Combat group from Gottberg

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The Kampfgruppe von Gottberg was an ad hoc association named after its commander, SS Brigadefuhrer Curt von Gottberg , consisting mainly of SS , police and Waffen SS units , which from November 1942 to August 1944 purportedly to fight partisans during the German-Soviet war in Belarus was used. In addition, the von Gottberg combat group was supposed to take over the tasks of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the SD and murder remaining Jews or deport them to the extermination camps . In fact, the Gottberg combat group almost completely depopulated entire areas of Belarus. The units of the Kampfgruppe von Gottberg, to which the SS Special Battalion Dirlewanger and from autumn 1943 the Kaminski Brigade were affiliated, were characterized by particular cruelty and are responsible for the murder of tens of thousands of Belarusian civilians . After the Soviet retake of Belarus in the course of the Operation Bagration offensive , they played a major role in the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising in August 1944.

Emergence

Due to the brutal action of the SS Einsatzgruppen shortly after the beginning of the German-Soviet War, large parts of the Belarusian Jewish and non-Jewish population fell victim to the war goal defined by Adolf Hitler of creating living space in the east as part of the National Socialist European plans . As a result of the organized robbery of food and the preventive devastation of areas of land, the inhabitants of Belarus became increasingly impoverished. As a result, the Soviet partisan detachments in Belarus, which had not yet played a significant role in 1941, gained increasing popularity during 1942 and, thanks to the systematic support of Soviet NKVD agents under the leadership of Panteleimon Ponomarenko, became an increasing threat to the German occupation forces . They reacted with brutal severity against the partisans . Since the summer of 1942, large-scale anti-partisan operations have been carried out in Belarus by SS, police and armed forces , such as the Mala Fever company .

Curt von Gottberg was a Nazi functionary protected by Heinrich Himmler , who was appointed SS and Police Leader "White Ruthenia" with effect from June 21, 1942 . Due to previous setbacks in his career, von Gottberg was highly motivated and ready to demonstrate his leadership skills. During the Weimar Republic he was a member of the Ehrhardt Marine Brigade and later of the Bund Wiking and was therefore familiar with the realities of illegal combat. In accordance with Himmler's expectations, von Gottberg began to develop his own approaches in the fight against the partisan detachments known as “gangs”.

The Gottbergs 'methods included, on the one hand, the war against the entire civilian population in the partisans' operational areas, and on the other hand, from the beginning, Belarusian civilians were attacked because of reprisals and terror during the times of Soviet rule, acts of violence by the Soviet partisans and because of the widespread anti-Semitism in Belarus a reconquest by the Red Army were involved in the fight against the partisans. To implement his ideas developed in the summer and autumn of 1942, von Gottberg set up a combat group under his command in November 1942, which was originally made up of the 1st SS Infantry Brigade (motorized), the SS Police Regiment 14, the security group "Barkholt" and another protection team battalion. The von Gottberg combat group was supported by agents of the Reichsführer SS (SD) security service in locating partisan units. The unit was only responsible to the commander of the gang fighting units Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski .

Operations of the combat group von Gottberg in Belarus

Soldier of the Waffen-SS during the capture of partisans in Belarus. (Dated July – August 1943. The picture was probably taken during the "Hermann" company)
While searching for partisans, Waffen SS soldiers find a child who was hiding. (Dated July – August 1943. The picture is from the same photographer.)

The first anti-gang company under the leadership of Gottbergs was prepared by the SD on November 10, 1942 and was given the cover name "Nuremberg" . It took place from November 22nd to 26th, 1942 in the area of ​​Pleszezenice, Glebokie and Dolhinow. In the deployment order, the members of the 1st SS Infantry Brigade were de facto advised to regard every civilian as an enemy. Entire villages, which were considered to be "subject to the gangs" due to the residue from the delivery of food to the German occupiers, should also be destroyed. As a result, some smaller partisan hiding spots were destroyed and a total of 2,975 people were murdered. The Gottberg combat group itself had two dead and ten wounded.

Confirmed by this “success”, further anti-gang operations by the von Gottberg combat group took place a short time later. The "cleansing" of the area around the cities of Nowogrodek , Wolkowysk and Baranowitschi was the objective of the next company, which was code-named "Hamburg". Curt von Gottberg stated the company's goal in the deployment order as follows:

“The task of the associations under my control is to attack and destroy the bandits. Every bandit, Jew, Gypsy and suspect is to be regarded as an enemy . As far as prisoners are taken, they must first be secured for questioning by the SD. "

As a result of this mission, von Gottberg reported another 2,958 killed Jews at the end of December 1942. The action was later characterized in deployment reports as one of the “most successful” gang companies in Belarus, as the SD had succeeded in finding out exactly where the Jews and partisans were hiding.

In February 1943, the operation "Hornung", directed against partisans in the Slutsk area , followed, which began on February 8th, 1943 with the liquidation of the Slutsk ghetto . 1700 Jews were shot. The enterprise itself lasted until February 26, 1943 and resulted in the murder of 2,219 partisans and a total of 3,300 Jews. 7,378 people were deported to extermination camps. The Gottberg combat group had only 29 deaths at the same time.

Such undertakings were repeated in the course of 1943. It can be considered certain that the von Gottberg combat group was responsible for the deaths of over 50,000 people up to November 1943.

Von Gottberg was well aware of the increasing hostility of the Belarusian population as a result of his actions:

“Punitive expeditions never hit whoever is supposed to be hit, but rather the innocent population. If you move up with the vanguard, liaison men and one more point and then the rearguard marches on, then those who carry out the active gang fight are over the mountains, and you find old people, women and children. If you beat them to death and set the village on fire, the population will tell themselves that the Germans are even bigger dogs than the Bolsheviks, and the women run to the bandits' women's battalions. "

This was accepted by von Gottberg, as he did not change anything in the combat group's approach until August 1944.

The Dirlewanger special battalion deployed together with the combat group raged particularly badly . Von Gottberg remarked in the operational report for the "Cottbus" company, which the combat group carried out from May 25, 1943 to June 23, 1943 together with the 286th Security Division :

"[...] If only 492 rifles were captured out of 4,500 enemy dead, then this difference shows that there are also numerous peasants in the country among these enemy dead. The Dirlewanger Battalion in particular is known for killing numerous lives. Numerous women and children are among the 5,000 gang suspects who were shot. [...] "

After the end of the "Cottbus" company, von Gottberg received the German Cross in Gold at the request of the commander of the gang fighting units Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski in July 1943 .

Because of the increasingly brutal actions of the von Gottberg combat group, the partisan units received more support and the German occupiers increasingly lost control over large parts of Belarus. As a result, the combat group was reinforced by further SS and police battalions and other volunteer units, which also included Caucasians and Cossacks . In May 1944 there were even Muslim volunteers.

Members of the Kaminski Brigade and German police officers during a meeting (Belarus, March 1944)

The situation changed in late autumn 1943. Since the Battle of Kursk, the Red Army recaptured large parts of Soviet territory, and the war situation for the German Reich became more and more dramatic. After the town of Lokot was again controlled by Soviet troops in the autumn of 1943, Curt von Gottberg made sure that the Kaminski Brigade from this place was evacuated to Lepel, Belarus. (see Republic of Lokot ) There it was supposed to fight the partisans as a stationary unit.

In November 1943 the Red Army troops reached the eastern edge of the Gottberg combat group's operational area. After the Red Army had achieved a breakthrough in the town of Newel , the Gottberg combat group was used for the first time to perform security tasks on the war front and placed under the command of the 3rd Panzer Army . The "Heinrich" company, which ran until November 9, 1943, had to be broken off as a result. From November 5, 1943 to February 15, 1944, the Gottberg Combat Group was deployed on the war front in northern Belarus.

From November 10, 1943 to December 8, 1943, SS Brigade Leader Heinz Lammerding was appointed to lead the von Gottberg combat group. From December 8, 1943, the Colonel of the Stahn police force was briefly in command before Curt von Gottberg took over the command again.

In the spring of 1944, the Gottberg Combat Group operated in conjunction with Wehrmacht units such as the 201st Security Division and the 95th Infantry Division , as the area of ​​operation was now under the jurisdiction of the Army Group Center's military administration . The last anti-partisan actions company “Spring Festival” (April 16 to May 10, 1944) and company “Kormoran” (May 25 to June 17, 1944), which were directed against partisans around the village of Udschadch near Polotsk , resulted again in the murder thousands of Belarusian civilians and the complete destruction of many villages.

Chronological list of the missions of the combat group von Gottberg (November 22, 1942 to June 17, 1944)
Code name (company) Period places Result Classification in the context of the Holocaust and the partisan war in Belarus
Nuremberg November 22 - November 26, 1942 at Pleszezenice, Glebokie and Dolhinow 2975 people were murdered during the anti-partisan campaign, some partisan hideouts were destroyed, at least 2500 people were murdered in Postawy First deployment of the Gottberg combat group in cooperation with SD commandos. Liquidation of the Dunilowitschi, Postawy, Hermanowitschi ghettos
Hamburg December 10 - December 16, 1942 Nowogrodek , Wolkowysk and Baranowitschi 5,874 people were murdered, partisan hiding places were destroyed Renewed use of the Kgr. Together with the SD. Characterized in later reports as one of the "most successful" gang companies in Belarus. Liquidation of the Slonim ghetto .
Altona December 22nd - December 25th, 1942 Kossow, Bythen, south of Slonim Murder of 1,032 people, destruction of a partisan hideout Pursuit of the partisans who fled south during the Hamburg operation.
Franz January 5 - January 14, 1943 Ossipowitschi , Grodsianka, Makowyie People murdered in 2025, 1000 people are deported as forced laborers First company of the combat group, where workers were deported on a larger scale.
Peter around January 10 to January 11, 1943 Klitschew, Kolbcha
Harvest Festival I January 18 - January 26, 1943 east of the Minsk - Slutsk runway People murdered in 1975
Harvest Festival II January 28 - February 9, 1943 west of the Minsk-Slutsk runway 2325 dead (civilians and partisans)
Hornung February 8 - February 26, 1943 Wetland south of the city of Slutsk 5,519 murdered people, 7,378 people are transported to extermination camps. Liquidation of the Slutsk ghetto. Securing the Brest-Gomel railway line. The head of the gang fighting groups von dem Bach-Zelewski expresses doubts about the Gottbergs' approach and considers the company to be an attempt to wipe out the entire civilian population.
Lenz-South March 30 - April 7, 1943 Borissov , Sloboda, Smolevichi
Lenz-North April 9 - April 12, 1943 Borisov, Smolevichi, Logoisk, Sembin
Magic Flute April 17 - April 24, 1943 Urban area of ​​Minsk 2 murdered, 1,012 people become slave labor Major action against partisans, Soviet agents and deserters
cottbus May 20, 1943 to May 30, 1943 Area between the places Chrost, Dokschizy, Pleschtschenizy, Lepel 9,796 murdered people, 6,053 people abducted for forced labor, 2,000–3,000 civilians die when they are driven over minefields by the SS commandos.

Other sources give up to 20,000 deaths.

Largest operation of the von Gottberg combat group. Due to the brutal approach, considerable doubts about the approach of the Kgr. Von Gottberg arise at the German management level. General Commissioner " Belarus " fears the "unrest of the whole country" if it continues. Larger participation of the Wehrmacht for the first time, provided by the 286th Security Division . Russian Druzhina associations under Vladimir Rodionov also take part in the action, which leads to the desertion of the entire association in August 1943.
Günther June 29, 1943 to July 7, 1943 Area northeast of Minsk including Logoisk and Borisov
Hermann July 13th (August 1st without preparation time) - August 8th 1943 Iwenez, Naliboki jungle west of Minsk 4,280 murdered people, 20,954 people displaced as forced laborers Liquidation of the ghetto in Glebokie, attack on the hiding place of the Bielski partisans in the Naliboki forest without success, destruction of three villages, units of the Wehrmacht, as well as a Latvian and several Ukrainian Shuma battalions were involved in the action. As far as possible, even the forests should be destroyed by fire.
Fritz September 24 - October 6, 1943 Glebokie area The company was directed against the Druzhina battalions under Vladimir Rodionov, which deserted to the Soviet partisans on August 18, 1943 .
Heinrich October 25, 1943 to November 9, 1943 (planned until November 15) Lowlands northeast of Polotsk , Dretun 5,452 murdered people, deportation of almost 8,000 people as forced laborers in the German Reich, resettlement of 8,000 people. Operation has to be canceled on November 9th because of the Soviet breakthrough at Newel . Subordination of the Kgr. Von Gottberg to the PzAOK 3 . Formation of a blocking line at Dretun, which is broken by Soviet troops.
spring Festival April 16 - May 10, 1944 Area southwest of the city of Polotsk, "partisan republic" Udschadch Destruction of the partisan units, 7,000 people were murdered, 7,000 prisoners, 11,000 forced laborers were abducted Was carried out in equal parts by Wehrmacht units ( 95th ID , 201st SD) and the von Gottberg combat group. Connection to the "Regenschauer" company run solely by the Wehrmacht.
cormorant May 25 - June 17, 1944 Operation against the parts of the partisan groups at Udschadch, Kgr. Von Gottberg who had broken out to the south, attacked from the direction of Minsk and Molodechno . no statistics available Wehrmacht operation under the leadership of KoRück  559. Participation of the von Gottberg combat group.

Retreat to Poland and dissolution

On June 20, 1944 Curt von Gottberg was appointed SS and Police Leader Belarus . Two days later, the Soviet summer offensive, Operation Bagration , began, aimed at the reconquest of Belarus by the Red Army. The 3rd German Panzer Army suffered heavy losses near Vitebsk and the Gottberg combat group was deployed to defend the Borisov-Orscha runway. The combat group of Gottberg, which specializes in partisan combat, was no match for the forces of the 5th Soviet Guards Tank Army, which were equipped with IS-2 tanks. It was pushed back to Borissow by June 27, 1944, where it was reinforced by the German 5th Panzer Division . At the same time, the Kaminski Brigade from Lepel withdrew to the west. At Borissow, von Gottberg's units were involved in the formation of a bridgehead against the Red Army, which could be held until June 30, 1944. In the village, von Gottberg's soldiers carried out a final massacre of Belarusian civilians who wanted to flee west with the Germans. In addition, von Gottberg refused to be integrated into a combat group under the command of Lieutenant General Dietrich von Saucken .

After Borissov surrendered, von Gottberg's troops fled westward via Minsk and Molodechno. An order to defend the Lithuanian capital Vilnius was rejected by von Gottberg with reference to the battered condition of his forces. The combat group withdrew via Iwie and Lida from Gottberg to Grodno , which they defended from July 10 to 16, 1944. The units of the combat group suffered heavy losses. Overall, the Gottberg Combat Group remained subordinate to Army Group Center until July 26, 1944 . After the loss of Belarus, the Gottberg combat group had become superfluous. It was therefore dissolved at the end of July 1944. The remaining units, including the Kaminski Brigade and the Dirlewanger special battalion, were deployed after a short break in Lyck on August 4, 1944, to suppress the Warsaw Uprising under the command of Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski. Here they showed for the last time a brutality beyond measure.

Curt von Gottberg received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on June 30, 1944 and was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer on July 11. He returned to the German Reich after the battle group was disbanded and took command of the newly formed XII on August 6th . SS Army Corps .

Legal prosecution after the end of World War II

Some of the chief perpetrators of the crimes of the von Gottberg fighting group evaded legal conviction by suicide . These include the commander of SS Police Regiment 2 SS-Standartenführer Günther Anhalt (from November 22, 1943 to June 30, 1944), who deliberately ran into Soviet shellfire on April 27, 1945 during the Battle of Berlin , and Curt von Gottberg who committed suicide in British captivity on May 31, 1945.

In the years 1945 to 1952, crimes encompassing the entire conflict (see Nuremberg Trials ) as well as so-called end- phase crimes were convicted in the area controlled by the Allied forces . During the 1950s, the number of trials against Nazi perpetrators in West German courts declined, only to rise again from 1960, this time with an emphasis on crimes against Jews in the course of the Holocaust . This was due to the establishment of the central office of the state justice administrations in 1958 for the investigation of National Socialist crimes . In 1964, the Dortmund public prosecutor's office started proceedings against members of the Postawy police riding and driving school. These proceedings were in the context of the liquidation of the Postawy ghetto carried out by the von Gottberg combat group in November 1942. The proceedings against the main accused SS-Sturmbannführer Walter Jucknies ended in 1969 with no result. In 1970 the Hamburg public prosecutor's office initiated collective proceedings against members of the von Gottberg combat group. In this process, the competent authorities determined sloppily. So it ended in 1996 with no result.

List of units of the Gottberg Combat Group

The following, non-exhaustive list contains the names of the units combined in the von Gottberg combat group at different times. Operations by the von Gottberg combat group in which these units were involved are given in brackets.

  • 1st SS Infantry Brigade (motorized) (Nuremberg, Hermann)
  • SS Police Regiment 2 (Hornung, Harvest Festival I and II, Hamburg, Lenz-Süd, Lenz-Nord, Cottbus, Hermann, Heinrich, Kormoran, retreat 1944)
  • SS Police Regiment 3 (Harvest Festival I)
  • SS Police Regiment 4 (retreat 1944)
  • SS Police Regiment 13 (Hornung, Franz, Harvest Festival I and II, Lenz-Süd, Lenz-Nord, Magic Flute, Cottbus, Fritz, Heinrich)
  • SS Police Regiment 14 (Nuremberg)
  • SS Police Regiment 17 (retreat 1944)
  • SS Police Regiment 22 (retreat 1944)
  • SS Police Regiment 23 (Hornung, Hamburg, Harvest Festival I and II, Magic Flute)
  • SS Police Regiment 24 (Hamburg, Heinrich, Kormoran)
  • SS Police Regiment 26 (Fritz, Heinrich, Spring Festival, Kormoran)
  • Police Rifle Regiment 31 (Cottbus, Hermann, Kormoran, retreat 1944)
  • Police Rifle Regiment 34 (retreat 1944)
  • Police Rifle Regiment 36 (Kormoran, retreat 1944)
  • SS Special Battalion Dirlewanger (Lenz-Süd, Hornung, Cottbus, Günther, Hermann, Heinrich, Magic Flute, Spring Festival, retreat 1944)
  • 286th Security Division (Cottbus)
  • Cossack Department 600 (Cottbus)
  • Lithuanian Schutzmannschafts-Battalion 15 (Hamburg)
  • Ukrainian Protective Team Battalion 115 (Hamburg)
  • Latvian Schutzmannschafts-Battalion 271 (Hamburg)
  • Latvian Schutzmannschafts-Battalion 18 (Hornung)
  • Schutzmannschafts-Bataillon 57 (Cottbus, Hermann, Heinrich)
  • Druschina Regiment I (Cottbus)

literature

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  • Jonathan Trigg: Hitler's Jihadis: Muslim Volunteers of the SS. History Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-86227-487-7 .
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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Kenkmann, Spieker: In order. 231.
  2. ^ Musial: Soviet partisans in Belarus. Pp. 14-22.
  3. ^ Bauer, Rüter: Justice and Nazi crimes. S. ???
  4. ↑ Army: Dead Zones. P. 71.
  5. ↑ Michaelis: The Panzer Grenadier Divisions of the Waffen SS. P. 213.
  6. ↑ Müller, Volkmann: The Wehrmacht. Pp. 939-942.
  7. ↑ Müller, Volkmann: The Wehrmacht. P. 940.
  8. ^ Hilberg: The annihilation of the European Jews. Volume 2, p. 402 ff.
  9. ↑ Müller, Volkmann: The Wehrmacht. P. 942.
  10. ↑ Kohl: "I am amazed that I am still alive". P. 256.
  11. ^ Judge: "Herrenmensch" and "Bandit". P. 41.
  12. ^ Judge: "Herrenmensch" and "Bandit". P. 75.
  13. ↑ Pohl: The rule of the armed forces. P. 293.
  14. ^ Heinemann: Race, settlement, German blood. P. 443.
  15. ↑ Wegner: From peace to war. P. 291.
  16. ^ Newland: Cossacks in the German army. P. 144.
  17. ↑ Trigg: Hitler's Jihadis , p. 60.
  18. ↑ Michaelis: The SS special command "Dirlewanger". P. 211.
  19. ↑ Müller, Volkmann: The Wehrmacht. Pp. 939-942.
  20. ↑ Michaelis: The SS special command "Dirlewanger". Pp. 47, 50.
  21. ↑ Schulz, Wegmann, Zinke: The generals of the Waffen SS and the police. Vol. 3, p. 5.
  22. ↑ Michaelis: The SS special command "Dirlewanger". P. 183.
  23. ↑ Aschenauer: War without borders. P. 161.
  24. ↑ a b Curilla: The German Ordnungspolizei and the Holocaust in the Baltic States and in Belarus 1941–1944. P. 719.
  25. ↑ a b Chronology of the Holocaust ( Memento of the original dated September 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on November 1, 2010) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.holocaust-chronologie.de
  26. ↑ a b c d Wegner: From peace to war. P. 289.
  27. ^ A b c Curilla: The German Ordnungspolizei and the Holocaust in the Baltic States and in Belarus 1941-1944. P. 721.
  28. ^ Demps, Rüter: GDR justice and Nazi crimes. P. 36.
  29. ↑ a b c d e f g Curilla: The German Ordnungspolizei and the Holocaust in the Baltic States and in Belarus 1941-1944 . P. 722.
  30. ↑ a b Curilla: The German Ordnungspolizei and the Holocaust in the Baltic States and in Belarus 1941–1944 . P. 723.
  31. ^ Judge: "Herrenmensch" and "Bandit". P. 41.
  32. ↑ a b c d e Curilla: The German Ordnungspolizei and the Holocaust in the Baltic States and in Belarus 1941–1944 . P. 729.
  33. ↑ a b c d e f Curilla: The German Ordnungspolizei and the Holocaust in the Baltic States and in Belarus 1941–1944 . P. 730.
  34. ↑ a b c Hamburg Institute for Social Research: Crimes of the Wehrmacht. Pp. 494-497.
  35. ↑ a b c d e f Pohl: The rule of the Wehrmacht. P. 293.
  36. ↑ Wildt: Intelligence Service, Political Elite and Murder Unit. P. 343.
  37. ↑ a b c Michaelis: The SS special command "Dirlewanger". P. 48.
  38. ↑ a b c Yad Vashem studies , Vol. 37, Part 1, p. 57.
  39. ↑ Gerlach: Calculated murders. P. 907.
  40. ↑ Gerlach: Calculated murders. P. 1033.
  41. ↑ a b Wegner: From Peace to War. P. 288.
  42. ↑ Wildt: Intelligence Service, Political Elite and Murder Unit. P. 344.
  43. ^ Curilla: The German Ordnungspolizei and the Holocaust in the Baltic States and Belarus 1941-1944 . P. 741.
  44. ^ Curilla: The German Ordnungspolizei and the Holocaust in the Baltic States and Belarus 1941-1944 . P. 743.
  45. ^ Hesse: The Soviet Russian Partisan War 1941 to 1944. P. 244.
  46. ↑ Pohl: The rule of the armed forces. P. 294.
  47. ^ Photo of murdered civilians in Borissow, (July 6, 1944, photo archive of the Yadvashem memorial, call number 3150/121, photographer: F. Kislow, accessed on November 1, 2011)
  48. ^ From Plato: History of the 5th Panzer Division. Pp. 343-348.
  49. ↑ Hinze: Das Ostfront-Drama 1944. S. 141.
  50. ↑ Curilla: The German Ordnungspolizei and the Holocaust. P. 702.
  51. ↑ Michaelis: The SS special command "Dirlewanger". P. 12.
  52. ↑ Mitcham: The German Defeat in the East, 1944-45. P. 87.
  53. ^ Halbrainer, Kuretsidis-Haider: War crimes, Nazi violent crimes and European criminal justice from Nuremberg to The Hague. Pp. 87-88.
  54. ^ Halbrainer, Kuretsidis-Haider: War crimes, Nazi violent crimes and European criminal justice from Nuremberg to The Hague. P. 144.
  55. ^ Halbrainer, Kuretsidis-Haider: War crimes, Nazi violent crimes and European criminal justice from Nuremberg to The Hague. P. 142.
  56. ↑ Hannes Heer, Birgit Otte, Hamburg Institute for Social Research (ed.): War of Extermination: Crimes of the Wehrmacht 1941 to 1944 . Hamburger Edition, 1996, ISBN 978-3-930908-24-0 , pp. 170 ( google.de ).