Baryssau

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Barysaw | Borisov
Барысаў | Borisov
( Belarus. ) | ( Russian )
flag
flag
State : BelarusBelarus Belarus
Woblasz : Flag of Minsk Voblast.svg Minsk
Founded : 1102
Coordinates : 54 ° 13 '  N , 28 ° 31'  E Coordinates: 54 ° 13 '  N , 28 ° 31'  E
Area : 45.97  km²
 
Residents : 149,700 (2007)
Population density : 3,256 inhabitants per km²
Time zone : Moscow time ( UTC + 3 )
Telephone code : (+375) 01777
Postal code : 222518
License plate : 5
 
Website :
Baryssau (Belarus)
Baryssau
Baryssau

Baryssau or Borissow ( Belarusian Барысаў / Baryssau , Russian Борисов / Borissow ) is a Belarusian city ​​on the Bjaresina in Minskaja Woblasz with 149,700 inhabitants ( 2007 ) and the administrative center of the Baryssau district .

coat of arms

The city's coat of arms was officially confirmed on January 22nd, 1796 (Law No. 17435).

Description: In silver, one of two red-roofed silver towers and a silver city wall, accompanied by a closed gate on a green background, floats between the towers on a silver cloud, the standing blue-clad apostle Peter with a gold cloak and head nimbus, holding the key to the city in his right hand.

Symbolism: In the upper half of the shield the Minsk coat of arms is depicted, in the lower half that coat of arms, which comes from the Polish King Stanisław August: two war towers with gates placed in between on a silver field and above the apostle Peter standing on a cloud, who in holds the key to the city in his hands. The coat of arms symbolizes tenacity, strength and the open way for good neighborliness and for peaceful trade.

history

The very earliest mention of the city comes from Lithuanian chronicles. In 1102, the Polotsk prince Boris Vzeslavich defeated the Baltic Yatwingers and after his return he built a city with his name. The first mention of the city in the Laurentius Chronicles, however, is dated to the year 1127, and in the Hypatius Chronicle to the year 1128. Archaeological finds show that the first settlement was burned to the ground. A new city has emerged further south at the point where the Scha joins the Beresina. A wooden fortress was built here in the 12th century.

Early urban development

Borissow around the turn of the 20th century

Due to its favorable geographical location, the city was one of the best-known trade and handicraft centers as early as the middle of the 13th century. At the end of the 13th century Baryssau went to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , from 1569 due to the Union of Lublin until the end of the 18th century the city belonged to the Rzeczpospolita and was located there in close proximity to the Russian border.

The city has been the scene of numerous wars. At the beginning of the 15th century it was almost completely destroyed by the battle between the princes Jogajla , Sigismund and Švitrigaila. During the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), the city was temporarily occupied by Russians and Poles. In the Great Northern War (1700-1721), the city and its population were badly affected.

After the second division of Poland in 1793, the city, together with Minsk and other Belarusian areas, went to the Russian Empire . Baryssau became a district town within the Minsk governorate .

The Patriotic War against Napoleon in 1812 left deep marks in the city's history. The Napoleonic troops did not succeed in subjugating the city population. The Beresinskaja pereprawa ( crossing of the Berezina ) was, according to historians, the darkest chapter in the history of the Napoleonic Wars .

Today monuments near the village of Studenka and on the Brilewskoe field commemorate the events. In Baryssau itself, the remains of the artillery positions of the Russian army can still be seen, which were built on the eve of the Napoleonic attack on the right bank of the Berezina. These were placed under state protection as a historical monument in 1926. 15 km north of Baryssau, near the village of Studenka, the Napoleonic troops were finally put to flight. A memorial was erected in 1967 to commemorate this victory.

In November 1917 the Bolsheviks seized power in all of Belarus and also took Baryssau. From 1918 the city was occupied by the Germans, from 1919 to 1920 by Polish troops. The city has been a district town since 1924, first as the administrative center of a Rajon in the Soviet Union and later in the independent Republic of Belarus (Belarus).

Second World War

At the beginning of July 1941, bitter fighting took place in Baryssau between the first Moscow division of the Red Army and tank units of the German Wehrmacht. From July 2, 1941 to July 1, 1944, the Germans operated six death camps in and around the city, in which more than 33,000 people were murdered.

Massacre of the Jewish population

Memorial stone at the entrance to the Ghetto of Baryssau
Memorial to the murdered Jews in Baryssau

Stanislau Stankewitsch was installed as mayor of the city . On October 20, 1941, units of the Belarusian auxiliary police together with SS officers and soldiers, some of whom came from Latvia, on behalf of Stankevitsch, murdered 7,000 of the 8,000 Jews living in the city. In the mass murder, the still living victims had to arrange the bodies of those who had already been shot to save space and cover them with a thin layer of sand before they were shot themselves. In addition, Stankevitsch instructed his troops to shoot through with one shot by two people in order to save ammunition. The Red Cross did not find any wounds on the bodies of the young children during the later autopsy of the victims, suggesting that they were buried alive.

The massacre became the decisive reason for Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort to join the resistance against the Nazi regime. The Army Group Center had taught in July 1941 their headquarters in the city and was a German aviators watched him shootings. It was only when the town's German field commander asked what happened that the whole process came to light. The Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Field Marshal Fedor von Bock ordered him to report personally immediately. The field commander shot himself on the way to headquarters.

The troops of the 3rd Belarusian Front fought for the liberation of the city in 1944 , and 13 combat units were awarded the " Borisovskie " order . 29 people from the Barysaw region were named Heroes of the Soviet Union . The city received the Order of the Great Patriotic War of the First Order.

In Baryssau there was the POW camp 183 , Borisow , for German prisoners of war of the Second World War . Seriously ill people were treated in the prisoner-of-war hospital in 1673 .

Population development

Lenin Square in Baryssau

In the immediate post-war period there were explosive demographic surges:

  • 1959 - 59,300 inhabitants
  • 1970 - 84,000 inhabitants
  • 1997 - 154,300 inhabitants

Development in recent years:

  • 2005 - 150,000 inhabitants
  • 2006 - 149,900 inhabitants
  • 2007 - 149,700 inhabitants

Culture and sights

Buildings and architecture

Schuchow water tower with hyperbolic support structure

At the beginning of the 19th century, the first stone buildings were built in Baryssau. With the completion of the Barysauer water system in 1806, which connected the Dnepr with the Western Dvina through the Beresina and thus provided the only traffic route, the city received a port and became the center of shipbuilding on the Beresina. Thus, the city played a key role in trade relations between Belarusian cities.

In 1823 the construction of a Catholic church was completed, the oldest surviving religious building in the city. The old market square has the characteristic features of buildings from the 19th century and is an interesting example of provincial bourgeois architecture. Twice a year, a fair takes place here.

Baryssau is home to one of the world's first hyperbolic buildings, a steel water tower that was built according to the plans of the engineer Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov .

A building that no longer exists today is Baryssau Castle , a fortification that was probably built not far from the Baryssau settlement on the left bank of the Beresina near the confluence with the Prilja at the end of the 12th to the beginning of the 14th century.

See also: Great Synagogue (Baryssau)

Sports

The city is home to FK BATE Baryssau , which won the Belarusian football championship for the thirteenth time in a row and for the fifteenth time in total in 2018 , and in 2008 became the first Belarusian team in history to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League .

Economy and Infrastructure

traffic

With the construction of the Moscow - Brest railway in 1871, Baryssau received a train station, which led to a general economic boom. So more and more industry developed on the right bank of the Berezina. Today the administrative and industrial center of the city as well as the main residential areas of the city are located here.

economy

Baryssau is the second most important industrial city in the Minsk region. There are 42 factories and 613 trading companies and factories in the food industry here.

education

A branch of the Institute for Administration and Management , a private university based in Minsk, is located in Barysaw. In addition, the city has 24 secondary schools, three grammar schools, a polytechnic high school, three technical schools, three vocational schools, a music, an art and a choreography school.

Press

In addition to the state newspaper “ Adsintsva ” ( Unity ), there is the opposition newspaper “ Borissowskie Nowosti ” ( Borisov News ) in Baryssau , which is officially no longer sold and operates underground.

sons and daughters of the town

literature

  • Borisov , in: Guy Miron (Ed.): The Yad Vashem encyclopedia of the ghettos during the Holocaust . Volume 1. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2009, p. 68

Web links

Commons : Baryssau  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Schlabrendorff writes about Lithuanian SS under the direction of German officers.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Website on the heraldry of Belarusian cities (in Russian) ( Memento from June 8, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ Paul Kohl: "I am amazed that I am still alive": Soviet eyewitnesses report. Gütersloher publishing house G. Mohn. 1990, p. 114
  3. ↑ Borisov , in: Guy Miron (Ed.): The Yad Vashem encyclopedia of the ghettos during the Holocaust . Volume 1. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2009, p. 68
  4. ^ Morris Riley: Philby. The hidden years. Janus Publishing Company, London 1999, p. 37.
  5. ↑ John Loftus: America's Nazi Secret. TrineDay LCC 2010, ISBN 978-1936296040 , p. 58
  6. ↑ Antje Vollmer : Double life: Heinrich and Gottliebe von Lehndorff in the resistance against Hitler and von Ribbentrop . Eichborn Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2010 ( ISBN 978-3-8218-6232-3 ), pp. 151-153.
  7. ^ Fabian von Schlabrendorff : Encounters in five decades . Wunderlich, Tübingen 1979, ISBN 3-8052-0323-3 , p. 201 f .
  8. ↑ Maschke, Erich (Ed.): On the history of the German prisoners of war of the Second World War. Verlag Ernst and Werner Gieseking, Bielefeld 1962–1977.

Klaus Gerbet, Fedor von Bock. Between duty and refusal. Das Kriegstagebuch, Herbig, Munich 1995, p. 543 Alfred Turney, Disaster of Moscow: Von Bock's Campaigns. 1941-1942. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1970, p. 228