Korean culture
The Korean culture looks back on more than 10,000 years of history. She has absorbed influences from all over Asia , especially from China , but has been able to retain her very own character. Important influences were Confucianism and Buddhism , and in the last few decades in South Korea also increasingly Christianity - today around 26 percent of the population of South Korea is Christian. The Korean culture also shaped these countries through its position as a bridge between China and Japan .
Newer aspects such as film, modern music and clothing have developed very differently in North and South Korea since the country was divided in 1948. But society is based on the same traditional ways of thinking. In recent years, Korean culture, especially films, TV series and pop music, has experienced a boom in neighboring East Asian countries, known as the “ Korean Wave ” (한류 - Hallyu) . As a result, the Korean language , Korean culture and many South Korean stars are known in the entire Asian region but also in the West.
root
The ancestors of today's Koreans founded the Kingdom of Go-Joseon in Manchuria according to Korean historiography . Their territory extended into what is now North Korea. In the south of the Korean Peninsula, there was a confederation of three tribes known as the Samhan. According to their tribal myth, a man named Hwanung came down from heaven to earth. He met a tiger and a bear who wanted to be transformed into human beings. Only the bear passed the test and was heard and turned into a woman who was married by Hwanung. They fathered Dangun , who was born in 2333 BC. Ascended the throne as the mythical first ruler of Korea. His descendants are said to have continued the royal dynasty for more than 1000 years.
Koreans are the descendants of the original Koreans who are considered the Siberian people and who fully populated the Korean Peninsula from Siberia and Manchuria during the Bronze Age . Little by little they absorbed influences from other peoples, mainly from early Chinese .
Numerous traditional traditions shape the Korean consciousness to this day, although they often seem to have disappeared due to modern western, mostly American influences. Thinking in many areas is rooted in ancient Korean shamanism , while Confucianism was deeply internalized by the Koreans and had an impact on all areas of life.
Traditional art
Traditional music
Traditional music in Korea is based on the voice. In traditional Korean chant, the temperament and history of Korea can be recognized. There are two different types of traditional music: Jeongak and Minsogak .
Jeongak
Jeongak (정악, 正 樂) - the meaning is “fixed time”, is a collective term for traditional music, which in turn is divided into several branches.
Aak (아악, 雅 樂) - the Confucian ritual music, played during the rites in the ancestral shrine and twice a year on the occasion of the commemoration of the ancestors of the royal family. Half of the orchestra sits on the terrace of the shrine and half in front of its gates. The slow, sustained music is antiphonal .
Tangak / Dangak (당악, 唐 樂) - court music of Chinese origin has been performed at ceremonies and rites at the royal court since the 8th century. It is a seven-tone music, whereby the orchestra, which was originally orchestrated by Korean music, was supplemented by bronze bells, blowstones and pan pipes.
Hyangak (향악, 鄕 樂) - Originally pentatonic folk music that has developed since the 5th century. The oboe sets the tone, complemented by flutes, two two-stringed string instruments and the chang ko drum. Hyangak was performed as dance and banquet music.
Dae Chui Ta - military music played by musicians dressed in yellow. Oboes, flutes, trumpets, shells, gong, drums and cymbals result in loud, somewhat shrill music.
Jeongak - refined chamber music played for the entertainment of the nobility. Originally based on Buddhist chants, it quickly developed into pure instrumental music, played on zither , fiddle , oboe and chang ko drum.
Samhyeon (삼현, 三絃) - courtly dance music, consisting of three dances: the serious and slow yeombul , the happy and rhythmic taryeong, and the light, entertaining kutkeori , all played by flutes and drums.
Aak and Tangak are played extremely slowly, with some beats lasting over three seconds. According to Asian ideas , the beat rate follows the breath , not the heartbeat . This music has a contemplative and meditative character, with a soft sound. This is due to the fact that the traditional instruments - with the exception of the trumpet, gong and cymbals - are made of non-metallic materials. String instruments have strings made of silk , and almost all wind instruments are made of bamboo .
Minogak
Minsogak (민속악, 民俗 樂) is Korea's folklore music and is full of expression and emotion. This type of music has a connection with common people. In contrast to Jeongak, the music in Minsogak is played quickly. As in Jeongak, improvisation is common in Minsogak. The musical styles of the minogak include u. a. Shinawi (시나위), an ensemble improvisation of shamanistic origin, Sanjo , multi-movement, originally improvised, then orally passed pieces for a melody instrument and the hourglass drum Janggu and the long epic song Pansori , in which a singer is accompanied by a barrel drum player.
Korean traditional instruments
Traditional Korean wind instruments are: the cylindrical double-reed instrument made of bamboo piri , the conical shawm Taepyeongso made of metal, the flute Daegeum , the flute Danso , the mouth organ Saenghwang and the vessel flute Hun .
Traditional Korean stringed instruments are: the twelve-string zither Gayageum , the six-string zither Geomungo , the seven-string string zither Ajaeng and the Fidel Haegeum .
There are also a large number of traditional percussion instruments: hand gong ( kkwaenggwari ) , hanging gong ( jing ) , barrel drum ( buk ) , hourglass drum ( janggu ) , clapper (bak) , carillon (Pyeonjong) , stone carillon ( Pyeongyeong ) , the tiger-shaped scraper (Eo) and the wooden box (Chuk) .
Characteristics of traditional music
Korean traditional music is not only characterized by the instruments that are used. Improvisation is an essential feature, as is the fact that there are no pauses between pieces of music. The pansori is the best known example of non-stop performance. A pansori can easily last eight hours and is sung continuously by a single person.
Korean music also differs from Western music in that there is no contrast between different tempos. Instead, the Korean music starts with the slowest part and speeds up during the performance.
A Korean peculiarity is a drum orchestra that consists only of women. Drums of all sizes are played, right up to the large dragon drum. Other known forms of traditional Korean drum music are the pungmul and Samulnori , which emerged from the former.
Traditional dance
Traditional dances have been part of Korean culture since time immemorial. The cultural exchange between China and the three kingdoms has produced a great variety of traditional dances. The dances are divided into indigenous dances (Hyangak Jeongjae) and imported dances (Dangak Jeongjae) which stands for dances that were more or less unchanged from China.
The connection between the traditional Korean martial art " Taekgyeon " and Tal Jum is also interesting . Since many of the dance movements are identical, it can be assumed that these two cultural assets influenced each other.
Court dances
As with music, there is a difference between court dances and folk dances. Widespread court dances are the jeongjaemu , which are performed at banquets. Ilmu is another common form of court dance: a line dance that was performed in Confucian rituals. Jeongjaemu is divided into native forms (Hyangak Jeongjae) and imported forms (Dangak Jeongjae) . Ilmu is divided into civil dances (Munmu) and military dances (Mumu) .
The traditional choreography of court dances can be found in many modern productions, albeit adapted.
Folk dances
Folk dances are often divided into religious and non-religious dances. Religious dances are led by a monk or shaman, non-religious dances are danced by the common people. Religious dances are performed as shamanic rites (good) . Non-religious dances include both group dances and dances for individuals. An entertainment dance from shamanism is the Buchaechum .
The traditional mask dances, called talchum , are of great importance in Korea. Their performances tell stories, play comedies and tragedies and often caricature and criticize the rulers. Many performances can also be understood as theatrical performances.
Traditional folk festivals
Many traditional folk festivals are closely related to the shamanic rites. These are passed on from one generation to the next. Three rites are of greater importance: Yeonggo , Dongmaeng and Mucheon . Yeonggo is a drum festival that is supposed to animate the spirits. Dongmaeng is a harvest festival, and Mucheon includes dancing for heaven. These performances have been refined over the centuries, and games have also been added during the Three Kingdoms period.
A festival is shown in the picture "Dae Kwae Do". It shows ssireum (a type of wrestling match) and taekgyeon . Both martial arts still exist today, although Taekgyeon should not be confused with Taekwondo . Unlike in China and Japan, martial arts was a part of public life and celebration at that time. Other games include throwing arrows in a pot (Tuho) and a game of throwing sticks (Jeopo) . There are also traditional stone fights (Seokjeon) , swings (Geune Tagi) , mask theater, and a ball game (Gyeokgu) .
The days on which the folk festivals are held vary between regions, the former empires and over time, but they always take place in conjunction with other festivals or rites.
Korean painting
The oldest surviving paintings on the Korean peninsula are cave paintings. With the arrival of Buddhism from China , its painting techniques were also adopted. These were able to establish themselves quickly, but indigenous techniques were not completely supplanted.
In contrast to classic European painting, which developed the detailed representation and the play of colors to perfection, the Korean painting places the greatest value on conveying a certain mood that is supposed to cast a spell on the viewer. Landscapes, especially striking mountains and watercourses, are the most popular motifs. Naturalistic pictures mainly show flowers, birds and especially tigers. Most of the time, ink is used to paint on mulberry paper or silk. In the calligraphy, which was cultivated by the landed gentry, the yanban, and the carving of stamps - every Korean has his dojang - one brought it to mastery.
Korean handicraft
Korean handicrafts focus on usability in daily life. Yet they are artistically decorated. Traditional materials are metal, wood, fabric, lacquer and clay. Later, glass, leather and paper were also used, but only sporadically.
Ancient handicrafts such as red and black pottery have recognizable similarities to those of Chinese cultures along the Yellow River. On the other hand, remains from the Bronze Age are pronounced.
Many distinct and sophisticated handicrafts have been unearthed. Including highly detailed crowns, patterned pottery, pots and decorations. Bronze processing reached its peak during the Goryeo period . Korea was known for the largest bronze bells and statues. Except for three bells, these handcrafted gems perished in the Hideyoshi invasion. During the Goryeo dynasty, Korean potters peaked in celadon making. This green ceramic surpassed even its Chinese counterparts in the masterly craftsmanship.
During the Joseon Dynasty , porcelain items, both pure white and with blue decorations, were popular. A very high level was also achieved in wood processing. This is reflected above all in the wonderful furniture, cupboards, chests and tables - some with inlays made of mother-of-pearl - as well as artistically crafted carvings on temples and palace buildings.
A technique that has not changed fundamentally until modern times is the traditional production of Hanji ( 한지 ), the Korean paper made from paper mulberry trees . Presumably imported from China in the 2nd century AD and passed on to Japan at the beginning of the 7th century , the paper was used in a wide variety of areas of life, as paper for writing, drawing and painting, as a glass substitute for windows and doors in traditional Hanok ( 한옥 ) (residential house), as wallpaper, as flooring and decoration material, for the design of surfaces of furniture, for boxes and boxes, compartments, as packaging and even as fabric for the production of clothes.
Ceramics
The use of clay was already widespread in Korea in the Neolithic age. During the Three Kingdoms period , pottery was particularly popular in the Silla Kingdom . A deoxidizing flame was used and the products had a distinctive blue color. The surface was then decorated with various geometric patterns.
In the Goryeo era, green celadon was popular and leading in quality.
White porcelain appeared in the 15th century. Soon the porcelain was more popular than the celadon-glazed pottery products. The porcelain was often painted or decorated with copper.
During the second phase of the Imjin War (1592-1598) almost all kilns in Korea were destroyed. Hundreds of craftsmen were carried off during this war with Japan to the place where they initiated the heyday of Japanese pottery.
In the late 17th century, blue and white porcelain was popular. The white products were decorated in cobalt blue. When Japan slowly took control of the Korean Peninsula towards the end of the 19th century, ceramic production declined.
Traditional ways of life
Traditional houses
The location of a house is traditionally determined by means of geomancy . It is believed that any topographical configuration produces invisible forces of good and evil (Gi) . For a building site, the positive and negative energies ( yin and yang ) must be in harmony.
A house should be built with its back against a hill. In the south, as much sunlight as possible should be accessible to the house. This orientation is still preferred in Korea. Geomancy also affects the shape of the building, the direction in which it is built, and the materials that are used.
Traditional Korean houses consist of an inner wing (anchae) and an outer wing (sarangchae) . The individual layout depends on the region and the wealth of the family. Aristocrats use the outer wing for receptions, but farmers kept cattle and supplies there. In general, the richer the family, the bigger the house, but all families were forbidden to have a residence of more than 99 Kan . A Kan is the area between two wooden pillars of the outer wall, as used in traditional houses.
The inner wing usually contains a living room, a kitchen and a central room with underfloor heating. Further rooms were added to this central room. Poor families had no outer wing at all. Underfloor heating ( Ondol ) has been used in Korea for centuries. The most common building materials used are wood, clay, tiles, stone and thatch. Because wood and clay were the most widely used materials, not many buildings have survived to the present day.
Gardens
The principles of temple gardens in Korea are the same as in private gardens. Gardens are generally similar to those of China and Japan . This is because gardens in East Asia are very firmly influenced by Daoism . Daoism emphasizes the mystical and the nature. In contrast to Chinese and Japanese gardens, Korean gardens avoid artificiality.
The lotus pond is an important part of Korean gardens. If there is a natural stream, a pavilion is often built next to the stream. This enables comfortable observation and enjoyment of the water. Flower beds are terraced and can be found in many traditional gardens.
The Poseokjeong Garden (포석정, 鮑石亭; Pavilion of the Stone Balloon) near Gyeongju was built in the Silla period and is the culmination of the importance of water in Korean gardens. The garden has a sea-snail-shaped waterway in the center. During the last days of the Silla Kingdom , the king sat by this waterway and talked to his guests. At the same time, wine glasses were floated in the waterway, from which the guests could help themselves.
On the occasion of the Frankfurt Book Fair 2005, at which Korea was the guest country, a Korean garden was laid out in Grüneburgpark in Frankfurt am Main .
Traditional clothing
Traditional Korean clothing has been worn since Mongol rule in the 13th century. Men wore wide trousers tied at the ankles and a jacket with wide sleeves, complemented by a vest or coat in winter. The hair was tied in a bun. The landed gentry “yangban” wore a hat made of braided horse hair “tanggon” over which a round hat made of bamboo wickerwork “gat” was put on when going out.
Women wore wide underpants “sokbaji” (inner pants), a wide petticoat “sokchima” and a skirt “chima” that was tied under the breast. A bolero jacket with wide sleeves "jeoggori" was tied with a large bow in front of the chest. This costume was very colorful, with bright colors and traditional patterns on the hem.
Koreans dressed differently depending on their social status. This meant that clothing became an important differentiator of social rank. The noble officials wore brightly colored robes richly embroidered on the chest and black caps. The color of the robe and the shape of the cap were different depending on the rank of the officer. The nobility also wore jewelry, an important distinguishing feature from the common people, the "sangneom". They wore undyed clothes made of hemp in summer, which is why the Korean people were also called white people . In winter these were lined with cotton. Fur clothing was popular with the nobility, especially in the north.
In the Korean costume, a distinction is made between everyday costumes, festive costumes or work clothes. The latter are worn by the shamans "mudang" when performing their work and are kept in certain bright colors. Today, the traditional costume is still worn on public holidays and on formal occasions, especially on a child's first birthday and during the wedding ceremony and at official receptions. However, traditional clothing can no longer be found in everyday life.
Traditional dishes
Rice is the staple food in Korea, ahead of barley and millet. Noodles are also made from sweet potatoes .
No meal can do without kimchi , with salt , red chillies , garlic and fish sauce, pickled Chinese cabbage and radish . The chilli pepper was brought to Korea from South America by the Portuguese in the 16th century, alongside tobacco and Christianity. In winter the Gimchi serves as a source of vitamins. In addition to Chinese cabbage and radish, a large number of other types of vegetables are pickled. Two indispensable foods are made from soybeans - soy quark ( dubu , the Korean version of tofu ) and Korean soy sauce ( kanjang ) .
Fish , squid , various seafood and seaweed are also almost always on the table. Meat is rarely eaten in traditional cuisine. When meat is on the table, it is mainly beef and pork, always chopped up and either grilled or pan-fried.
A wide variety of fruits are also grown in Korea.
Classic Korean cuisine can be divided into ceremonial dishes and ritual dishes. Ceremonial dishes are prepared for happy festivities when a child turns 100 days, on the first birthday, for the wedding and on the 60th birthday. Rice cakes are an indispensable part of the ceremonial dishes . The color and the exact composition are adjusted according to Yin and Yang in order to achieve a balance. The composition also depends on the region and the festival.
Ritual dishes, on the other hand, are served at funerals, ancestral rites, shamanic rites and in temples. The dishes in the temples differ in that the five flavorful ingredients of Korean cuisine (garlic, spring onion , rocambole and ginger ) and meat are not used.
The court kitchen was characterized by particularly elaborate menus that included numerous courses and for which a certain sequence of dishes and selected ingredients were prescribed.
While the food used to be predominantly vegetarian, with lots of vegetables, supplemented by soy quark, eggs, and more rarely also by fish and seaweed, the consumption of meat, white flour products and especially sugar rose sharply in the second half of the 20th century with growing prosperity .
tea
Tea was drunk in Korea at least 1500 years ago. Originally, tea was part of worship ceremonies in temples. It was believed that the wonderful scent from tea rises to heaven and the gods feel good there. The tea was introduced from China along with Buddhism .
Tea was also used as part of herbalism. Green tea as drunk in China and Japan is not the only type of tea drunk in Korea. A wide variety of tea is made from fruits, leaves, seeds, or roots. There are five different flavors of tea: sweet, sour, bitterly sour, bitter and salty. In addition to rice tea, the barley tea Boricha ( 보리차 ) and the honey-lemon tea Yudschatscha (유자차) are particularly popular in Korea .
Celebrations of the lunar calendar
The Korean lunar calendar is divided into 24 turning points (jeolgi) , each lasting 15 days. During the agrarian era in the past, the lunar calendar was the only calendar. In today's modern life of Koreans, however, the lunar calendar is slowly disappearing.
Traditional festivals are still celebrated according to the lunar calendar. The biggest festival is New Years Day ( Gujeong / Seollal ) . Other major festivals are the first full moon (Jeongwol Daeboreum) , the spring festival ( Dano ) and the harvest festival ( Chuseok ) .
Older generations still celebrate their birthday according to the lunar calendar, the younger generation probably not.
Traditional holidays
| holiday | meaning | Events | Date (moon) | dish |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Seollal 설날 |
New Years Day | A ritual in memory of the ancestors is held in front of the family grave; New Year's greetings are exchanged with family, relatives and neighbors; Children bow to the elders (Sebae) . | Day 1 in month 1 | Sliced rice cakes in soup (tteokguk) , honey cakes (yakwa) . |
| Daeboreum 대보름 大 보름 |
First full moon | A talisman is burned to drive away evil spirits (Aengmagi Taeugi) , bonfires (Daljip Taegi) | Day 15 in month 1 | Rice is cooked with five other grains (Ogokbap) , eating nuts (Bureom) , drinking wine (Gwibalgisul) |
| Junghwajeol 중화 절 中 和 節 |
Beginning of the farming season | "Spring cleaning", coming of age ceremony, shamanic ritual for fishermen (Yeongdeunggut) | Day 1 in month 2 | Stuffed Christmas tree flavored rice cake (Songpyeon) |
| Samjinnal 삼짇날 |
Swallows are returning | Leg fight, fortune telling | Day 3 in month 3 | Azalea Wine (Dugyonju) , Pancakes (Dungyeon Hwajeon) |
| Hansik 한식 寒食 |
Visit to the family grave | Visit to the family grave | Day 105 after the winter solstice | Cold food only: Mugwort cake (Ssuktteok) , mugwort dumplings (Ssukdanja) , mugwort soup (Ssuktang) |
| Dano 단오 端午 |
spring Festival | Swings, wrestling | Day 5 in month 5 | Rice cake with herbs (surichitteok) , herring soup (Junchiguk) |
| Yudu 유두 流 頭 |
Water greeting | Water greeting, hair washing to wash away misfortune | Day 15 in month 6 | Five- colored noodles (Yudumyeon) , rice dumplings (Sudan) |
| Chilseok 칠석 七夕 |
Worship of the gods of the seven stars (Big Dipper), shamanic rites that pray for rain | Day 7 in month 7 | Wheat pancakes (Milijeonbyeong) , rice cake with red bean (Sirutteok) | |
| Baekjung 백중 百 中 / 百 衆 |
Worship of Buddha | Worship of Buddha | Day 15 in month 7 | Mixed rice cake (Seoktanbyeong) |
|
Chuseok 추석 秋夕 |
Thanksgiving | Visit of the family grave, sacrifice of the first grain of rice (Olbyeosinmi) | Day 15 in month 8 | Fir tree flavored rice cake filled with chestnuts, sesame or beans (Songpyeon) , taro soup (Torantang) |
| Jungyangjeol 중양절 重陽節 |
Autumn festival | Celebrating autumn: poetry, drawing, painting, enjoying nature | Day 9 in month 9 | Chrysanthemum pancakes (Gukhwajeon) , fish roe (Eoran) , honey and lemon tea (Yujacheong) |
| Seotdal Geumeum 섣달 그믐 |
Evening before the new year | Stay up all night with the doors and windows open and receive the ancestral spirit | Day 31 in month 12 | Mixed rice with vegetables (Bibimbap) , bean rice cake (Injeolmi) , traditional cakes (Hangwa) |
There are also a number of regional festivals that are celebrated according to the lunar calendar.
Traditional markets
Korean culture and way of life also include the country's traditional markets. They look back on 300 to 350 years of tradition and development. The markets, which are called jaerae sijang ( 재래 시장 ) in Korean , used to be found in the villages and towns as simple or 5-day markets . Agricultural products, seafood, farm animals and everyday items were offered for sale on them. The markets have an abundant supply of goods, have narrow streets, long opening times and are noisy and overcrowded with people during peak business hours. Today the markets are mostly to be found in the halls of larger cities and, since the turn of the millennium, have increasingly been places where young artists present themselves to market visitors.
World Heritage
Some UNESCO World Heritage sites can be found in South Korea .
Jongmyo Shrine
The Jongmyo Shrine in Seoul was added in 1995 to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site. The shrine is dedicated to the ghosts of the Joseon Dynasty royal family and influenced by Confucian tradition.
It is believed that the shrine was the longest building in Asia when it was built in 1394 . 19 plaques of the kings and 30 for their queens can be found in the shrine. During the war with Japan in 1592 , the shrine was burned down by Japanese troops. It was rebuilt by 1608.
Changdeokgung
Changdeokgung is a palace that is very famous for its surroundings. It was built in 1405, burned down by Japanese troops during the Imjin War in 1592 and rebuilt until 1609. Changdeokgung was the royal seat for more than 300 years.
The palace fits very well into the surroundings. Many of the trees behind the palace are now over 300 years old. Changdeokgung was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1997.
Bulguksa
Bulguksa is also known as the Temple in Buddha Land and is home to the Seokguram grotto. The temple was built in 751 and has a large number of rooms. Two pagodas are set up in the temple area.
The Seokguram Grotto is a hermitage of the Bulguksa Temple. The grotto is carved into the granite and there is a large Buddha statue in the large chamber. The temple and grotto were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995.
Tripitaka Koreana
Haeinsa is a large temple in Gyeongsangnam Province . The temple was built in 802 and is home to the Tripitaka Koreana wood panels. The panels carved between 1236 and 1251 are a testament to the pious adoration of the king and his people.
The word Tripitaka is Sanskrit and means three baskets. It thus refers to a rule of Buddhist aesthetics. The Tripitaka Koreana consists of 81,258 wooden panels. Amazingly, there is no trace of errors, omissions or repairs to be found. The Tripitaka Koreana is considered to be the most beautiful and precise Buddhist religious rules ever carved in Chinese characters.
Haeinsa Temple and the Tripitaka Koreana were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995.
Hwaseong Fortress
The Hwaseong Fortress is located in the city Suwon south of Seoul . The fortification was completed in 1796 and shows all of the features of Korean fortification art known at the time.
The fortress covers plains as well as hilly areas, something that was little known in East Asia at the time. The walls are 5.52 kilometers long and 41 facilities are still in place. Among them are the four main gates, a sluice gate, four secret entrances and a lighthouse.
Hwaseong was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1997.
Sites of Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa
The sites of Gochang , Hwasun and Ganghwado were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2000. These prehistoric cemeteries contain hundreds of different megaliths. These are tombs dating from the 1st century BC. Were built from large blocks of stone. Megaliths can be found around the globe, but what makes these sites unique is the incredible concentration of the tombs.
Gyeongju area
The area around Gyeongju was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2000. Gyeongju was the capital of the Silla Empire and had more than a million inhabitants in the 10th century. The grave mounds of the Silla rulers can still be found in the city center. Some mounds have been opened by archaeologists; they contained unique testimonies of Korean handicrafts: gold crowns with jade decorations, gold jewelry and ostentatious weapons, all grave goods of the kings. Around Gyeongju, especially on Mount Namsan, there are hundreds of relics from the Silla period. The Poseokjeong site is just one example. The area has a unique concentration of Korean Buddhist art, sculptures, reliefs, pagodas and the remains of temples and palaces, especially between the 7th and 10th centuries.
literature
- An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture. Hakgojae, Seoul, 2003, ISBN 89-85846-98-1 . (English)
- Andrew C. Nahm, John H. Koo: An Introduction to Korean Culture. Hollym, 2004, ISBN 1-56591-086-9 . (English)
- Roderick Whitfield (Ed.): Dictionary of Korean Art and Archeology. Hollym, Seoul 2005, ISBN 1-56591-201-2 . (English)
- Won-bok Rhie: Korea Unmasked. Gimm Young International, Seoul, 2005, ISBN 89-349-1178-6 . (English)
- Hans-Jürgen Zaborowski (Ed.): Fairy tales from Korea . Angkor Verlag, Frankfurt 2005, ISBN 3-936018-38-3 .
See also
Web links
- Passport to Korean Culture , Korean Culture and Information Service, December 2009, Seoul, ISBN 978-89-7375-153-2 , 03910 (English)
Individual evidence
- ^ Sin, Hyong-sik (2005). A Brief History of Korea . The Spirit of Korean Cultural Roots. 1 (2nd ed.). Seoul: Ewha Womans University Press. ISBN 978-89-7300-619-9 .
- ↑ Christopher J. Norton, "The Current State of Korean Paleoanthropology," (2000), Journal of Human Evolution , 38: 803-825.
- ^ A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period through the Nineteenth Century by Michael J. Seth
- ^ A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period through the Nineteenth Century by Michael J. Seth
- ^ Korean Culture and Information Service, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (ed.): Facts about Korea . Seoul 2008, ISBN 89-7375-032-0 ( formally incorrect ) ( Facts about Korea [accessed September 6, 2010]).
- ↑ Nelson, Sarah M. The Archeology of Korea .
- ↑ 한민족 . ( naver.com [accessed August 29, 2018]).
- ^ Ahn, Sung-Mo (June 2010). "The Emergence of Rice Agriculture in Korea: Archaeobotanical Perspectives". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences . 2 (2): 89-98. doi: 10.1007 / s12520-010-0029-9. ISSN 1866-9557 .
- ^ Vovin, Alexander. 2008. "高句麗 에서 耽 羅 까지 ᅳ 韓国祖 語 를 말한 騎馬 人 들 과 함께 南 쪽 을 향하여 향하여 내려 내려 오면서 ᅳ" ("From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly Riding South with the Speakers of Proto-Korean"). Lecture at the Seoul National University on May 15, 2008. Travel fully funded by the Seoul National University.
- ↑ Hyejung Yum : Traditional Korean Paper Making . In: Scientific Research on the Pictorial Art of Asia . Archetype Publication Ltd. , London 2005, ISBN 1-873132-74-3 , pp. 75-80 (English).
