Burgus Burgsalach

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Burgus Burgsalach
Alternative name Small fort "In der Harlach", Burgsalach fort
limes ORL - ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Rhaetian Limes,
route 14
Dating (occupancy) Severan
by no later than AD 259/260
Type Small fort?
Beneficiary station?
Mansio?
size 32.60 (SW) × 32.40 (NW) × 
31.90 (NE) × 32.60 (SE) m
= 0.1 ha
Construction stone
State of preservation very well preserved stumps of the wall are visibly preserved
place Burgsalach
Geographical location 49 ° 1 '9.4 "  N , 11 ° 4' 35.3"  E
height 583  m above sea level NHN
Previous Weißenburg Fort (west)
Oberhochstatt Fort (west-northwest)
Subsequently Fort Pfünz (southeast)
Upstream Raitenbuch small fort (east)

The burgus Burgsalach , who is also under the name fortlet "In Harlach" and Castle Burgsalach became known, was a Roman military camp , the close of the World Heritage Site collected Rätische wall was built and south of the village Burgsalach in the district of Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen in Bavaria lies. The stone fortification , which was most likely built for a hundred ( Centurie ) , is one of the youngest structures on the Upper German-Rhaetian Limes and was founded in the 3rd century. Their architecture is unique for German forts.

The evidence of a sanctuary with a flag shows that the centurion located there had its own standard and operated as an independent tactical unit.

location

The Burgus Burgsalach is located on the "Harlach" corridor, southwest of the village of Burgsalach. It is located on the plateau of the southern Franconian Alb and was built around 1.3 kilometers behind the Limes directly on the connecting road between the Weissenburg and Pfünz forts, which was important at the time . Some parts of this Roman road route are still in excellent condition.

Research history

The small fort as it has been presented from the hill with the excavation rubble since it was secured in 1965.

In 1790, according to a note from Pappenheim's dean and consistorial councilor Michael Redenbacher (1764–1816), the structural remains - known at the time as the “Altes Schlösschen” - were still “excellent” . In addition, he saw several altars dedicated to the emperor Septimius Severus (193-211). In 1800 the clergyman and professor of mathematics Ignaz Pickel (1736-1818) from Eichstätt carried out the first known excavation, which, however, did not yield any significant findings “because its investigation was too fleeting” , as the archeology pioneer Franz Anton Mayer (1773 –1854) wrote in 1835. Nevertheless, Pickel handed down a first sketch of the floor plan. It later became apparent that the clergy's advice had not dug into the depths during its investigation, but merely followed the superficial course of the walls. In 1805 a subsequent excavation was carried out by Redenbacher. Many structural details found from this excavation have come down to us, which were later lost due to the increasing deterioration of the building. A plan that Redenbacher left behind showed drawing errors. He called the semicircular apse in the northeast the "tower". Nonetheless, his basic survey could be reconciled with reality.

Mayer considered the complex due to its construction and the lack of a ditch - which Redenbacher claims to have seen in 1790 - for a hostel ( Mansio ) . Archaeologist Andreas A. Schaflitzl agreed with this opinion in 2011, although a final assessment is not possible.

Continuing destruction of the area only continued after the early excavations. In particular, the fairy tale of a treasure that was supposed to be buried near the castle encouraged robbers and treasure hunters to keep digging up the ruins. Apparently during a raid organized by farmers in 1831 a Roman key came to light, which Mayer got into his collection and interpreted as the key from the main gate of the inn. Because of its popularity, the Burgus became known nationwide. In 1861, the Bavarian King Maximilian II Joseph had a memorial stele that is still preserved today erected by the ruins, which incorrectly names the place as Colonia .

After the landowners had persistently refused to let the Limes researcher Wilhelm Kohl (1848–1898) dig at this site, the Weißenburg Historical Association succeeded in buying the site in 1915 with funds from the Central Franconian district government. In the war years 1916 and 1917, during two campaigns under the direction of Friedrich Winkelmann (1852-1934), a route commissioner of the Reichs-Limeskommission (RLK), the walls up to two meters high were still very well preserved at that time to be excavated and examined. The Royal Bavarian General Conservatory provided the funds for this excavation. In the spring of 1916, Winkelmann exposed the north and south fronts and the atrium, and in May of the following year he devoted himself to the other two wings. Winkelmann's excavations were the first and last in the 20th century. After completing the investigations, the remains of the building were filled up to a height of one meter to preserve the sometimes sensitive findings.

During the first half of the 20th century, the building finally fell victim to the weather, and obviously in particular to stone robbery. The area got out of the public eye and was reclaimed by nature. It was not until 1962 that the trees that had grown on the site were felled and the masonry was apparently only superficially repaired. Therefore, in 1965/1966 pupils and teachers from the Christian-von-Bomhard-Gymnasium Uffenheim were assigned to rehabilitate the remaining stumps again, to brick them up and to cover them with a thick layer of cement under the guidance of the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation and with the support of the American military . Heavy equipment, including excavators, was also used in this work. The viewing hill in front of the main gate was built from the rubble in the fort area. The high school then took over the sponsorship for the ongoing maintenance of the building. The Burgus remained in this condition until 2008. At that time, scientific investigations were carried out for the first time since 1917 with the construction of three small probes . In addition, the new preservation, which will take several years, has started. Between 2010 and 2013, the “Römererlebnispfad Burgsalach” , financed by federal funds and the Sparkassen-Kulturstiftung, was built. Among other things, in addition to the stone slab built in 1965 with the layout of the facility, three three-dimensional bronze models indicate the various possibilities for reconstruction of the facility. The project also included the scientific processing of the old excavations with the help of work contracts and the exploration of the actually preserved ancient wall stock. The resulting development of all walls now documents the dramatic deterioration into the 21st century on the basis of the condition, which was first photographically documented in 1916 and 1917.

The term " Burgus ", which was previously mostly used for this complex , actually refers to smaller, late antique fort sites in the border area. The word, borrowed from the Germanic by the Romans, has been traceable in military Roman usage since the end of the 2nd century.

Building history

The floor plan of the Burgus based on the research results of Friedrich Winkelmann (1917/1918) and Renate Schiwall (2008)
Attempt to reconstruct the small fort in the Roman Museum Weissenburg
View of the fort area, clearly visible is the pincer-shaped gate in the foreground.
View from the rear of the warehouse across the inner courtyard with its graveled surface to the gate.

In its architectural design, no comparable fortifications have been observed on the entire Upper German-Rhaetian Limes. As the archaeologist Wilhelm Schleiermacher (1904–1977) established in 1962, the square-shaped floor plan of the Burgsalach complex had "always" been compared with the late Roman fortifications in Asia Minor or North Africa , whereby the North African parallels were always highlighted. Roman military camps were discovered there, with a similar floor plan dating from the early 4th century. In addition, the Latin name of this type of defense system has been handed down in inscriptions from there: it is called the Centenarium . Possibly its establishment is connected with the presence of members of the Legio III Augusta from Lambaesis in Africa. The Legion had been disbanded in the course of power struggles among the Gordian emperors and their teams had been transferred to various provinces as punishment. On this occasion, the troops standing in Raetia could have erected this fortification, but this cannot be proven. At that time the legion fell under the damnatio memoriae and was therefore not allowed to leave any building inscriptions with their names.

Today it is assumed that the small fort, due to its architectural peculiarities, belongs to the last phase of security and expansion of the Limes, which fell during the reign of Emperor Caracallas (211-217), who in 213 personally inspected the Limes and its forts in many places took.

Fence and gate

According to Redenbacher, the building was surrounded by a ditch that was still visible at that time as an obstacle to the approach. In contrast, Winkelmann, who over 100 years later had search cuts made on all sides of the facility, found that there could have been no trenches. The side lengths of the slightly irregular, almost square floor plan of 32.60 (SW) × 32.40 (NW) × 31.90 (NE) × 32.60 (SE) meters correspond to 100  Roman feet . Most recent research is based on a fully developed second storey that could be supported by the strong walls and foundations. The crew is said to have corresponded to a centurion with a commanding centurion . The interior development of the square anticipates the design of late antique fortifications. The living and administration rooms are arranged around a square inner courtyard and were located in rooms that were directly adjacent to the 1.20 meter wide surrounding wall. The foundation plinth of this wall protrudes outwards by another 0.15 meters. As a special feature, this circular wall has a semicircular forecourt on its southwest side that arches into the interior of the fort. The outer clear width of this semicircle, which ends with the alignment of the surrounding wall, is 11.25 meters; at its lowest point it has a radius of 5.30 meters. This is where the 3.5 meter wide doorway begins. The first two-winged gate follows after one meter, and the second correspondingly constructed gate follows after another 4.40 meters. Winkelmann could still determine the thresholds and stops of the gate leaves. After the second gate, the inner courtyard followed the fortification. Such a funnel-shaped narrowing entrance to the gate lock was also discovered at the south gate, the Porta decumana of Fort Theilenhofen , at the Porta decumana of Fort Faimingen , and at the west gate of the legionary camp Vindonissa . Above all, however, it was found at North African military sites such as the Algerian legionary camp Lambaesis and the Bu Njem fort (222 AD) on what is now Libyan soil. The architectural history of this type of door dates back to the late 2nd century. At Burgus Burgsalach, a tower is often assumed to be above the archway. The researchers suspect an officer's apartment or magazine to the right of the passage, and a staircase to the left. Scientists are faced with problems related to the historical construction and interpretation of the semicircular re-entrant masonry found under the rooms to the left and right of the gate, which appears to be a much wider version of the semicircular gate lock that is visible today. It is possible that this older construction was already felt to be too big during construction and was abandoned.

Interior development

Opposite the gate, on the other side of the building, there was a semicircular apse that adjoined the northern perimeter wall and was interpreted as a sanctuary with flags. Their floor was around 25 centimeters higher than the surrounding walking level. The design of the sanctuary with apses had become common in the Roman castles, especially in the Germanic area, from the middle of the 2nd century. In 1805 three bad sandstone stones were found here, some of whose inscriptions were illegible. The centurion's apartment is assumed to the left and right of the flag shrine. A total of ten rooms, each with a floor area of ​​20 square meters, were found on the ground floor, most of which were separated by timber frameworks . Of these partition walls, there were still horizontal trenches in the floor as well as impressions in the mortar of the outer walls. In many of these rooms a brick hearth was found, which had always been added later, as the wall plastering behind it shows. In terms of size, these rooms were habitable for eight to ten people.

When the archaeologist Renate Schiwall re-examined the old archaeological findings of Winkelmann, which was completed in 2008, it turned out that there may have been a renovation or a change in the planning of the internal structures made during construction, which could also have included the change to the southern outer facade described above . The walls surrounding the inner courtyard were made twice as thick as originally intended. Winkelmann found two walls placed close together. One was 0.55 meters, the other 0.65 meters wide. It turned out that these 1.20 meter wide walls were only in association at the entrance to the apse and at the main gate. Elsewhere they threatened to tip apart during the excavation, which is why they had to be supported. Although Winkelmann narrowly viewed his detailed description of this finding in the final report as a miscalculation, Schiwall was convinced that the excavator's first observation was probably correct.

There were also subsequent changes to the enclosure wall of the facility. The inside - with the exception of the south-west side - was structured at regular intervals by rectangular wall templates, which had a ledge at a height of around one meter and then rose only half as wide. As the findings show, some of these designs, which incidentally had no connection whatsoever with the interior development, had already been rejected in Roman times.

In the uncovered corners of the courtyard there were two diagonally opposite rectangular cisterns (cisternae) with which the residents of the Burgus could at least temporarily be supplied with drinking water independently. The southeastern, 2.25 × 2.50 meter large, clay-compacted basin was around 1.55 meters deep during Winkelmann's excavations and filled with a layer of fallen roof tiles. The north-western basin had already been badly affected by the excavations of the early 19th century. With the help of the excavations in 2008, some of the observations made by Winkelmann about the courtyard were critically examined. It became clear that the inner courtyard was surrounded by load-bearing wooden pillars that were about 25 centimeters deep, which presumably divided it into a peristyle . So they probably carried a pitched or towed roof sloping into the courtyard, verifiably tiled , which made weather - protected access possible. Almost all of the rooms on the ground floor were accessible from this gallery. The small walls between the wooden pillars, indicated by Winkelmann, obviously did not exist; they are now interpreted as a misinterpretation.

A basement 3.70 meters long and 3.20 to 4.76 meters wide, which disrupted the structure of the older, wider wall arch on the south-west front, could be seen in the room immediately to the right of the gate entrance. A two meter long ramp led down to the 1.2 meter deep room. The 4.30 × 4.60 meter room adjoining the cellar to the east, which is also located in the southeast corner of the small fort, had a "beautifully concreted" screed. Its walls were made of timber.

How the second floor of the building was designed is unclear. However, found parts of the cornice indicate an external structural structure.

Furnishing

Redenbacher reported on his excavation from 1805 that he had plastered the walls inside the building and found them "covered in marble-like colors, mostly with red and dazzling white colors" . The floors were made of plaster of paris and were also colored. The excavator found in the area of ​​the apse that the high-quality plaster floor there was white and smooth as glass. Its surface still had a matt marble sheen. The walls of the sanctuary were also decorated in a similar way. None of these findings are preserved today. During his subsequent excavations over 100 years later, Winkelmann was also able to find plaster residues.

Troop

The somewhat remote location of the centenary from the Limes and its clear orientation to the Roman road explains its possible function for road surveillance. The fort occupation could therefore have belonged to the street police ( beneficiaries ) . Thomas Fischer considered that the crew was part of the split up after 238 and u. a. was also a subdivision of Legio III Augusta , which was transferred to Raetia, in Lambaesis . This could also explain the structural proximity of the small fort to the North African camps.

Finds

In addition to the now lost inscription stones, which are still mentioned in 1790 and 1805, Redenbacher mentions a statuette of Priapus . Winkelmann hid seven small fragments of the inscription above the gate, made of easy-to-work Keuper sandstone . The letter "F" was still clearly legible on one of the hardly hand-sized fragments. Originally this inscription plate was covered with fine mortar and the recessed letters were painted in red. The other finds from his excavation were also very sparse. These included a badly worn coin from the reign of Emperor Hadrian (117-138), a lance tip, a knife, a small hammer, a fragment of scissors and a few ceramic shards. Under these shards, the bottom pieces of two were Samian -Tellern with the manufacturer temples AVCVSF and BITV ... a patched with lead strips and rivets bigger piece and the fragment of a Rhaetian bowl with stars and stripes pattern, as well as the castle Pfünz came to light . The found pottery indicates a production in the 2nd century AD.

Wood-earth warehouse Burgsalach

The underground warehouse of the first construction phase
The camp after its expansion

Research history

In 1978, the aerial archaeologist Otto Braasch discovered another one-hectare, rectangular, two-phase camp with rounded corners, around 350 meters southeast of the small fort, the narrow sides of which were oriented approximately north-south. The Römerstraße passes the complex to the southwest. Apparently, the fortification takes this route into consideration, which could allow a more detailed temporal position. The place was also flown over in the following years. In the summer of 1983, a small, delimiting square of the older wood-earth store appeared for the first time in the northwest corner of the fortification, which was built on very poor ground. In April 2008, the entire area was magnetometrically examined under the direction of geophysicist Jörg Faßbinder from the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation .

Building history

Small wood-earth warehouse

The magnetometric exploration brought important architectural details of the square. This company was favored by the special geological nature of the soil, which resulted in the rare information being able to make statements about the stratigraphic sequence, the development strength and the degree of use. Probably during the Iron Age there was a settlement of post structures on the square. These stood in loose, irregular buildings to each other. When Roman soldiers set up a first camp around 45 × 50 meters here, this settlement no longer existed. The small fortification had two entrances to the east and west. This is illustrated by the simple ditch in front of the gates. The gates are additionally secured by a short ditch (titulum) in front of them, slightly offset from the main ditch , which should at least weaken a frontal attack on the driveways. The east gate opens to the Limes, the west gate to the Roman road. A wooden palisade lay behind this ditch to prevent the approach. Apparently there are no traces of interior development. The attachment was probably only in use for a short time.

Large wood-earth warehouse

With the second construction phase, the small warehouse was quadrupled. Its west and north flanks were taken over from the alignment of the new building and directly overlaid. The singular storage trench of the second phase had an approximate side length of 113 meters in the west. In the east were measured 109 meters. The narrow sides were 97 meters long in the north and 93 meters in the south. The complex with its inclined floor plan seems to have been measured a bit carelessly before it was built, which also makes the eastern flank clear, which is concave for no apparent basis . The new warehouse was given three entrances. One each on the narrow sides in the north and south and one in the west, again facing the ancient road route. While the west gate is roughly in the middle of the long side, the north and south gates are shifted 10 to 15 meters from an imaginary central axis to the eastern flank. These entrances were also secured by a titulum each . Once again, no traces of intensive internal development could be found, so that only short-term use should be assumed.

Monument protection

The Burgus Burgsalach and the facilities mentioned have been part of the UNESCO World Heritage as a section of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes since 2005 . In addition, they are protected as registered ground monuments within the meaning of the Bavarian Monument Protection Act (BayDSchG). Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to authorization, accidental finds must be reported to the monument authorities. The area is designated as a ground monument (D-5-6932-0111) by the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation (BLfD) .

See also

literature

  • Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . 4th edition, Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-786-12347-0 , p. 298 f.
  • Karlheinz Dietz in: Wolfgang Czysz u. a .: The Romans in Bavaria. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-11-6 , pp. 431-432.
  • Ernst Fabricius , Felix Hettner , Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreich . Department A, Volume 7: The routes 14 and 15. Petters, Heidelberg 1933, pp. 89-90.
  • Jörg Faßbinder: From aerial photo to measurement photo: Burgsalach Roman fort. In: Archeology in Germany 1, 2009, pp. 47–48.
  • Jörg Faßbinder, Tomasz Gorka: Measure? The Roman fort Burgsalach. In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 2008 (2009), pp. 76–79.
  • Christian Fleer: Typification and function of the small buildings on the Limes. In: Egon Schallmayer (Ed.): Limes Imperii Romani. Contributions to the specialist colloquium “World Heritage Limes” November 2001 in Lich-Arnsburg (= Saalburg-Schriften. 6). Bad Homburg v. d. H. 2004, ISBN 3-931267-05-9 , pp. 75-92.
  • Britta Rabold, Egon Schallmayer, Andreas Thiel : The Limes . Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1461-1 .
  • Johann Schrenk, Werner Mühlhäußer: Land on the Limes. In the footsteps of the Romans in the Hesselberg - Gunzenhausen - Weißenburg region . Schrenk, Gunzenhausen 2009, ISBN 978-3-924270-57-5 . Pp. 116-117.
  • Günter Ulbert , Thomas Fischer : The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 .
  • Renate Schiwall: “Cleansed of all undergrowth and bushes” - The history of exploration and conservation of the Burgus near Burgsalach. In: Report of the Bavarian soil monument preservation. 49, 2008, pp. 199-219.
  • Andreas A. Schaflitzl: Burgus or Mansio? - Guard room or restaurant? New knowledge and thoughts on the building in Harlach. In: Weißenburger Blätter, "villa nostra". 3, 2011, pp. 5-19.
  • Friedrich Winkelmann: The Roman Burgus in the Harlach near Weißenburg i. B. In: Correspondence sheet of the Roman-Germanic Commission 2, 1917, pp. 45–54 full text .
  • Friedrich Winkelmann: The Roman burgi in the Harlach near Weißenburg i. B., near Heglohe and Steinsdorf. In: Germania 2, 1918, pp. 54–59 full text .
  • Jürgen Oldenstein: Alzey Castle. Archaeological investigations in the late Roman camp and studies on border defense in the Mainz ducat. 2009.

Web links

Commons : Kleinkastell "In der Harlach"  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ^ Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 . P. 87.
  2. a b c d Seventh annual report of the historical association in the Rezatkreis. 1836. Riegel and Wießner, Nuremberg 1837, p. 49.
  3. ^ A b Franz Anton Mayer: Exact description of the Roman landmark known under the name of the Devil's Wall. Second division, from Kipfenberg to the road near Ellingen. 1835, p. 35.
  4. Harald Koschik: History of Research. In: Konrad Spindler (Hrsg.): Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen - Archeology and History (= guide to archaeological monuments in Germany. Volume 14). Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0493-4 , p. 15 ff .; here: p. 21.
  5. ^ Friedrich Winkelmann: The Roman Burgus in Harlach near Weißenburg i. B. In: Correspondence sheet of the Roman-Germanic Commission 2, 1917, pp. 45–54; here: p. 46.
  6. Andreas A. Schaflitzl: burgus or Mansio? - Guard room or restaurant? New knowledge and thoughts on the building in Harlach. In: Weißenburger Blätter, "villa nostra". 3/2011, pp. 5-19.
  7. Renate Schiwall: "Cleansed of all undergrowth and bushes" - The history of exploration and conservation of the Burgus near Burgsalach. In: Report of the Bavarian soil monument preservation. 49, 2008, pp. 199-219; here: p. 199.
  8. Franz Anton Mayer: Exact description of the Roman landmark known under the name of the Devil's Wall. Second division, from Kipfenberg to the road near Ellingen. 1835, p. 36.
  9. a b c Friedrich Winkelmann: The Roman Burgus in Harlach near Weißenburg i. B. In: Correspondence sheet of the Roman-Germanic Commission 2, 1917, pp. 45–54; here: p. 47.
  10. ^ G. Birkner, short report, in: Bavarian history sheets. 37, Heft 1, 2, Munich 1972, p. 182.
  11. Hans-Heinrich Häffner: Römererlebnispfad Burgsalach - playful mediation of monuments around the "Burgus" . In: Der Limes , 2, 2013, pp. 32–35; here: p. 34 (photo).
  12. Hans-Heinrich Häffner: Römererlebnispfad Burgsalach - playful mediation of monuments around the "Burgus" . In: Der Limes , 2, 2013, pp. 32–35; here: pp. 33–35.
  13. Among other things, inscriptions from the reign of Emperor Commodus (180–192) from the Pannonian Danube Limes are known: CIL 3, 3385 and AE 1910, 145 .
  14. ^ Wilhelm Schleiermacher: Centenaria on the Rhaetian Limes. In: Joachim Werner (Ed.): From Bavaria's early days. Friedrich Wagner on his 75th birthday. Beck, Munich 1962, pp. 195-204; here: p. 195.
  15. Centenarium Tibubuci : CIL 8, 22763 at 33 ° 12 '58 .07 "  N , 9 ° 48' 1.35"  O , Oldenstein 2009, pp. 250-251.
  16. See: Fort Visegrád – Gizellamajor on the Limes Pannonicus .
  17. ^ Rudolf Laur-Belart : Vindonissa. Camp and vicus. de Gruyter, Berlin 1935, p. 34; Wilhelm Schleiermacher: Centenaria at the Rhaetian Limes. In: Joachim Werner (Ed.): From Bavaria's early days. Friedrich Wagner on his 75th birthday. Beck, Munich 1962, pp. 195-204; here: p. 197.
  18. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz): Römische Kastelle . von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 112.
  19. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz): Römische Kastelle . von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 152.
  20. a b Friedrich Winkelmann: The Roman Burgus in Harlach near Weißenburg i. B. In: Correspondence sheet of the Roman-Germanic Commission 2, 1917, pp. 45–54; here: p. 48.
  21. Friedrich Winkelmann: The Roman burgi in the Harlach near Weißenburg i. B., near Heglohe and Steinsdorf. In: Germania 2, 1918, pp. 54-59; here: pp. 54–55.
  22. ^ Friedrich Winkelmann: The Roman Burgus in Harlach near Weißenburg i. B. In: Correspondence sheet of the Roman-Germanic Commission. 2, 1917, pp. 45-54; here: p. 49.
  23. Franz Anton Mayer: Exact description of the Roman landmark known under the name of the Devil's Wall. Second division, from Kipfenberg to the road near Ellingen. 1835, p. 34.
  24. Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , p. 124.
  25. ^ Friedrich Winkelmann: The Roman Burgus in Harlach near Weißenburg i. B. In: Correspondence sheet of the Roman-Germanic Commission. 2, 1917, pp. 45-54; here: p. 52.
  26. wood-ground storage Burgsalach at 49 ° 0 '59.59 "  N , 11 ° 4' 45.7"  O .
  27. Jörg Faßbinder, Tomasz Gorka: Measuring? The Roman fort Burgsalach. Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen district, Middle Franconia. In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 2008 (2009), pp. 76–79; here: p. 76.
  28. a b Jörg Faßbinder, Tomasz Gorka: Measuring? The Roman fort Burgsalach. Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen district, Middle Franconia. In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 2008 (2009), pp. 76–79; here: p. 78.
  29. a b Jörg Faßbinder, Tomasz Gorka: Measuring? The Roman fort Burgsalach. Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen district, Middle Franconia. In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 2008 (2009), pp. 76–79; here: pp. 78–79.