan, Andrew Weeks (Ed.): The Faustian Century: German Literature and Culture in the Age of Luther and Faustus. Camden House, 2013.
  • Peter Thaddäus Lang: On the biography of the historical Faustus. The question of the reliability of a source from Knittlingen. In: Württemberg Commission for State History a. a. (Ed.): Journal for Württemberg State History. Volume 44, 1985, pp. 308-315.
  • Günther Mahal: Faust. Research on a timeless subject . Reprint of the documents on Faust with explanations. ars una, Neuried 1998, ISBN 3-89391-306-8 .
  • Günther Mahal: Faust and Faust. The Teufelsbündler in Knittlingen and Maulbronn . Attempto, Tübingen 1997.
  • Günther Mahal: Faust. The traces of a mysterious life . Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg 1995, ISBN 3-499-13713-5 .
  • Günther Mahal: Demigod Faust. Provocation and taken for granted (1507–1980) . Attempto, Tübingen 2006.
  • Günther Mahal: The historical Faust. A scientific symposium (September 26-27, 1980) . Faust Archive, Knittlingen 1982.
  • Frank Möbus , Friederike Schmidt-Möbus, Gerd Unverfetzt (eds.): Faust - Approaching a Myth. Wallstein, Göttingen 1995.
  • Johann Georg Neumann (Praeses), Carl Christian Kirchner (Respondent): Disquisitio historica de Fausto praestigiatore. Vulgo by Doctor Faust . s. n., Wittenberg 1693 ( Google Books ).
    • 2nd ed. S. n., Wittenberg 1712.
    • Disputatio historica de Fausto… . 3rd edition Scheffler, Wittenberg 1743 ( Google Books ; and other editions).
  • Klaus Völker: Faust - a German man. The birth of a legend and its survival in people's minds . Wagenbach, Berlin 1975.
  • Alfred Zastrau:  Faust, Johannes. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 5, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1961, ISBN 3-428-00186-9 , p. 34 f. ( Digitized version ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Editing of the Faust material from a "Christian Meynenden". The book from 1726 is one of the treasures of the Faust collection in the Duchess Anna Amalia Library in Weimar.
  2. ↑ Die Zimmerische Chronik, Volume 3, Page 529 writes: “Around the time of the Regensburg Reichstag”. Since the rooms are already named as counts in the context, this must be after 1538. Since Froben Christoph von Zimmer is still unmarried, it is before 1544. So only the Reichstag 1541 comes into question.
  3. ^ Günther Mahal: Faust. Research on a timeless subject . 1998, p. 59.
  4. ^ Jochen Schmidt: Goethe's Faust . First and second part. Basics, work, effect . CH Beck, Munich 2001, p. 11.
  5. ↑ Konstantin Huber, Jürgen H. Staps (eds.), Manfred Metzger, Horst Naumann, Gerhard Fritz: The pattern lists of the Württemberg office of Maulbronn 1523-1608: Edition with contributions to onenology, military and regional history . Pforzheim 1999.
  6. ↑ "Certification. The correctness of the presented copy of the purchase contract from the year 1542 (concerning the birthplace of Dr. Faust) found in a box in the cellar of the Knittlinger town hall is certified on the basis of the purchase letter presented. Knittlingen, March 3, 1934 ”. Since the original document was burned, a kind of “falsification of history” in favor of Knittlingen cannot be completely ruled out. Strictly speaking, the heading "Certification" is dubious from an administrative point of view, as the corresponding texts cannot be certified. On the doubts cf. Peter Thaddäus Lang: On the biography of the historical Faustus. The question of the reliability of a source from Knittlingen . In: Württemberg Commission for State History a. a. (Ed.): Journal for Württemberg State History . Volume 44, 1985, pp. 308-315, the wording of the controversial document is on p. 314.
  7. ↑ Quoted from Günther Mahal (ed.): The historical Faust . Faust Archive, Knittlingen 1982, p. 104.
  8. ↑ Quoted from Johannes Manlius: Locorum Communium Collectanea . Basel 1563, p. 42 f. (Latin, published in German 1565).
  9. ↑ See also Günther Mahal: Faust Museum Knittlingen . 1984, p. 12.
  10. ^ Protocols of the City of Ingolstadt. Originals in Ingolstadt, city archive, council minutes, 1523/94 fol. 70v and 1527/30 fol. 49v. First print in: Ostermair: Zur Faust-Sage. Doctor Faust 1528 in Ingolstadt . In: Upper Bavarian Archive for Patriotic History 32, 1872/73, H. 2/3, p. 336: “On Wednesday after viti 1528, one of the people named Dr. Jörg Faustus from Heidelberg said that he would consume his penny elsewhere and has pledged not to punish or ape such demands for the authorities. "
  11. ^ Weather diary from 1528 by Rebdorf prior Kilian Leib [1471–1553]. Original in Munich, Bavarian State Library, 4 ° L. impr. cn mss. 73, fol. 257r. Original text in Latin. First print in: Karl Schottenloher: The Rebdorfer Prior Kilian Leib . In: Riezler Festschrift. Contributions to Bavarian history. Gotha 1913, p. 92 f .: “Georgius faustus helmstet. said on June 5th: If the sun and Jupiter are in the same degree of one and the same zodiac sign, then prophets are born (probably those like him). He assured that he was commander or preceptor of a small branch of the Johanniter in the border area of ​​Carinthia, a place called Hallestein. "
  12. ↑ Baden Historical Commission: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine . Volume 85, 1933, p. 232.
  13. ↑ Frank Baron also admits this, who nevertheless defends the Helmstadt thesis: “In any case, a man named Georg von Helmstadt (also simply called Georg Helmstetter in the registers) acquired the highest degree of philosophical training in Heidelberg, of which Faustus later became very proud was. Georg von Helmstadt kept quiet about his family name just as consistently as Faustus later. ”Frank Baron: Faustus . 1982, p. 18.
  14. ↑ Günther Mahal, Brigitte Bruns, Ottmar Maier (eds.): Faust Museum Knittlingen. Exhibits, materials, comments . Daxer, Stuttgart 1980, p. 20.
  15. ↑ [1]
  16. ↑ In detail Johann Heinrich Andreae : Crucenacum Palatinum cum ipsius archisatrapia . Johannes Baptist Wiesen, Heidelberg 1784, pp. 257-280 ( Google Books ).
  17. ^ Letter from Johannes Trithemius to Johann Virdung (1507). Handwritten original of the letter in Rome, Vatican Library (Pal. Lat. 730, 174r – 175r). Original text in Latin. First print in: Joannes Trithemius: Epistolae familiares . Haganoae 1536, pp. 312-314. Wording verified by Günther Mahal, Brigitte Bruns, Ottmar Maier (eds.): Faust Museum Knittlingen. Exhibits, materials, comments . Daxer, Stuttgart 1980, p. 17.
  18. ↑ Letter from Mutianus Rufus [1470–1526] to Henricus Urbanus 1513. Copy of Urbanus, Frankfurt / Main, City and University Library (Cod. Latin Oct. 8, fol. 97r). Original text in Latin. First print in: Wilhelmus Ernestus Tentzelius: Svplementvm Historiae Gothanae Primvm Conradi Mvtiani Rvfi… Epistolas Plervnque Ineditas Carmina Et Elegia Complectens. [Vol. 1] Ienae 1707, p. 95. Proven from Günther Mahal, Brigitte Bruns, Ottmar Maier (eds.): Faust Museum Knittlingen. Exhibits, materials, comments . Daxer, Stuttgart 1980, p. 19.
  19. ↑ Georg Schwedt: UNESCO day in the UNESCO World Heritage Site Maulbronn Monastery “Doctor Faust's Alchemist's Kitchen”. Vocational college for chemistry, pharmacy, biotechnology and the environment, June 7, 2009, accessed on July 31, 2020 .
  20. ↑ Court chamber accounts of Bishop Georg III of Bamberg. [1470–1522], Schenk von Limpurg, 1520. Originally made by Chamber Master Hans Muller (Bamberg, State Archives, inventory A 231, no. 1741). First print in: Johann Mayerhofer: Faust at the Prince-Bishop of Bamberg . In: Vierteljahrsschrift für Litteraturgeschichte 3, 1890, no. 1, p. 177 f. Proven from Günther Mahal, Brigitte Bruns, Ottmar Maier (eds.): Faust Museum Knittlingen. Exhibits, materials, comments . Daxer, Stuttgart 1980, p. 20.
  21. ^ Original in Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, 4 ° L. impr. cn mss. 73, fol. 257r. Original text in Latin. First print in: Karl Schottenloher, Der Rebdorfer Prior Kilian Leib. In: Riezler Festschrift. Contributions to Bavarian history. Gotha 1913, p. 92 f.
  22. ^ Günther Mahal: Faust. The traces of a mysterious life . 1st edition Scherz, Bern 1980, p. 235 ff .; see. on this also the footnote above to the Council minutes, 1523/94 fol. 70v and 1527/30 fol. 49v.
  23. ^ Nuremberg State Archives: Nuremberg Council Decree , from No. 810.
  24. ↑ Günther Mahal, Brigitte Bruns, Ottmar Maier (eds.): Faust Museum Knittlingen. Exhibits, materials, comments . Daxer, Stuttgart 1980, p. 31.
  25. ^ Letter from Joachim Camerarius [1500–1574] to Daniel Stibar [1503–1555] (1536). Copy of the first print (handwriting unknown): Libellus Novus…, Leipzig 1568, Bl. 161b – 162a. Original text in Latin. First print in: Joachim Camerarius: Libellus Novus, Epistolas Et Alia Qvaedam Monvmenta Doctorvm superioris et huius aetatis complectens . Lipsiae 1568, B. 161b-162a.
  26. ↑ Philip Begardi [at or before 1500 - after 1539]: Index Sanitatis. Eyn Schöns vnd vastly useful Büchlin / called Zeyger der Gesundheitstheyt / The jhenen / are so sick / and have no knowledge / how / where and with what measure they can get back and achieve quite perfect health they are comforted and give an day. By Philippum Begardi der Freie Kunst vnd ​​Artzney Doctorem / the time of the praiseworthy Keyserlichen Reichstatt Wormbs Physicum vnd Leibartzet. To Wormbs truckts Sebastianus Wagner. 1539 (available in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek: BSB 2 Med.g. 23). The passage about the historical Faust can be found on p. XVII.
  27. ↑ See Frank Baron; Faustus . 1982, p. 41.
  28. ↑ See Günther Mahal, Hasso Böhme: Doktor Faust and Struwwelpeter. A search for hairy connections . 1998, p. 12.
  29. ↑ Zimmerische Chronik, Volume 3, page 529 f.
  30. ↑ Zimmerische Chronik, Volume 1, page 577 . The fact that the later version can be found in Volume 1 is due to the Baracks edition in the 19th century.
  31. ↑ Historia by D. Johann Fausten, the far-reaching magician and black artist. Frankfurt am Main 1587.
personal data
SURNAME Faust, Johann Georg
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Faust, Georg; Faustus, Georg
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German magician, astrologer and fortune teller
DATE OF BIRTH around 1480
PLACE OF BIRTH Knittlingen
DATE OF DEATH around 1541
Place of death near Staufen im Breisgau