Leon waiter

Leon waiter

Leon Kellner (born April 17, 1859 in Tarnów , Galicia , † December 5, 1928 in Vienna ; pseudonym: Leo Rafaels ) was an Austrian Anglicist , Zionist , literary historian and popular educator.

Life

Childhood, adolescence and studies

Leon Kellner was the son of Jewish merchants who lived in modest circumstances. His father, Rafael Kellner, was a grain dealer; his mother Lea Kellner came from a family of scholars and had also had a good education herself. When her husband's economic situation deteriorated massively due to the region's connection to the railway network and thus to national trade, she opened a small general store and thus made a living for the family.

As was customary in the pious Jewish families of Galicia at the time, Leon entered the Jewish school, the cheder, at the age of three . There he learned the Hebrew alphabet and read the Torah . As he proved to be a gifted student, he was soon commissioned by the teacher to teach his younger classmates. When Leon was thirteen years old, his parents decided to have him taught the German language, as the German language played an important role in Galicia, which was part of Austria-Hungary. The private teacher hired for this purpose, however, exceeded the limits of his mandate and imparted geography, history and literature to his students in addition to the required simple language skills. Leon had to defend his thirst for knowledge against great resistance from his family, who eyed his intrusion into the non-Jewish intellectual life with suspicion and consequently had the lessons stopped after a while.

This was followed by a brief period of family conflict, which ultimately ended in the decision to let the boy study at the prestigious Jewish Theological Seminary in Wroclaw . The parents commissioned an advanced pupil to introduce him to the subjects of high school instruction, and so Leon was accepted into the high school section of the Breslau seminary in autumn 1876. But already in the second year of school he realized that the content conveyed there did not meet his expectations. His teachers' lectures seemed too traditional and conservative. His mentor David Rosin therefore advised him to interrupt his theological training for the time being and switch to a high school. So Leon Kellner moved to Bielitz in Austrian Silesia in 1878 to take the final exam there. There he also met his future wife Anna Weiß .

At the grammar school he was most taken with the language subjects, so it made sense to tackle a philological course after passing the high school diploma. In autumn 1880 he enrolled at the University of Vienna . At first he took courses in the classical languages, but since the modern languages ​​promised a better livelihood in the teaching profession and he wanted to get married as soon as possible, he soon shifted the focus of his studies to the new philologies. Kellner heard English studies from Jakob Schipper and Alois Brandl , Romance studies from Adolf Mussafia and Ferdinand Lotheissen, German studies from Richard Heinzel, Jakob Minor and Erich Schmidt , Sanskrit and comparative grammar of the Indo-European languages ​​from Friedrich Max Müller , phonetic physiology from Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke , Greek grammar with Wilhelm von Hartel and Oriental languages ​​with David Heinrich Müller . At the beginning of the second semester, he passed the entrance exam for the university's English seminar, of which he was a full member from then on. Kellner earned his living as a tutor for several wealthy families during his student years. In 1883 he received his doctorate from Schipper. phil. on The Genera Verbi in Shakespeare .

Teacher in Vienna and Troppau

In the winter of 1883/84, Kellner began teaching as a supplement at an upper secondary school and at a grammar school in Vienna. Since the income from this activity was insufficient, he also took up a position as a religion teacher at the Franz-Joseph-Gymnasium (today Gymnasium Stubenbastei ) and took over the re-cataloging of the library of the Vienna Israelitische Kultusgemeinde . At this time, with the appearance of his essay on Schopenhauer as a linguist in Heinrich Friedjungs Deutscher Wochenschrift on February 24, 1884, his journalistic activity began, which he carried out with his feature articles in the " old " and the Neue Freie Presse and the Neues Wiener Tagblatt about many Years continued.

In the summer of 1885, Kellner traveled to England for the first time and from then on spent at least the summer in Great Britain for a number of years in order to be able to pursue his philological interests in the British Museum . In the fall of 1886 he passed the teaching examination for the main subjects English and French and for German as a minor.

On the basis of the research results obtained during his stay in England, Kellner was able to complete his habilitation in the spring of 1890 with an edition of William Caxton's Blanchardyn and Englantine and a study of Caxton's Syntax and Style for the entire field of English philology . In the three semesters that followed, he held several lectures on the history of English language and literature as a private lecturer at the University of Vienna. However, his academic teaching came to an end for the time being in the fall of 1891, when he was appointed the real teacher at the Staatsoberrealschule in Opava . He recorded his experiences as a teacher in a series of sketches which Anna Kellner published after the death of her husband under the title Meine Schüler .

Regardless of the consistently positive experiences in Troppau, Kellner moved back to Vienna because he wanted to continue his university career. In the autumn of 1894 he got a job at the secondary school in Vienna-Währing and moved back to the capital with his family - two of the couple's three children had meanwhile been born. One of his students at the Währing secondary school was the young Oskar Kokoschka . In the following year, Kellner was able to resume his lectures at the University of Vienna.

The most important influence on future life waiter had the encounter with the also for the Neue Freie Presse active Theodor Herzl , which should lead to a friendship between two peers. This relationship began in the mid-1890s, when Kellner received a letter from Herzl, in which he asked the Anglicist to look through the sheets of the English translation of Herzl's work Der Judenstaat and form an opinion about their quality:

“When the letter came, it was early evening twilight on an October day [according to P. Arnold, p. 176, note 3, however: March day]; When I had finished reading the German book, the light of the pale dawn fell into my study. At noon the following day, I went to see Herzl in the “Neue Freie Presse”. I spoke only a few words: Herzl heard the shock, which I had not yet fully mastered, and held out his hands to me with wet eyes. The English translation of the "Jewish State" was forgotten; there was so much important to discuss. "

Since then, Kellner has been intensely involved in the Zionist movement.

In the school year 1898/99, Kellner took a leave of absence from his teaching duties and moved with his family to Great Britain. During these months he was mainly concerned with the complete revision of the now outdated English-German dictionary by Friedrich Wilhelm Thieme (1st edition 1846) for the Vieweg publishing house . At the same time, he worked on the volume Shakespeare for the series poets and actors published by Rudolf Lothar at EA Seemann . His book A Year in England 1898–1899 , a collection of Kellner's essays on life in England, was published by Cotta the following year .

After his return to Vienna in the autumn of 1899, Kellner continued teaching at university and school.

Professor and politician in Chernivtsi

Five years later, in the spring of 1904, Leon Kellner received news of his appointment as associate professor for English philology at the young Franz Joseph University in Chernivtsi in what was then Austrian Bucovina . He was appointed full professor in autumn 1909. At the University of Chernivtsi he emerged from the founding of the Philological Association, in which the representatives of the relevant disciplines met weekly for professional exchange. Kellner was also involved in the popular science "popular university courses" with lectures on English literary history.

His interest in the living conditions of the Jewish population remained strong even during his time in Chernivtsi. The political landscape of Bukovinian Jewry found itself in a difficult situation in the last years of the Habsburg Monarchy, which was largely shaped by the competitive thinking of the factions involved. In 1908 the Bukovinian Zionist district organization split off from the entire Austrian provincial organization, but the constitution of its own provincial committee did not take place until 1910. Leon Kellner was elected its first chairman. In the same year he founded the "People's Council of Jews" with some like-minded people, with which he entered the state parliament of Bukovina in 1911.

As a politician, he campaigned for concrete improvements in Jewish living conditions in the Crown Land as well as for strengthening the political representation of Judaism. An example in this context is his speech given to the state parliament on January 13, 1913, in which he advocated the recognition of the Jews as an independent nation:

“Vienna tells us that Jewish is not a language, so the government cannot recognize Jews as a nationality, because language is the basis for recognizing nationality. State theorists of a different hue say that the Jews are not a nation because they lack the ground; still others say they cannot recognize the Jews as a nation because they have not proven that they are a pure race and that kind of nonsense.
The Jews of today say something completely different and I believe there is no objection to this: you ask us what we are and we tell you we are one nation; and there you come for all sorts of reasons and say we are not. Well. We become more humble and say: Our word does not count; so we ask you, the recognized nationalities. Are we Romanians? [Interjection] No trace! We ask the Ruthenians: Do you count us among the Ruthenians when we speak the Ruthenian language? Because there are many Jews who speak Ruthenian excellently. The Ruthenians answer: Not a trace!
Now the Germans are coming. I imagine that many of us have absorbed the German language and literature so much that we certainly cannot distinguish them from the Aryan Germans by language. But if you ask the Germans whether those people who have absorbed the German language, literature and culture are Germans, then the gentlemen will certainly answer with "No". So what are we You yourself say that we are not Romanians, not Germans, and not Ruthenians; we tell you we are Jews! "

Kellner also emphasized that for him the establishment of an independent Jewish state was the only realistic way to fully emancipate the Jews. However, Hebrew was to be spoken in this new state, not Yiddish, so he rejected Yiddish as a hallmark of a Jewish national identity. For the division of the electoral body, he therefore proposed no separate Jewish curia based on the Yiddish language, but an independent common electoral body for the non-Christian Germans and the Jews of Bukovina.

In the social field, Kellner initiated the establishment of a craft bank by the Jewish Colonial Association and successfully suggested the establishment of a home for apprentices and a public library. With the end of the Austrian crown land of Bukovina, Leon Kellner's short political career also ended.

Retirement

Kellner's family, who originally moved with him to Czernowitz, returned to Vienna in 1907. He himself followed when Chernivtsi was taken by the enemy during the war. This ended his academic career because, unlike most of his colleagues in Chernivtsi, he was unable to gain a foothold at any university in “the rest of Austria”.

Although a professorship had been vacant at the English Department of Vienna University since Schipper's retirement in 1913, Kellner's involvement in this regard had found no support during the consultations on the replacement that took place in the following years. When, in 1919, he applied for a teaching position that was cost-neutral because of his entitlement to continue receiving his civil servant salary, this may have seemed more promising to him. The Anglist Karl Luick, at that time the only professor of the subject at the university, was appointed advisor to the commission set up by the professorial college to deal with Kellner's application. Luick noted the result of the consultations:

“In the interest of a strictly scientific training of the students, the current specialist must constantly warn against the way of doing literary history as it comes to light with him, and the representatives of the related subjects proceed in a similar manner. If the students were to see this type represented by another teacher, there would be a dichotomy that would damage the teaching in the most serious way. "

Based on Kellner's main work The English Literature in the Age of Queen Victoria (1909), Luick presented his objections to Kellner's approach to literary studies. The Viennese professor was a later representative of a positivist school that only recognized a "historical-genetic representation" of developments in literary history. In contrast to this, Kellner would not be able to explain “[a] from which personal and factual conditions a poetic work has grown, how a poet develops in connection with his life's fate and changing literary or other influences [and] how that Developments of the individual join together to form directions ”. Kellner's works would be too subjective and more of a journalistic than scientific nature: “What recent research considers essential to achieve an objective assessment of the literary works is missing.” Luick was of the opinion “that his literary-historical works [. ..] approach that which is customary in England ”, while“ German science ”, from which Kellner was almost displaced, would have reached a much higher level of development.

In fact, Kellner did not deny that his method did not correspond to the one customary in Vienna. In the foreword to his Victorian literary history, he wrote:

“The curriculum vitae of every writer is told for himself, sharply separated from the discussion of his works; Analysis, material history, and aesthetic appreciation form a separate chapter. This procedure is not in accordance with the current practice and in fact renounces the preference of depicting organic development or at least creating the impression of such a representation. But whoever, following the popular method, imposes the obligation to show the organic connection between life and poetry at every turn, is easily [...] subject to the temptation to do violence to recalcitrant facts in order to carry out a preconceived theory victoriously. "

According to Karl Luick, the “worst flaws” in Kellner's work were rather deliberate deviations from the “historical-genetic view” monopolized by Viennese English studies and the fear expressed that the high standards in university teaching could be damaged by an order from Kellner, the defensive behavior a no longer modern, but institutionally well-established academic school. In addition, anti-Semitic reservations about Jewish students and professors at Vienna University were widespread. That Kellner was confronted with anti-Semitism in the course of his academic career is documented several times in the sources from his personal environment.

In the years after the First World War, Kellner devoted himself intensively to Shakespeare research as a private scholar . He taught English at the Technical University and in the non-denominational Ottakringer Settlement, a popular educational institution. He also worked as a foreign language correspondent for the presidential office in Vienna. Kellner had close personal relationships with the heads of state Michael Hainisch and Karl Seitz ; with Hainisch he shared a common past in the Fabier movement , to whose reception in Austria Leon Kellner had made a significant contribution through his relevant articles in the business section of the Neue Freie Presse .

At that time, Leon Kellner's social environment consisted largely of the circle around the Romanist Elise Richter and her sister, the English scholar Helene Richter . The mutual circle of friends included Johann Kremenezky , Richard Beer-Hofmann and Felix Salten .

Grave of Leon Kellner in the Vienna Central Cemetery

Kellner's daughter Dora had been married to the philosopher Walter Benjamin since 1917 . Benjamin's letters show that he was dependent on financial support from the Kellner couple. On October 14, 1922, he wrote to Florens Christian Rang : “As unqualifiable as the attitude of my parents, whose financial circumstances are currently very good, is just as extraordinary is the decisiveness with which my parents-in-law not only morally but, despite their limited resources to support us in an emphatic way financially as well. "

Although Anna Kellner's biography gives the opposite impression, the memories of his companions suggest that the last years of her husband's life were marked by resignation and disappointment at the involuntary end of his university career. In 1927 he traveled to Palestine one last time to visit his son and his family who were living there. The following year, on December 5, 1928, he died of heart disease at the age of 69. He was buried in the new Jewish section of the Vienna Central Cemetery (9A / 2/1).

The Leon Kellner-Weg in Vienna-Hietzing reminds of him today .

Services

English philology

In addition to the university writings already mentioned ( The Genera Verbi in Shakespeare , Phil. Dissertation 1883; Caxton's Blanchardyn and Englantine and Caxton's Syntax and Style , Phil. Habilitation thesis 1890), Kellner wrote a number of other scientific papers. In 1892 he published the revised edition of the Historical Outlines of English Accidence by Richard Morris as well as the Historical Outlines of English Syntax developed by himself . These two fonts became particularly relevant through their use as examination papers at British universities. The completely revised by him 14th edition of Thiemes English-German dictionary appeared in 1902. During his time at the University of Czernowitz he published his two perhaps most important literary-historical monographs, namely his history of English literature in the age of Queen Victoria (1909) and the History of North American Literature (1913). In the period from 1905 to 1914, the lexicographical journal Bausteine, which he edited together with Gustav Krüger, was also published .

After the forced termination of his active career as a university lecturer, Kellner worked almost exclusively on Shakespeare. In this context, the Shakespeare Dictionary (1922), New Paths to Shakespeare (1922) and Restoring Shakespeare (1925) should be mentioned first. Shakespeare's sonnets (1930) and explanations and textual improvements to 14 plays by Shakespeare (1931) were published posthumously .

Zionism

According to the Lexicon of Judaism , Leon Kellner was “Th [eodor] Herzl's closest collaborator”. Kellner expressed his personal motivation for his Zionist commitment in a letter he wrote to an acquaintance in Opava in 1896:

"What do we want? I have a very simple formula for what I want: I want to help lay the foundation stone in the present for a building that may be spacious enough in the distant future to protect our great-great-grandchildren from storms and thunderstorms. We want to bring as many poor Jews who want and can work as possible to the fertile parts of Palestine and Syria and secure self-government for them there - that is all. Will this humble beginning become something good; If it doesn’t work, we have at least helped so and so many depraved existences to a humane existence and harmed no one. Because our endeavors are directed towards the future. I am a good Austrian in every respect, ready to share joys and sorrows with my fatherland, as it actually happens. I live with Christians, work with them, raise Christian children and every day, whenever I enter my class, I am full of proud satisfaction that I was allowed to break through the barriers of prejudice and all obstacles of birth, upbringing and To defy the evil current of the times, to be able to be responsible for the most humane, most beautiful of all professions. I also feel completely German: the German language has become my second fatherland, my spiritual home, and I am a German writer in spite of all this and all that.
This is my present, my present.
But how many of my tribal and co-religionists have a presence, such a presence? You have spent the first half of your life preparing for your profession, and lo and behold! all professions are closed to them! You already know how to tell about the plight of the Jews in the so-called learned professions in Troppau - if you only knew what it looks like in Poland!
And do I know what's in store for my children? "

Kellner contributed numerous articles to Herzl's weekly Die Welt (regularly under the pseudonym Leo Rafaels due to his position as a civil servant). He also used his British contacts to promote the Zionist cause. After his friend's death in 1904, Kellner took responsibility for his literary estate and published Herzl's Zionist writings in book form. In 1920 the first part of his Herzl biography appeared under the title Theodor Herzl's Apprenticeship Years; the planned second part never came about.

Popular education

Concern for the future of the Jewish population was also what drove him to campaign for the creation of Jewish Toynbeehallen in Austria, based on the ideas of the settlement movement that had developed in England.

The settlement movement had its origins in Victorian London, where the dramatic situation of the workers, especially in the eastern parts of the city, could no longer be overlooked. As part of a movement initiated by religiously motivated members of the academic elite, students and young graduates from Oxford and Cambridge settled in the affected districts to live and work with the poor. In their “settlement houses”, the consistently wealthy young academics offered their target group not only the provision of food and a roof over their heads, but above all access to excerpts from the traditional educational canon that were considered suitable.

One of the most prominent examples of this commitment was Toynbee Hall , founded by Vicar Samuel A. Barnett and his wife Henrietta. The institution was named in memory of the economist Arnold Toynbee , who had worked together with the Barnett couple in the poor district of Whitechapel before his untimely death . Toynbee Hall offered hands-on classes and popular science lectures, as well as musical events and exhibitions.

Leon Kellner met Toynbee Hall during his numerous trips to Great Britain. In his book about the longest of these stays, he devoted a separate chapter to this institution and the settlement movement in general. Even then the thought occurred to him that an institution based on the same principle would also be needed in Vienna. However, another ten years would pass before this idea became a reality. In addition, it had to be decided whether this first Toynbeehalle on the continent should be open to the masses or whether it should have a specifically Jewish orientation. In retrospect, Kellner reported:

“It would have been the most natural thing to found a Viennese Toynbee Hall, free of any denominational or national secondary ideas, a house for the poor of all walks of life, and in fact many of my Jewish friends have promised me their support if I do "Ominous" plan of a Jewish Toynbee hall and wanted to create a people's hall for everyone. But that would have been a blind, foolish, sterile imitation, a blow in the water. Vienna is - unfortunately! - not London, and what is a matter of course for the poor of Whitechapel, that would be an incomprehensible risk for the Viennese, and not only for the Viennese of the lowest strata: Christians and Jews as equal citizens participating in one and the same sociable conversation! And if the recipients, the poor, had found themselves in the unheard of, where should the unprejudiced men, women and girls come from, who would undertake the difficult task of entertainment and hospitality? "

The program of the Vienna Jewish Toynbeehalle, which opened in 1900, was based on the seasons. While the focus in the summer was on practical courses, the lectures in the winter program followed a fixed scheme. Monday was dedicated to medicine, on Tuesday there was the opportunity for open discussions, Wednesday (like Sunday) was devoted to Jewish history, on Thursday natural sciences or “theory of the soul” and on Friday interpretations of the Bible. Concert evenings were held on Saturday; There were children's evenings on Sundays.

As before in Vienna, Kellner initiated the establishment of a Toynbeehalle in Czernowitz. The sponsoring association was founded in 1910, but it was not until 1913 that the specially constructed building, which was donated by the wealthy couple Markus and Anna Kislinger, was moved into. In keeping with its Viennese counterpart, the new facility was aimed at a Jewish public, but was also frequented by the city's non-Jewish population.

Works

• On the syntax of the English verb, with special reference to Shakespeare, Vienna 1885.
• English epigone poetry, Stuttgart 1889.
• Caxton's Blanchardyn and Eglantine, London 1890.
• Caxton's Syntax and Style, London 1890.
• Historical Outlines of English Accidence by Richard Morris, London 1892.
• Historical Outlines of English Syntax, London-New York 1892.
• The Three Kings' Sons, London 1895.
• Sonnenburg's Grammar of the English Language, Vienna 1895.
• Old English proverbs, Vienna 1897.
• English fairy tales (together with Anna Kellner), Vienna 1899.
• One year in England 1889/90, Stuttgart 1900.
• Shakespeare, Leipzig-Berlin-Vienna 1900.
• A Jewish Toynbee Hall in Vienna, Vienna 1901.
• German-English and English-German concise dictionary, Braunschweig 1902–1905.
• English language textbook for girls' lyceums, Berlin 1903; 2Berlin 1910.
• Zionist writings by Theodor Herzl, Berlin 1908.
• English literature in the age of Queen Victoria, Leipzig 1909.
• History of North American Literature, Berlin-Leipzig 1913; american. Garden City 1915.
• Austria of the Austrians and Hungary of the Hungarians (together with Paula Arnold and Arthur L. Delisle), London 1914.
• Jewish consecration hours, Chernivtsi 1914.
• English Fairy Tales, Leipzig 1917.
• The Essays or Counsels Civil and Moral by Francis Bacon, Leipzig 1919.
• Shakespeare-Bacon as an essayist, Vienna 1919.
• From Dickens to Shaw, Leipzig 1919; Czech transl. Prague 1928.
• Theodor Herzl's apprenticeship years, Vienna 1920.
• Shakespeare dictionary, Leipzig 1922.
• New ways to Shakespeare, Vienna 1922.
• Restoring Shakespeare, Leipzig-London 1925.
• Shakespeare's sonnets, Heidelberg 1930.
• My students. Stories and sketches from my class, Berlin-Vienna 1930.
• Explanations and text improvements to 14 dramas by Shakespeare, Leipzig 1931.
• Zionist writings by Theodor Herzl (ed.), Berlin 1908.

literature

• Waiter Leon. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 3, Publishing House of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1965, p. 290 f. (Direct links on p. 290 , p. 291 ).
• Hannah Arnold:  Waiter, Leon. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 11, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1977, ISBN 3-428-00192-3 , p. 477 f. ( Digitized version ).
• Paula Arnold: Leon Kellner (1859–1928). In: Herzl Year Book. 2, 1959, pp. 171-183.
• Anna Kellner: Leon Kellner. His life and his work. Gerold, Vienna 1936.
• Waiter, Leon. In: John F. Oppenheimer (Red.) U. a .: Lexicon of Judaism. 2nd Edition. Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag, Gütersloh u. a. 1971, ISBN 3-570-05964-2 .
• Ramon Pils: Leon Kellner between Chernivtsi and Vienna. In: Thomas Brandstetter, Dirk Rupnow and Christina Wessely (eds.): Sachunterricht. Findings from the history of science. Löcker, Vienna 2008, pp. 24–29.
• David Rechter: Improving the Volk: Leon Kellner and the Jewish Toynbee Hall Movement (1900–39) , in: Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2019), pages 51-79.
• Giulio Schiavoni: Leon Kellner: un sionista fra la Vienna di Herzl e gli ebrei della Bucovina. In: Giulio Schiavoni and Guido Massino (eds.): Verso una terra 'antica e nuova'. Culture del sionismo (1895-1948). Carocci, Rome 2011, pp. 79-102.

Web links

Commons : Leon Kellner  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Literature by and about Leon Kellner in the catalog of the German National Library

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the biographical details Anna Kellner, Leon Kellner follow . His life and work , Vienna 1936, here pp. 7–26.
2. ↑ For her see Lea Kellner. In: The Jewish People's Council 111, February 28, 1913, p. 2.
3. ↑ See Gunta Haenicke, Thomas Finkenstaedt, Anglistenlexikon 1825–1990. Biographical and bibliographical information on 318 Anglists , Augsburg 1992, sv Kellner Leon.
4. ↑ See on this section see A. Kellner, pp. 26–37, 52–70.
5. ↑ See Oskar Kokoschka, Mein Leben , Vienna 2008, pp. 43f.
6. ↑ Leon Kellner, Herzl and Zangwill. In: Tulo Nussenblatt (ed.), Zeitgenossen über Herzl , Brünn 1929, pp. 112–114, 112f.
7. ↑ See on this section A. Kellner, pp. 71–80.
8. ↑ See Haenicke, Finkenstaedt , sv Kellner Leon.
9. ↑ See Adolf Gaisbauer, Star of David and Double Eagle. Zionism and Jewish nationalism in Austria 1882–1918 , Vienna a. a. 1998, pp. 354-368.
10. ↑ Speech by MP Prof. Dr. Leon Kellner on the grounds for the motion to change the state election regulations (January 13, 1913). In: Der Jüdische Volksrat 106, January 24, 1913, pp. 1f, 2. See also Gerald Stourzh, Were the Jews considered to be the nationality of Old Austria? In: Studia Judaica Austriaca 1984, pp. 73-98
11. ↑ See on this section A. Kellner, pp. 81–96.
12. ↑ Report of the commission regarding the granting of a teaching assignment to Prof. Kellner, January 14, 1920, cited above. after: Ramon Pils, Leon Kellner between Chernivtsi and Vienna. In: Thomas Brandstetter, Dirk Rupnow and Christina Wessely (eds.): Sachunterricht. Findings from the history of science. Löcker, Vienna 2008, pp. 24–29 (here 25–26).
13. ^ Leon Kellner, The English Literature in the Age of Queen Victoria , Leipzig 1909, p. VIII
14. ↑ See also Ramon Pils, Leon Kellner between Czernowitz and Vienna. In: Thomas Brandstetter, Dirk Rupnow and Christina Wessely (Eds.), Sachunterricht. Findings from the history of science , Vienna 2008, pp. 24–29.
15. ↑ See for example Brigitte Lichtenberger-Fenz, "... German descent and mother tongue". Austrian university policy in the First Republic , publications of the LBI for the history of social sciences 19, Vienna - Salzburg 1990, pp. 1ff.
16. ↑ See A. Kellner, pp. 46f, 75, 113f, 150, indirect 83; Paula Arnold, Leon Kellner (1859–1928). In: Herzl Year Book 2 (1959), pp. 171-183, 175f., 182; Hannah Arnold, waiter, Leon. In: NDB 11, pp. 477f, 478; Michael Hainisch, 75 years from an eventful time: Memoirs of an Austrian statesman , ed. Friedrich Weissensteiner, Publications of the Commission for Modern History of Austria 64, Vienna - Cologne - Graz 1978, p. 229
17. ↑ See A. Kellner, p. 44, and Felix Salten, Leon Kellner for his sixtieth birthday. In: Neue Freie Presse 19629, April 17, 1919, p. 8
18. ↑ mostly called Dora Sophie to distinguish her from Walter Benjamin's sister Dora
19. ↑ Quoted from: Christoph Gödde, Henri Lonitz (Ed.), Walter Benjamin. Collected Letters II, Frankfurt / M. 1978, pp. 277-280, 278
20. ^ For information on this, see Elise Richter, Sum des Lebens , Wien 1997, pp. 84ff, and Hainisch, pp. 229, 286
21. ↑ See A. Kellner, p. 32.
22. ↑ See H. Arnold, p. 477f.
23. ↑ See H. Arnold, p. 477f.
24. ↑ John F. Oppenheimer et al. a. (Ed.), Lexikon des Judentums , Gütersloh 1967, sv Kellner Leon.
25. ^ Letter to Ferdinand Quittner dated June 6, 1896, quoted in: A. Kellner, p. 59ff.
26. ↑ See in particular P. Arnold, pp. 176–181.
27. ↑ On the abundant literature on the English settlement movement and Toynbee Hall cf. for example Werner Picht, Toynbee Hall and the English settlement movement. A contribution to the history of the social movement in England , Tübingen 1913; Asa Briggs, Anne Macartney, Toynbee Hall. The First Hundred Years , London-Boston 1984; Standish Meacham, Toynbee Hall and Social Reform 1880-1914. The Search for Community , New Haven 1987
28. ↑ Leon Kellner, A Year in England 1889/90 , Stuttgart 1900, pp. 225–248.
29. ^ Leon Kellner, A Jewish Toynbee Hall in Vienna , Vienna 1901, p. 5f.
30. ↑ Kellner: "[...] lately an outstanding psychiatrist has aroused so much interest in psychological questions that we regularly devote Thursday to the theory of the soul." L. Kellner, Eine Jewish Toynbee-Halle in Vienna , p. 296 On the Viennese Toynbeehalle see also Elisabeth Malleier: Against the foreign continent of poverty. The early years of the “Jewish Toynbee Hall” in Vienna's Brigittenau. In: Das Jüdische Echo 54 (October 2005), pp. 112–117
31. ↑ L. Kellner, Eine Jewish Toynbee Hall in Vienna , p. 296. For children's afternoons see also: First Jewish Toynbee Hall in Vienna. In: Die Welt Vol. 4, No. 52, December 28, 1900, p. 15
32. ↑ See A Legacy for the 'Jewish Toynbeehalle'. In: Die Welt Vol. 16, No. 52, December 25, 1912, p. 9
33. ↑ The opening ceremony of the Toynbeehalle. In: The Jewish People's Council 140, November 28, 1913, pp. 1f, 2
34. ↑ See A. Kellner, p. 77; The Jewish Toynbeehalle. In: The Jewish People's Council 139, November 14, 1913, pp. 1f.