Justice in eyre

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Justices in eyre was a judge's office in English law. He was the highest judge in medieval forest law. He headed the Court of Justice-seat , a court that met every three years. It was responsible for punishing violations of the forest law and for monitoring the forests. Eyre is derived from Old French erh, which is derived from the Latin iter. It means journey and means that the court seat was in motion.

history

In 1236 the judicial office was divided. The River Trent formed the border between the two counties. They were called citra and ultra Trent, that is, on this side of the river Trent and on the opposite side of the river. The name was relative as it was dependent on the seat of the royal court . Mostly they were therefore designated with the absolute terms north and south. The owners were referred to as Justice of the Forest , judges of the forest, until the reign of Henry VIII . Between 1311 and 1397, they were referred to as the Warden of the Forrest . From the reign of Henry VIII the title Justice in eyre was used. In the Treason Act of 1351 the office was already referred to as Justices in eyre .

With the expiry of the forest rights and the expiry of the Court of Justice-Seat , the office became a sinecure . A law of 1817 abolished the two offices after the death of the former owner.

Official

Early judges

Until 1236 there was only one incumbent. After that, the office on the River Trent was divided.

North of the Trent

  • John Fitz Geoffrey (appointed October 21, 1241)
  • Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Darcy , June 18, 1509 – June 1537 (executed 1537)
  • Thomas Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell , December 30, 1537 – June 1540 (made Earl of Essex on April 17, 1540) (executed 1540)
  • Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland , August 9, 1540-20. September 1543
  • Sir Anthony Browne, Feb. 16, 1546–6. May 1548
  • Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of Shrewsbury, May 24, 1548-28. September 1560
  • George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury , September 28, 1560-18. November 1590
  • Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, December 16, 1603-8. May 1616
  • Sir George Villiers , July 25, 1616–8. November 1619 (was raised to Viscount Villers on August 27, 1616, Earl of Buckingham on January 5, 1617 and Marquess of Buckingham on January 1, 1618)
  • Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland, November 19, 1619-17. December 1632
  • Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel , February 25, 1634-4. October 1646
  • John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland 1646–1661
  • William Cavendish, 1st Marquess of Newcastle , July 16, 1661-25. December 1676 (was promoted to Duke of Newcastle on March 16, 1665)
  • Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle, March 28, 1677 - before April 26, 1689
  • William Pierrepont, 4th Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, April 26, 1689-17. September 1690
  • William Cavendish, 4th Earl of Devonshire , Nov. 1690-18. August 1707 (was promoted to Duke of Devonshire on May 12, 1694)
  • William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire , November 13, 1707-19. May 1711
  • John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle , May 18, 1711-15. July 1711
  • Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds , October 17, 1711-26. July 1712
  • Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester, December 7, 1714-11. March 1717 (was raised to Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull on August 10, 1715)
  • Thomas Fane, 6th Earl of Westmorland, March 11, 1717-11. May 1719
  • Bennet Sherard, 1st Earl of Harborough, May 11, 1719-16. October 1732
  • John Wallop, 1st Viscount Lymington, January 11, 1733-30. July 1734
  • Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, July 30, 1734–1. January 1742
  • George Brudenell, 4th Earl of Cardigan, February 19, 1742-21. February 1752
  • Edward Seymour, 8th Duke of Somerset , February 21, 1752-12. December 1757
  • Richard Edgecumbe, 1st Baron Edgecumbe , February 3, 1758-22. November 1758
  • Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys, February 10, 1759-22. April 1761
  • Thomas Osborne, 4th Duke of Leeds , April 22, 1761-15. March 1774
  • Thomas Pelham, 2nd Baron Pelham of Stanmer, March 15, 1774-27. November 1775
  • Thomas Lyttelton, 2nd Baron Lyttelton, Nov. 27, 1775-27. November 1779
  • Charles Wolfran Cornwall, September 22, 1780-2 January 1789
  • George Evelyn Boscawen, 3rd Viscount Falmouth, September 2, 1789-30. October 1790
  • The Hon. John Charles Villiers, October 30, 1790-22. December 1838 (succeeded March 7, 1824 as 3rd Earl of Clarendon )

South of the Trent

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Sir William Searle Holdsworth: A History of English Law . Little, Brown, 1922, pp. 122 ( google.com [accessed June 8, 2020]).
  2. ↑ Sir William Searle Holdsworth: A History of English Law . Little, Brown, 1922, pp. 268 ( google.com [accessed June 8, 2020]).
  3. ^ Office Holders: Justices in Eyre. October 24, 2003, accessed June 8, 2020 .
  4. ^ GJ Turner: The Justices of the Forest South of Trent . January 1, 1903, doi : 10.1093 / ehr / xviii.lxix.112 ( zenodo.org [accessed June 8, 2020]).