Liebknecht Luxembourg demonstration

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Memorial of the Socialists, Berlin-Friedrichsfelde. Target point of the demonstration

The Liebknecht-Luxemburg-Demonstration is an annual political demonstration in memory of the revolutionary socialists Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg who were murdered on January 15, 1919 . It takes place annually around the date of her death, on the second weekend in January, in Berlin and usually runs from the Frankfurter Tor to the Socialist Memorial at the Friedrichsfelde Central Cemetery .

This annual commemoration was practiced in the Weimar Republic from 1919 to 1933. After the memorial was banned and destroyed by the Nazi regime , it was continued and promoted as a central state event from 1946 in the Soviet occupation zone and from 1949 in the GDR . Since the reunification of Germany in 1990, various groups of the political left have been demonstrating on that traditional day of remembrance.

Since his death (January 21, 1924) the KPD included Lenin in the memorial and called it the Lenin-Liebknecht-Luxemburg-Demonstration . This or a similar term (abbreviated LLL demonstration ) has also been used by some demonstration participants since 1990.

Weimar Republic

June 13, 1919: funeral procession for the funeral of Rosa Luxemburg
Inauguration of the revolutionary monument based on the design by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe by Wilhelm Pieck (June 1926)

The demonstration developed in the Weimar Republic from memorial events for the victims of the Spartacus uprising (January 5 to 12, 1919). The Berlin magistrate refused the KPD to bury these dead in the historic cemetery of the March fallen in Berlin-Friedrichshain , and instead assigned them a rear area in the remote Berlin-Friedrichsfelde cemetery. This was intended for common criminals and was called the "criminal corner". The USPD and KPD organized a joint funeral service there, which turned this cemetery area into a permanent “place of pilgrimage”. On January 25, 1919, 33 of the dead, including Karl Liebknecht, were buried there. Over 100,000 people took part in the funeral procession. For Rosa Luxemburg an empty coffin was buried next to Liebknecht's grave because her body had not yet been found. On June 1, 1919, her body was found in the Berlin Landwehr Canal. On June 13, she was subsequently buried in Friedrichsfelde. A “huge funeral procession” started in Friedrichshain. Because the cemetery could not accommodate the crowd, a limited number of tickets were issued for the funeral.

After his death on January 21, 1924, the KPD also included Lenin as a revolutionary and founder of the Soviet Union in this honor. She put his name in the first place ( Lenin-Liebknecht-Luxemburg-Demonstration ) because it was more important to her. Since 1926 the KPD held an annual Lenin-Liebknecht-Luxemburg celebration in Friedrichsfelde in mid-January . This was a central part of the LLL weeks organized by the KPD in Germany . On 13 June 1926 the anniversary of the funeral of Rosa Luxemburg, the KPD dedicated the by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe created Monument to the Revolution and for the murdered socialists in the cemetery Friedrichsfelde. It consisted of concrete blocks clad with red bricks, carried the Soviet star with hammer and sickle and the red flag. The quote from Ferdinand Freiligrath about the revolution, "I was, I am, I will be", and the sentence "The dead hero of the revolution" were engraved .

In 1930, the Prussian police chief Karl Zörgiebel banned the Berlin LLL celebration. The police arrested and mistreated many participants. In 1932 the KPD leadership established the priority of Lenin in the name of the demonstration and in speech forms for KPD districts. In doing so, it determined and appropriated the commemoration of the killed socialists politically and ideologically in accordance with the Marxism-Leninism established by Josef Stalin and the Comintern . The KPD organized LLL demonstrations in many other cities in Germany and used original quotations from Liebknecht and Luxemburg to agitate for the social fascism thesis that it had adopted from Stalin at the time. The KPD newspaper Die Rote Fahne described the frequent clashes between demonstrators and police forces as evidence of a revolutionary thrust of these commemorations. At the provisionally last commemoration on January 17, 1933, she proclaimed an "attack" by six million communists armed with the weapons of Leninism in the midst of a world of war, reactionary forces and fascist Berlin. "Red Berlin" honored its dead by driving SA provocateurs to flight.

time of the nationalsocialism

The Nazi regime , in power since January 30, 1933 , arrested and interrogated all participants in the January 17, 1933 demonstration. In February 1933, the National Socialists severely damaged the memorial. In 1934 the Nazi regime decided to completely destroy the memorial in Friedrichsfelde. In January 1935 the decision was carried out.

Communists and anti-fascists at home and abroad continued the traditional commemoration. On January 17, 1936, Bertolt Brecht and Hanns Eisler took part in an LLL celebration organized by German emigrants in New York City , for which Brecht wrote the cantata A Soldier Proofs That Lenin Has Died . The Czech author Julius Fučík published an editorial on the LLL celebration in the communist newspaper Rudé právo in German-occupied Prague in 1942 and was arrested by the National Socialists shortly afterwards. Exiled communists and anti-fascists organized an LLL celebration on January 17, 1942 in Mexico City . In 1943, imprisoned members of the banned KPD organized an illegal LLL celebration in the Gyrenbad ( Bad Urach ) labor camp .

SBZ and GDR

January 13, 1946: Memorial ceremony with a replica of the revolutionary monument in Berlin-Friedrichsfelde. At the lectern on the right: Wilhelm Pieck

After the Second World War , a demonstration in memory of murdered socialists took place in Friedrichsfelde every year. The first, on January 13, 1946, was part of the KPD's then campaign to forcibly unite the SPD and KPD to form the SED . In GDR historiography it was later referred to as a joint “memorial rally by the SPD and KPD for Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg” and as a “combat demonstration by the Berlin workers”. The KPD chairman and later GDR President Wilhelm Pieck gave the commemorative speech in front of a provisional replica of the earlier memorial that had been destroyed by the Nazi regime. In addition, the KPD again organized “Lenin Liebknecht Luxembourg celebrations” in several German cities, including Leipzig (January 27; together with the SPD), Dresden (January 21, also with the SPD) and Dortmund. In doing so, it tied in with the LLL celebrations in the Weimar Republic.

Since it was founded in 1946, the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) has organized the annual mass demonstration in Friedrichsfelde. Wilhelm Pieck arranged for a new memorial to be built at the entrance to the cemetery, which was completed in 1951. The new memorial was intended to represent the union of the KPD and SPD as a historical lesson from the failure of the Weimar Republic and symbolize the political power of the SED. The inscription "The dead admonish us" on the memorial stone called for discipline in order to enforce the SED goals. It was linked to changing political demands from year to year. In 1952, the SED issued a warning against the rearmament of the Federal Republic, in 1961 against Konrad Adenauer , Franz Josef Strauss , Fritz Erler and Willy Brandt , and in 1971 for the union with the CPSU . In addition, she issued appropriate slogans.

Since 1955, the SED has called the commemoration the "Struggle demonstration of the Berlin workers in memory of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg" or "Struggle demonstration in honor of Liebknecht and Luxemburg". Since 1955, paramilitary " working class combat groups " have also participated. From then on, their parade was the culmination and climax of the annual commemorations. In doing so, the GDR leadership continued the tradition of the Red Front Fighter League in the Weimar Republic. By staging the commemoration of Liebknecht and Luxemburg as a “cult of the dead with heroic connotations”, she reminded and obliged the workers' militias to protect the social order of the GDR at the risk of their lives.

The demonstration initially took place between the Frankfurter Allee underground and S-Bahn station and the Friedrichsfelde memorial, later it began at the Frankfurter Tor underground station . At the head of the procession was the entire SED Politburo with the Secretary General. At the destination, the heads of state and party took their seats in a grandstand, which was then passed by over a hundred thousand people from Berlin companies. The audience was composed of delegations from Berlin companies. The locations of the individual operating groups were planned and determined. Up until around 1980, the marches included carrying extremely large photos of the members of the party leadership. After that, only the picture of party and state leader Erich Honecker was carried along. The SED claimed increasing numbers of participants from year to year in order to prove the unity of the population with the state and party leadership. Due to its meticulous administrative organization and the prescribed, largely involuntary participation, the demonstration increasingly turned into an aesthetic shell that did not generate any real enthusiasm among those involved.

In 1974 the previously censored pamphlet on the Russian October Revolution was published in the GDR , which Rosa Luxemburg wrote in autumn 1917 and in which she criticized Lenin's party concept with the sentence: "Freedom is always the freedom of those who think differently." On January 16 In 1977, three East Berliners demonstrated for the first time at the mass demonstration of the SED with a poster with this well-known Luxembourg quote on it. They were sentenced to between 12 and 18 months in prison.

On January 9th, 1988 civil rights activists of the “Working Group on Citizenship Law” decided in the environmental library to take part with their own posters in the upcoming SED mass demonstration on January 17th. The idea had been under discussion since September 1987. 16 banners with quotations from Rosa Luxemburg and GDR constitution article 27 on the right to freedom of expression were planned. They did not want to appear as a group and thus not offer the GDR authorities any means of arrest. Wolfgang Templin and his wife Regina were particularly committed to the campaign. The Ministry for State Security (MfS) monitored the civil rights activists, knew about their plan and had been preparing to prevent the protest action since November 1987 (Operation "Troublemaker"). In the run-up to the event, it summoned 118 people to an "instruction" (intimidation) in order to dissuade them from participating. 19 other people were allowed to leave the country at short notice. The first preventive arrests were made on January 16. On January 17, 70 participants in the action were arrested, 35 others preventively, including the banned songwriter Stephan Krawczyk , the employees of the environmental library Till Böttcher, Andreas Kalk and Bert Schlegel, and civil rights activists Vera Wollenberger and Frank-Herbert Misslitz. From January 20, there were protests against the arrests in several cities in the GDR. On January 22nd, the German television stations sent a protest message from Krawczyk's wife Freya Klier . Numerous West German artists expressed their solidarity with her, suspended appearances in the GDR and demanded the release of the prisoners. On January 25, the MfS also arrested Bärbel Bohley , Ralf Hirsch , Freya Klier, Regina and Wolfgang Templin, and Werner Fischer. Four of those arrested were sentenced to six months in prison for "rioting". This led to protests throughout the GDR, often from church communities. Wall slogans read “Freedom for those who think differently”, “Free elections”, “Luxembourg in the GDR prison” and other things. There were also strong protests abroad. In February 1988, 25 people who refused to take part in the protest or who protested against arrests, including Krawczyk, Klier and Schlegel, were expatriated to Germany . The public demonstration attempt and the following national protests are considered to be the prelude to the revolution of 1989 .

In Leipzig on January 15, 1989, civil rights groups called for a counter-demonstration against the state commemorations under the fictitious name “Initiative for the democratic renewal of our society” : “The day of the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht should be an occasion for us to continue democratization Our socialist state. ” With this, SED opponents once again appropriated the official memorial day in a critical sense of the state and thus promoted the“ collapse of the legitimizing historical construction ”of the SED, the erosion of which was well advanced at the time. The civil rights groups illegally printed about 10,000 copies of the appeal and were able to distribute about 5,000 of them in spite of the arrests in advance. From January 13, other SED opponents protested against the arrests in the GDR and informed the western media, which made the process public from January 15. At the closing conference of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in Vienna on the same day, several politicians pointed out that the arrests violated the GDR's commitment to human and civil rights. About 500 to 800 people took part in the illegal demonstration. 53 participants, including speaker Fred Kowasch, were arrested. After international protests, Erich Honecker had the investigations against her closed on January 24th. The process is considered a successful "dress rehearsal for the revolution". The successful campaign was documented in March 1989 in the Leipzig samizdat "Die Mücke" .

In the course of the peaceful revolution in the GDR in 1989, the SED initially added the name “ Party of Democratic Socialism ” (SED-PDS). She called for a demonstration in Friedrichsfelde on January 14, 1990, to use it as evidence of her break with her own past. To do this, she chose the Luxembourg quotation of the “freedom of those who think differently” as the motto. She presented Rosa Luxemburg as a prophet of democratic socialism, which the SED had always condemned as a historical illusion, and thus again as the ancestor of her own party program. Wolfgang Templin protested against this at the demonstration with the poster “Hands off Luxembourg. You remain the heirs of Stalin ”. The Social Democratic Party in the GDR demonstrated on the same day from Alexanderplatz , where Bärbel Bohley, as the main speaker, remembered the suppression of the protests by the SED in 1988, to the cemetery of those who died in March . Tens of thousands, according to PDS-related sources, up to 100,000 or more than 100,000 people took part in the demonstration to Friedrichsfelde.

Federal Republic of Germany

Since the reunification of Germany in October 1990, the demonstration has become a permanent meeting point and gathering point for various left-wing groups and parties. It is organized by an alliance. The party The Left calls as their predecessors Party PDS on the "silent commemoration". Many private individuals lay red carnations and wreaths on the memorial stone of the socialists.

In January 1991, tens of thousands of demonstrators protested against the Gulf War at that time under the motto “No blood for oil!” . In the following years the demonstration reached a similar number of participants as in the former GDR. Barbara Könczöl explains her “almost uninterrupted continuity” not only with “GDR nostalgia”, but also with the “subversive symbolic power” of Rosa Luxemburg's thinking, which has remained popular and attractive because of her criticism of Lenin. The Luxembourg quotation of the "freedom of those who think differently" used by civil rights activists in 1988 made it possible for many former GDR citizens to combine commemoration not only with acclamation of SED rule, but also with questioning this rule. In this way they could have preserved their identity as GDR citizens and independence from the prescribed commemorative ritual of the SED and could have continued to link the day of remembrance with non-conforming behavior. From 1990 the PDS and its supporters had taken on the role of the counter-demonstrators from 1988: They now presented themselves as "those who think differently" who thus assured themselves of their special identity in everyday life in the Federal Republic. The former civil rights activists have stayed away from the demonstration since then; However, more than other earlier GDR holidays, this one has the potential to permanently connect different German memories and identities.

On January 12, 1992, several thousand people moved across Berlin to Friedrichsfelde. The protest march was also directed against the demolition of the Lenin monument in Berlin-Friedrichshain .

Since 1996, on the initiative of the independent Marxist newspaper Junge Welt, an annual Rosa Luxemburg conference on the topicality of her work and socialist perspectives has taken place on the second weekend in January . According to the organizers, many participants will attend the demonstration afterwards. According to the organizers, up to 80,000 people took part in the demonstration on January 15, 1996. The police stormed the area in front of the cemetery and took 14 Autonomous among the demonstrators firmly because these as terrorist applicable Kurdistan Workers' Party should have (PKK) supported with slogans. This resulted in injuries.

In 2000, the demonstration, which was then scheduled for January 9th, was temporarily banned by the Berlin authorities because of an anonymous threat to shoot the participants with a submachine gun and throw hand grenades at them. Some of the organizers, including anti- group groups and the association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime - Association of Antifascists (VVN-BdA), then demonstrated against the ban on demonstrations without authorization on January 9th. This led to clashes with the police. The "silent commemoration" was also banned because of the threat. Even so, many people took part. In the PDS, the decision to cancel “silent commemoration” was controversial. Most organizers postponed the demonstration to January 15; the course of which was largely uneventful.

In 2003 the demonstration was dominated by the impending Iraq war . Many of the 10,000 to 12,000 participants were members of the peace movement . With the "silent commemoration", the honor of Luxemburg and Liebknecht reached 80,000 to 100,000 participants. In the following years it decreased again, but remained constant at a few tens of thousands. Most recently, the main topic of the mostly non-violent protests was the Hartz IV laws.

On December 11, 2006, the “Memorial Site of the German Labor Movement” inaugurated a memorial stone with the inscription “To the Victims of Stalinism ” next to the Socialist Memorial in Friedrichsfelde. Some groups of participants in the demonstration protested against this, including the Communist Platform . The Berlin PDS supported the lineup. The leadership of the Left Party regularly visits this memorial stone during their “silent commemoration”.

Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, Mao on a placard from demonstrators.
Berlin, January 13, 2008.

In 2008, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution described the traditional background and development of the demonstration, which it attributed "high symbolic value for German left-wing extremism in its various shades". On the one hand, the number of participants has decreased since 2000, on the other hand, groups that ignored Rosa Luxemburg's criticism of Lenin and “continue to refuse to engage in a critical debate about Stalinism (and the Marxism-Leninism on which it is based)” increasingly shaped the appearance. Due to the differences and conflicts observed between the groups of participants, the Office for the Protection of the Constitution did not rule out a change in their positions.

Some of the participants carried posters with pictures of Josef Stalin and Mao Zedong . The organizational alliance rejected such posters, but did not exclude those who carried them from the demonstration. Therefore, the organized hawks , parts of the Left Youth 'solid , the Naturfreundejugend Berlin , the Young Socialists and the DGB Youth 2013, an alternative demonstration. It led from Olof-Palme-Platz (the location of the former Eden-Hotel , where the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht was planned) to their monuments in the zoo. The split in two demonstrations led both groups of organizers to an intensified examination of the ideas of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg and offers.

  • At the Friedrichsfelde Central Cemetery on January 13, 2008

  • LLJan08Berlin.JPG

  • Demonstration on January 14, 2018

  • Liebknecht-Luxemburg-Demo-2018-025.jpg
  • Liebknecht-Luxemburg-Demo-2018-011.jpg

literature

  • Gilbert Badia: Rosa Luxemburg. In: Étienne François , Hagen Schulze: German places of memory 2. Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 3-406-59142-6 , pp. 105–121
  • Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk : Endgame. The 1989 revolution in the GDR. Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-58357-5 , pp. 262–286 (chapter "Freedom is always the freedom of those who think differently" )
  • Barbara Könczöl: “Martyrs” of socialism. The SED and the memory of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-593-38747-5
  • Barbara Könczöl: "We swore to Karl Liebknecht, we shake hands with Rosa Luxemburg" - The change of January 15 as a political day of remembrance for the KPD and the SED (1920 to 1989). In: Yearbook for Historical Research on Communism. 2005, ISSN  0944-629X , pp. 171-188.
  • Martin Sabrow : Collective memory and collectivized memory. The Liebknecht-Luxemburg-Demonstration in the memorial culture of the GDR. In: Alexandre Escudier: Commemoration in conflict. Lines of conflict in European memory. Wallstein, 2001, ISBN 3892444250 , pp. 117-138
  • Rosa Luxemburg , Karl Liebknecht , Frank Schumann (editor): History in focus - The Liebknecht case / Luxemburg . Das Neue Berlin, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-360-01340-8 .

Web links

Commons : Liebknecht-Luxemburg-Demonstration  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Photographs
GDR
Federal Republic

defense of Constitution

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Martin Jander: Berlin (GDR). A political city walk. Christoph Links, 2003, ISBN 386153293X , p. 20
  2. ↑ Barbara Könczöl: Martyrs of Socialism: the SED and the memory of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. 2008, p. 82f.
  3. ↑ a b Martin Sabrow: Collective memory and collectivized memory. The Liebknecht-Luxemburg-Demonstration in the memorial culture of the GDR. In: Alexandre Escudier: Gedenken im Zwiespalt , 2001, p. 129
  4. ↑ Annelies Laschitza : In the rush of life, in spite of everything. Rosa Luxemburg. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-351-02444-4 , pp. 621f.
  5. ^ A b c Gilbert Badia: Rosa Luxemburg. In: Etienne Francois, Hagen Schulze: German places of remembrance 2. Munich 2009, p. 113
  6. ↑ Barbara Könczöl: Martyrs of Socialism: the SED and the memory of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. 2008, p. 96
  7. ↑ Albrecht Dümling: Don't let yourself be seduced. Kindler, 1985, ISBN 3463400332 , p. 230
  8. ^ Joachim Hoffmann : Berlin-Friedrichsfelde: a German national cemetery; cultural-historical guide. Das Neue Berlin, 2001, ISBN 3360009592 , p. 87
  9. ^ Jean-Louis Cohen: Mies van der Rohe. Routledge Chapman & Hall, 1995, ISBN 0-419-20330-3 , p. 42 (illustration)
  10. ↑ Eric D. Weitz: Creating German Communism, 1890-1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State. Princeton University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-691-02682-3 , pp. 179-181 and footnote 49
  11. ↑ Barbara Könczöl: Martyrs of Socialism: the SED and the memory of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. 2008, p. 106
  12. ↑ The number corresponded to the potential voters of the KPD in the Reichstag election in November 1932. Martin Broszat, Hermann Weber, Gerhard Braas: SBZ manual: State administrations, parties, social organizations and their executives in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany 1945-1949. Oldenbourg, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-486-55262-7 , p. 441
  13. ↑ Eric D. Weitz: Creating German Communism, 1890-1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State. 1996, p. 180 and footnote 52
  14. ^ Martin Jander: Berlin (GDR). A political city walk. Christoph Links, 2003, ISBN 386153293X , p. 20
  15. ^ Joachim Lucchesi, Ronald K. Shull: Music with Brecht. Hensch Verlag Kunst und Gesellschaft, 1988, ISBN 3362001122 , p. 666
  16. ^ Louis Fürnberg: Collected works: speeches, essays: literature and art. German Academy of the Arts in Berlin, Aufbau-Verlag, 1971, p. 183
  17. ↑ Wolfgang Kießling: Exile in Latin America. Volume 4 of Art and Literature in Anti-Fascist Exile 1933-1945. P. Reclam, 1984, p. 293
  18. ↑ Wolfgang Schumann, Gerhart Hass, Karl Drechsler: Germany in the Second World War: The fundamental change in the course of the war (November 1942 to September 1943). Pahl-Rugenstein, 1985, p. 311
  19. ↑ Eberhard Kuhrt, Henning von Löwis : Reach for German history: appropriation of inheritance and maintenance of tradition in the GDR. Schöningh, Paderborn 1988, ISBN 3-506-79311-X , p. 200
  20. ↑ Werner Berthold: Marxist historical picture: Popular front and anti-fascist-democratic revolution. Akademischer Verlag, 1970, p. 175
  21. ^ Heinz Voßke : History of the memorial of the socialists in Berlin-Friedrichsfelde. Dietz, Berlin 1982, p. 48
  22. ↑ Andreas Malycha (ed.): On the way to the SED: the social democracy and the formation of a unity party in the countries of the Soviet occupation zone: a source edition. Dietz, 1996, ISBN 3-8012-4065-7 , p. 299
  23. ^ VVN Stadtverband Dresden: Dresden's honorary citizen, from 1945 to 2007. Auruspress, 2008, p. 99
  24. ↑ Barbara Posthoff (Ed.): Poster collection of the Institute for Newspaper Research of the City of Dortmund: Commentary and register volume on the microfiche edition, Volume 50, Part 2. Saur, 1992, ISBN 3-598-21312-3 , p. 12
  25. ↑ Hans-Werner Frohn: Worker Movement Cultures in Cologne 1890 to 1933. Klartext, 1997, ISBN 3-88474-569-7 , p. 185
  26. ^ Gilbert Badia: Rosa Luxemburg. In: Etienne Francois, Hagen Schulze: German sites of memory 2. Munich 2009, p. 114
  27. ^ Helga Grebing (ed.): Workers' movement in Berlin. The historical travel guide. Christoph Links, 2012, ISBN 3-86153-691-9 , p. 31
  28. ↑ Jane Redlin: “The dead admonish us.” On the symbolism of state funerals in the GDR. In: Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heinz Schmitt (Ed.): Symbols. On the meaning of signs in culture. Waxmann, 1997, ISBN 3-89325-550-8 , pp. 533-535
  29. ↑ Martin Sabrow: Collective memory and collectivized memory. The Liebknecht-Luxemburg-Demonstration in the memorial culture of the GDR. In: Alexandre Escudier: Gedenken im Zwiespalt , 2001, p. 120
  30. ^ Marx-Engels-Lenin-Institut (Ed.): Wilhelm Pieck: Pictures and documents from the life of the first German workers president. Dietz, Berlin-Ost 1955, p. 431; Barbara Könczöl: Martyrs of Socialism: the SED and the memory of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. Campus, 2008, ISBN 3593387476 , p. 269
  31. ↑ Peter Merseburger: Grenzgänger: Interior views of the other German republic. Bertelsmann, 1988, ISBN 3570047466 , p. 295
  32. ^ Gerhard Keiderling: Berlin 1945-1986: History of the capital of the GDR. Dietz, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3320007742 , p. 437
  33. ^ Rüdiger Bergien, Ralf Pröve : philistines, patriots, revolutionaries. Military Mobilization and Social Order in Modern Times. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2010, ISBN 3899717236 , pp. 145 f.
  34. ↑ Klaus Taubert ( one day , Der Spiegel , January 6, 2011): Memorial procession on our own behalf.
  35. ↑ Barbara Könczöl: May Day and the fifteenth of January. In: Martin Sabrow: Places of Remembrance of the GDR. Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 3406590454 , p. 141
  36. ^ Gilbert Badia: Rosa Luxemburg. In: Etienne Francois, Hagen Schulze: German places of memory 2. Munich 2009, p. 116
  37. ^ Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk: Endgame: The 1989 revolution in the GDR. 2nd, revised edition, Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 3406583571 , p. 262
  38. ↑ Robert Havemann Society: Posters confiscated by the MfS that were or should be shown at the Liebknecht-Luxemburg demonstration. ; jugendopposition.de: Photos of other posters
  39. ↑ MfS: Information about a planned provocation on the occasion of the combat demonstration in honor of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg on January 17, 1988 and measures to prevent them (Berlin, January 13, 1988)
  40. ↑ Arrests at the Liebknecht-Luxemburg-Demonstration on bildungsserver.berlin-brandenburg.de accessed on July 21, 2010
  41. ↑ Ferdinand Kroh (Ed.): Freedom is always freedom ...: Those who think differently in the GDR. Ullstein, 1988, ISBN 3548344895 , p. 53
  42. ^ Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk: Endgame: The 1989 revolution in the GDR. Munich 2009, pp. 262–286.
  43. ↑ MfS: Information on activities of hostile-negative forces in Leipzig in connection with the 70th anniversary of the murder of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg (Berlin, January 16, 1989) , in: Armin Mitter , Stephan Wolle (ed.): “I love you all ... ”Orders and situation reports of the Stasi January-November 1989 . Berlin, BasisDruck Verlagsgesellschaft, 1990, pp. 11-14.
  44. ↑ Martin Sabrow: Collective memory and collectivized memory. The Liebknecht-Luxemburg-Demonstration in the memorial culture of the GDR. In: Alexandre Escudier: Gedenken im Zwiespalt , 2001, p. 134f.
  45. ^ Gilbert Jacoby: 1989/90: The Peaceful Revolution in the GDR: The history of the Germans. epubli, 2011, ISBN 3844209786 , p. 74; Hans Michael Kloth (Der Spiegel, January 14, 2009): 20 years since the fall of the Berlin Wall - dress rehearsal for the revolution
  46. ↑ Human Rights Working Group and Justice Working Group (ed.): Die Mücke. Documentation of the events in Leipzig. Leipzig, Samizdat, March 1989 (34 pages in Ormig-hectography and two black pages, DIN A4.), Reproduction of pp. 0-17 ; Reprint of an excerpt: Leipziger Chronik (Part 2) from September 11, 1988 to January 27, 1989, in: East-West Discussion Forum. No. 7, June 1989, pp. 7-10 Reproduction .
  47. ↑ Barbara Könczöl: May Day and the fifteenth of January. In: Martin Sabrow: Places of Remembrance of the GDR. Munich 2009, p. 144 ; Barbara Könczöl: Reinventing Rosa Luxemburg. In: David Clarke, Ute Wölfel (Ed.): Remembering the German Democratic Republic. Divided Memory in a United Germany. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, ISBN 9780230275508 , p. 82 f.
  48. ↑ Hannes Bahrmann: Chronicle of the turning point. The events in the GDR between October 7, 1989 and March 18, 1990. Christoph Links, 2012, ISBN 3-86284-161-8 , p. 177
  49. ^ Otfried Arnold: From the beginning: an illustrated chronicle of the PDS, 1989 to 1994. Dietz, 1995, ISBN 3320018809 , p. 17
  50. ^ Helmut Zessin, Edwin Schwertner, Frank Schumann: Chronicle of the PDS: 1989 to 1997. Dietz, 1998, ISBN 3320019570 , p. 328
  51. ^ A b Miriam Hollstein: GDR ritual: memorial service for Rosa Luxemburg divides the left. In: welt.de . January 12, 2013, accessed January 20, 2018 .
  52. ↑ Barbara Könczöl: May Day and the fifteenth of January. In: Martin Sabrow: Places of Remembrance of the GDR. Munich 2009, pp. 141–146
  53. ↑ Bernd Jürgen Warneken: Popular culture: walking - protesting - telling - imagining. Böhlau, Vienna 2010, ISBN 3412205087 , p. 150
  54. ↑ Uwe Backes, Stéphane Courtois: A ghost haunts Europe: the legacy of communist ideologies. Böhlau, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3412150010 , p. 201
  55. ↑ Kızıl şafak (Turkish edition of " Red Morning "), Volume 35, Issues 1–12. G. Schneider, 2001, p. 24; Junge Welt: About the conference
  56. ↑ mm: Tens of thousands of people moved back to the graves of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg: With red flags and carnations to the memorial. In: berliner-zeitung.de. January 15, 1996, accessed January 20, 2018 .
  57. ^ Henryk M. Broder , Klaus Wiegrefe : The divine pink . In: Der Spiegel . No. 3 , 2000, pp. 60-66 ( Online - Jan. 17, 2000 ).
  58. ↑ PDS press service, January 14, 2000: Ban on the Liebknecht-Luxemburg honor on January 9 - chronology of a decision ( memento of February 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  59. ^ Andreas Bodden, Sozialistische Zeitung January 20, 2000: Review of the ban and the course of the demonstration in 2000
  60. ^ Anne Kaminsky: Places of remembrance. Memorial signs, memorials and museums on the dictatorship in the Soviet occupation zone and GDR. Christoph Links, 2007, ISBN 3861534436 , p. 72
  61. ↑ Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (April 2008): Commemoration of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht - a traditional element of German left-wing extremism ( Memento from February 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 164 kB); Numbers p. 8, quotation p. 11
  62. ^ Zoé Sona: Controversy about the better protest: Revolutionary opponents. In: taz.de . January 10, 2013, accessed January 20, 2018 .
  63. ↑ New Germany editorial office: The Carnation War (New Germany). In: neue-deutschland.de. January 10, 2013, accessed January 20, 2018 .