Camelina

Camelina
	False flax ( Camelina sativa )
Systematics
	Eurosiden II
Order :	Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family :	Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe :	Camelineae
Genre :	False flax ( Camelina )
Type :	Camelina
Scientific name
	Camelina sativa
	( L. ) Crantz

Camelina sativa

The camelina ( Camelina sativa ), also known as the seed camelina or yolk , is a species of the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). Hence, the name "false flax" comes that other Camelina species, such as the Serrated camelina ( Camelina alyssum ), as " weeds " preferably in Lein -Äckern occur.

description

The camelina is an annual herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 30 to 120 cm. The stem branches in the upper third at an acute angle with upright side shoots. The alternate leaves arranged in a spiral on the stem are lanceolate . The root is thin and spindle-shaped.

The camelina forms racemose inflorescences from May to July . Hermaphrodite, four-fold flowers sit on 4 to 8 mm long stems . The four petals are usually light to dark yellow. Due to the special anatomy of the six stamens and the stigma , the camelina usually self-fertilizes .

Eight to 16 yellowish to reddish, 1 to 2 mm large, barrel-shaped seeds develop in each pear-shaped, pointed pod that does not burst when ripe. The seeds are usually 1.7 to 2.0 mm long and have a thousand grain weight (TKG) of 1 to 1.5 g.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 40.

Camelina ( Camelina sativa ), illustration

ecology

The camelina is often cited as an example of allelopathy because of its negative influence on flax . Grümmer was able to prove that the germination of flax is strongly influenced by stem or root extracts of the camelina.

The flowers are inconspicuous " nectar-bearing disc flowers". The pollination is done by bees and by spontaneous self-pollination . Flowering time is from May to August.

The hard-shelled pods are wind and animal spreaders. The seeds wear in wet state a mucus sheath which also precludes the locking Klebausbreitung by traction in this former Steppe plant. In addition, people are spreading as an agricultural relic. The seeds have 30–35% fatty oil and can only germinate for 1–2 years. Fruit ripening begins in June.

distribution

Camelina is native to Asia as well as southern, eastern and central Europe and is native to the north of Great Britain, Denmark and Sweden. The exact original area in Asia is not known. In addition, the species is a neophyte in Tunisia, Australia, New Zealand, North and South America and is cultivated in other countries.

Varieties

Actual seed camelina ( Camelina sativa var. Sativa )
Hairy camelina ( Camelina sativa var. Zingeri Z.Mirek ; Syn .: Camelina sativa Boiss. Subsp. Zingeri (Mirek) Smejkal )

use

Cultivation and usage history

Camelina is a very old useful plant, the history of which goes back to the Neolithic period. Especially from the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, there are numerous finds from eastern and southern Europe that point to the use of this plant. Cultivation and use in pure culture was widespread until around 500 AD , but then fell sharply and today only plays a certain role in Eastern Europe.

As with rapeseed, there are both winter and summer cultivated forms of camelina. Like oil flax, it is farmed extensively. The summer form common in Central Europe is sown in March to April and harvested in July. It is tolerant of drought and frost and is very undemanding in the choice of soil. Cultivation is possible on sandy as well as heavily calcareous soils, the nutrient requirement is around 100 kg nitrogen per hectare. The yields are between 20 and 35 dt / ha (2.0 to 3.5 t / ha).

With a growing season of just 120 days camelina can also act as a catch crop can be used. In recent years, studies have also been carried out with camelina mixed with grain. As an extensive cultivated plant and due to its suitability for cultivation in species mixtures, camelina is of interest for organic farming .

use

The seeds were traditionally mainly used in the nutritional sector. Together with flaxseed and wheat, they served as important ingredients for bread and cereal porridge. The stalks are still used in small quantities for paper production today.

The seeds contain 28 to 42 percent oil with a very high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids . The oil is extracted from the ripe seeds by a screw press and has a yellow color after the dark colored particles have settled. It is similar in color and taste to rapeseed oil . The oil is particularly valuable for nutrition due to the high content of α-linolenic acid , while the content of erucic acid is less than 4 percent. In southern Austria, the oil (usage: " yolk oil ") is often used as an effective home remedy. Taken orally, it is said to strengthen the immune system, rubbed in it promotes wound healing and is said to alleviate arthritic symptoms. Camelina oil is also of interest in the pharmaceutical and technical industries .

Like rapeseed cake, the press cake of the camelina can be used after the oil has been pressed out. The press cakes contain a residual oil content between 8.5 and 16.5 percent, whereby the composition of the oil corresponds to the extracted vegetable oil. Mustard oil glycosides (glucosinolates), phytic acid , tannins and sinapine as unfavorable compounds for animal nutrition were investigated in their proportions. The proportion of glucosinolates is very low. It corresponds to that of 00 rapeseed and is therefore safe for feeding. The sipanin and tannin content is lower than that in rapeseed cake, while the proportion of phytic acid and its breakdown product inositol pentaphosphate is slightly higher. Methionine , cystine and threonine levels are comparable to soy protein.

Camelina press cake was not approved as animal feed in 2008 because contamination in imported press cake was regularly found in previous years. Since April 2, 2009, the use of camelina as animal feed has been approved in Luxembourg . With the entry into force of Regulation (EU) No. 575/2011 on July 6, 2011, both camelina seeds as well as camelina cakes and camelina extraction meal are listed as straight feed (feed raw materials), so they can be used throughout the EU. The “Bio-Agrar-Preis” was awarded for the first time in 2009. The winner is Charles Goedert from Ospern for the cultivation of camelina.

Common names

The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for the camelina , sometimes only regionally : Bäselireps ( Bern ), Bäseliwat ( Appenzell ), Beseler ( Lucerne ), Butterreps ( Württemberg ), Döttersaat, Dorella, yolk that grows in flax ( Mentioned in 1482), Yolk ( Swabia , Silesia , Pomerania , Mecklenburg ), Finkensamen (Silesia), Flax yolk, Gelkensaat ( Westphalia ), Hüttentütt (Westphalia), Knöpkesad (on the Hase ), Liendödder (Pomerania), Oelsame, Rautsaat ( Westphalia) and Provencer ( Memmingen ).

literature

Petra Becker: Camelina - properties and potential of an old cultivated plant. Vegetable oil 3/2008; Pages 20-21.
Ralf Pude, Barbara Wenig: Plants for Industry. Plants, raw materials, products. Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V., Gülzow 2005, page 11. ( PDF download; 1.49 MB ).
Melesse Agegnehu: Investigations into the yield behavior and yield formation of camelina as a function of plant cultivation influencing factors . Dissertation , Humboldt University, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-89574-367-4 .
Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Individual evidence

^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 477 .

^ ^A ^b ^c Camelina in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 20, 2017.

↑ According to the Mémorial (Official Gazette of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg) - AN ° 66 of April 2, 2009, the following changes have been made: Règlement grand-ducal du 25 mars 2009 modifiant le règlement grand-ducal modifié du 19 December 2003 concernant the substances indésirables dans les aliments pour animaux, page 851 4. (…) et le point 31, Cameline- camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, sont supprimés. "This means that since April 2, 2009 the use of camelina sativa as animal feed in Luxembourg is permitted.

↑ "BIO-Agrar-Praise". Regulations for the award. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the Ministry of Agriculture, Viticulture and Rural Development Luxembourg.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.asta.etat.lu

↑ Camelina oil wins the race. ( Memento of the original from April 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Luxemburger Wort December 3, 2009. @1@ 2

^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hanover 1882, page 74 f. ( online ).