Justice in eyre
Justices in eyre was a judge's office in English law. He was the highest judge in medieval forest law. He headed the Court of Justice-seat , a court that met every three years. It was responsible for punishing violations of the forest law and for monitoring the forests. Eyre is derived from Old French erh, which is derived from the Latin iter. It means journey and means that the court seat was in motion.
history
In 1236 the judicial office was divided. The River Trent formed the border between the two counties. They were called citra and ultra Trent, that is, on this side of the river Trent and on the opposite side of the river. The name was relative as it was dependent on the seat of the royal court . Mostly they were therefore designated with the absolute terms north and south. The owners were referred to as Justice of the Forest , judges of the forest, until the reign of Henry VIII . Between 1311 and 1397, they were referred to as the Warden of the Forrest . From the reign of Henry VIII the title Justice in eyre was used. In the Treason Act of 1351 the office was already referred to as Justices in eyre .
With the expiry of the forest rights and the expiry of the Court of Justice-Seat , the office became a sinecure . A law of 1817 abolished the two offices after the death of the former owner.
Official
Early judges
Until 1236 there was only one incumbent. After that, the office on the River Trent was divided.
- John Marshall (appointed November 8, 1217), Justice of the Forest of all England
- Brian de l'Isle (appointed March 6, 1220), Justice of the Forest of all England
- Hugh de Neville (appointed April 29, 1224), Justice of the Forest of all England
- Brian de l'Isle (appointed October 8, 1229), Justice of the Forest in the counties of Northumberland , Cumberland , York , Lancaster , Derby , Lincoln , Rutland , Northampton , Buckingham , Essex , Cambridge , Huntingdon and Oxford with the exception of the Bailiwick by Thomas of Langley.
- John of Monmouth (appointed October 8, 1229), Justice of the Forest in the counties of Stafford , Salop , Worcester , Warwick , Gloucester , Hereford , Devon , Somerset , Dorset , Southampton , Wiltshire , Berkshire , Surrey and the Bailiwick of Thomas of Langley
- Peter d'Airvault (appointed July 7, 1232), Justice of the Forest of all England
North of the Trent
- John Fitz Geoffrey (appointed October 21, 1241)
- Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Darcy , June 18, 1509 – June 1537 (executed 1537)
- Thomas Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell , December 30, 1537 – June 1540 (made Earl of Essex on April 17, 1540) (executed 1540)
- Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland , August 9, 1540-20. September 1543
- Sir Anthony Browne, Feb. 16, 1546–6. May 1548
- Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of Shrewsbury, May 24, 1548-28. September 1560
- George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury , September 28, 1560-18. November 1590
- Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, December 16, 1603-8. May 1616
- Sir George Villiers , July 25, 1616–8. November 1619 (was raised to Viscount Villers on August 27, 1616, Earl of Buckingham on January 5, 1617 and Marquess of Buckingham on January 1, 1618)
- Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland, November 19, 1619-17. December 1632
- Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel , February 25, 1634-4. October 1646
- John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland 1646–1661
- William Cavendish, 1st Marquess of Newcastle , July 16, 1661-25. December 1676 (was promoted to Duke of Newcastle on March 16, 1665)
- Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle, March 28, 1677 - before April 26, 1689
- William Pierrepont, 4th Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, April 26, 1689-17. September 1690
- William Cavendish, 4th Earl of Devonshire , Nov. 1690-18. August 1707 (was promoted to Duke of Devonshire on May 12, 1694)
- William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire , November 13, 1707-19. May 1711
- John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle , May 18, 1711-15. July 1711
- Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds , October 17, 1711-26. July 1712
- Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester, December 7, 1714-11. March 1717 (was raised to Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull on August 10, 1715)
- Thomas Fane, 6th Earl of Westmorland, March 11, 1717-11. May 1719
- Bennet Sherard, 1st Earl of Harborough, May 11, 1719-16. October 1732
- John Wallop, 1st Viscount Lymington, January 11, 1733-30. July 1734
- Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, July 30, 1734–1. January 1742
- George Brudenell, 4th Earl of Cardigan, February 19, 1742-21. February 1752
- Edward Seymour, 8th Duke of Somerset , February 21, 1752-12. December 1757
- Richard Edgecumbe, 1st Baron Edgecumbe , February 3, 1758-22. November 1758
- Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys, February 10, 1759-22. April 1761
- Thomas Osborne, 4th Duke of Leeds , April 22, 1761-15. March 1774
- Thomas Pelham, 2nd Baron Pelham of Stanmer, March 15, 1774-27. November 1775
- Thomas Lyttelton, 2nd Baron Lyttelton, Nov. 27, 1775-27. November 1779
- Charles Wolfran Cornwall, September 22, 1780-2 January 1789
- George Evelyn Boscawen, 3rd Viscount Falmouth, September 2, 1789-30. October 1790
- The Hon. John Charles Villiers, October 30, 1790-22. December 1838 (succeeded March 7, 1824 as 3rd Earl of Clarendon )
South of the Trent
- Richard de Montfiquet (appointed November 11, 1236)
- John Biset (May 22, 1238-1241)
- John fitzGeoffrey (appointed on 1241)
- Reynold de Mohun (appointed April 1, 1242)
- Gilbert de Segrave (appointed May 6, 1242)
- Robert Passelewe (appointed after April 28, 1245)
- Henrici de Bracton (appointed after 1245)
- Geoffrey of Langley (appointed March 4, 1249)
- Reynold de Mohun (appointed October 25, 1252)
- Arnold de Bois (appointed February 16, 1252)
- Robert Walerand (appointed September 1, 1256)
- Thomas Gresley (appointed September 11, 1259)
- Alan la Zouche (appointed June 12, 1261)
- Matthew de Colombières (appointed April 21, 1265)
- Roger of Clifford (appointed August 8, 1265)
- Roger of Clifford, the younger (appointed August 1, 1270)
- Luke de Thaney (appointed June 10, 1281)
- Roger le Strange, 1st Baron Strange (appointed October 21, 1283)
- Hugh le Despenser, 1st Baron le Despencer (appointed February 12, 1296)
- Pain Tiptoft, 1st Baron Tibetot (appointed August 18, 1307)
- Hugh le Despenser, 1st Baron le Despencer (appointed March 16, 1307)
- Robert Fitz Pain (appointed December 2, 1311)
- Hugh le Despenser, 1st Baron le Despencer (appointed June 14, 1312)
- Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer (appointed February 19, 1314)
- Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (appointed May 18, 1320)
- w Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester (June 27, 1324– October 27, 1326)
- Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell (appointed November 30, 1326)
- William la Zouche, 1st Baron Zouche of Mortimer (appointed May 9, 1328)
- John Maltravers (appointed April 5, 1329)
- Robert of Ufford (appointed December 16, 1330)
- Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh (appointed October 13, 1335)
- William de Clinton, 1st Earl of Huntingdon (appointed December 4, 1343)
- Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley (appointed August 25, 1345)
- Thomas de Braose (appointed January 28, 1347)
- William of Wykeham (appointed July 10, 1361)
- Peter Atte Wood (appointed July 10, 1361)
- John de la Lee (appointed October 10, 1367)
- John of Foxley (appointed April 26, 1368)
- Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (July 21, 1377-1397)
- Edward, Earl of Rutland (April 26, 1397– October 25, 1415)
- Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (January 27, 1415-23 February 1447)
- Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (appointed February 23, 1447)
- Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset (appointed July 2, 1453)
- William Fitzalan, 16th Earl of Arundel (appointed December 19, 1459)
- John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (July 11, 1461– November 6, 1461)
- Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex (1461? -4 April 1483)
- William Fitzalan, 16th Earl of Arundel (appointed July 1, 1483)
- John Radcliffe, 9th Baron FitzWalter (appointed January 14, 1485)
- Sir Reynold Bray (appointed January 14, 1485)
- Giles Daubeney, 8th Baron Daubeney (appointed November 24, 1493) (with Bray)
- Sir Thomas Brandon , June 2, 1509-27. January 1510
- Sir Thomas Lovell, February 6, 1510-25. May 1524 (together with Dorset)
- Thomas Gray, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, June 17, 1523-10. October 1530
- Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk , November 22, 1534-22. August 1545
- William Paulet, 1st Baron St John , December 17, 1545 - before February 2, 1550 (promoted to Earl of Wiltshire on January 19, 1550)
- Henry Gray, 3rd Marquess of Dorset , February 2, 1550-12. November 1553 (was promoted to Duke of Suffolk on October 11, 1551)
- Henry Radcliffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex, November 19, 1553-17. February 1557
- Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, 1557 / 8-9. June 1583
- Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, February 26, 1584-28. July 1585
- Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester , November 25, 1585-4. September 1588
- Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon , Jan 17, 1589-23. July 1596
- Charles Howard, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham , June 15, 1597-14. December 1624 (was made Earl of Nottingham on October 22, 1597)
- George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham , January 22, 1625-23. August 1628
- William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke , September 9, 1629-10. April 1630
- Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland , May 25, 1631-9. March 1649
- Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford , June 27, 1660 – before January 14, 1673
- James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth , January 14, 1673-27. December 1679
- Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield, December 27, 1679 - before January 16, 1686
- Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon, January 16, 1686 – before April 24, 1689
- John Lovelace, 3rd Baron Lovelace, April 24, 1689-27. September 1693
- James Bertie, 1st Earl of Abingdon, November 29, 1693 - before May 15, 1697
- Thomas Wharton, 5th Baron Wharton, May 15, 1697-11. July 1702
- vacant
- Thomas Wharton, 5th Baron Wharton, September 9, 1706-12. January 1711 (was made Earl of Wharton on December 23, 1706)
- Montagu Venables-Bertie, 2nd Earl of Abingdon, Jan. 12, 1711–3. May 1715
- Charles Bennet, 1st Earl of Tankerville, December 6, 1715-21. May 1722
- Charles Cornwallis, 5th Baron Cornwallis, July 5, 1722-31. May 1740
- William Villiers, 3rd Earl of Jersey, May 31, 1740-26. July 1746
- George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, July 26, 1746-12. November 1748
- Thomas Osborne, 4th Duke of Leeds , November 12, 1748-13. January 1756
- Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys, January 13, 1756-15. December 1756
- John Campbell, 3rd Earl of Breadalbane, December 15, 1756-4. November 1765
- John Monson, 2nd Baron Monson, Nov. 4, 1765-12. January 1767
- Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Earl Cornwallis , January 12, 1767-21. March 1769
- Sir Fletcher Norton, March 21, 1769–1. January 1789 (was promoted to Baron Grantley on April 9, 1782)
- Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney , June 19, 1789-30. June 1800
- Thomas Grenville , August 13, 1800-17. December 1846
Individual evidence
- ↑ Sir William Searle Holdsworth: A History of English Law . Little, Brown, 1922, pp. 122 ( google.com [accessed June 8, 2020]).
- ↑ Sir William Searle Holdsworth: A History of English Law . Little, Brown, 1922, pp. 268 ( google.com [accessed June 8, 2020]).
- ^ Office Holders: Justices in Eyre. October 24, 2003, accessed June 8, 2020 .
- ^ GJ Turner: The Justices of the Forest South of Trent . January 1, 1903, doi : 10.1093 / ehr / xviii.lxix.112 ( zenodo.org [accessed June 8, 2020]).