List of earthquakes in Turkey
This list of earthquakes in Turkey tops the list of major earthquakes that affected the area of what is now Turkey .
overview
Turkey is located in one of the most seismologically active regions of the world and has a long history of severe earthquakes. Most of the country lies on the Anatolian Plate , which borders the Eurasian Plate in the north, the Arabian Plate in the east, the African Plate in the south and the Aegean Microplate in the west . In the east of the country the fold and thrust belt of the Zagros forms the border between the northward pushing Arabian and Eurasian plates. The tectonic events in the country are dominated by forces that act at these plate boundaries .
The heaviest earthquakes in Turkey occur in the approximately 1,500-kilometer-long North Anatolian Fault Zone , a dextral transform fault that forms the boundary between the Anatolian and Eurasian plates. Severe earthquakes also occur in the approximately 550-kilometer-long East Anatolian fault zone , a sinistral transform fault on the border of the Anatolian and Arabian plates. In southern Turkey it meets the sinistral Dead Sea Transform Fault , the plate boundary between the African and the Arabian plate, which historically has repeatedly been responsible for devastating earthquakes in the area around today's city of Antakya . In the eastern Mediterranean, the African plate subducts in a north to north-easterly direction under the Anatolian plate at the Cyprus arch and under the Aegean plate at the Hellenic island arch . The Hellenic Arc pushes south, so that an extension regime prevails on the Aegean plate , which sometimes causes earthquakes in western Turkey. In the east of Turkey lies the earthquake-prone Bitlis-Zagros- Suture as part of the fold and thrust belt of the Zagros. In addition to these large tectonic structures, there are numerous other faults throughout the country.
In the 20th century, 111 earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.0 or higher occurred in Turkey . Earthquakes were responsible for around 76 percent of the 87,000 fatalities and 210,000 injuries caused by natural disasters in Turkey in the 20th century; Landslides contributed 10 percent and floods 9 percent. Thus, earthquakes are the most significant type of natural disaster threatening Turkey. As the buildings are less earthquake-proof than in California or Japan, earthquakes of the same intensity in Turkey cause significantly more deaths. Although increasingly stricter building regulations have been issued, many of the older houses do not comply with them. It is estimated that in 2009 around a third of the approximately 20 million residential buildings in Turkey were insufficiently resistant to tremors and would have to be reinforced or rebuilt. The World Bank estimates the average economic cost of earthquakes in Turkey at $ 100 million annually.
list
Explanations:
- Dead: The number is often not certain, especially in the case of quakes that occurred a long time ago.
- Coordinates: Are to be understood as approximate values in the event of an earthquake before the start of seismographic recording (approx. 1900).
- Intensity: Unless otherwise stated, the intensity on the Modified Mercalli scale is meant.
- Magnitudes:
- M W : moment magnitude
- M S : surface wave magnitude
- M L : local magnitude = Richter scale
- M: type of magnitude unknown
- k. A. = no information possible
Date (local time) | place | dead | annotation | Coordinates | Magnitude | intensity | receipt |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17 AD | Lydia | k. A. | Destruction of Sardis and twelve other cities in Lydia; according to Pliny, the greatest earthquake in living memory | 37 ° 51 ′ 0 ″ N , 27 ° 18 ′ 0 ″ E | k. A. | X | |
December 13, 115 | Antioch | 260,000 | Antioch earthquake 115 : Antioch and five other cities almost completely destroyed | 36 ° 6 ′ 0 ″ N , 36 ° 6 ′ 0 ″ E | 7.5 M S | XI | |
262 | Southwest Anatolia | k. A. | Tsunami; Damage in Asia Minor and Libya ; possibly the destruction in Ephesus at that time is related to the quake | 36 ° 36 ′ 0 ″ N , 30 ° 0 ′ 0 ″ E | k. A. | k. A. | |
342 | Antioch | 40,000 | Controversial date, but probably part of a larger series of earthquakes 341–343 in Asia Minor and Cyprus | 36 ° 12 ′ 0 ″ N , 36 ° 6 ′ 0 ″ E | k. A. | VII-VIII | |
September 458 | Antioch | 80,000 | 36 ° 12 ′ 0 ″ N , 36 ° 6 ′ 0 ″ E | k. A. | IX | ||
May 526 | Antioch | 250,000-300,000 | Antioch earthquake 526 | 36 ° 14 ′ 0 ″ N , 36 ° 7 ′ 0 ″ E | k. A. | X | |
557 | Constantinople | k. A. | Tsunami; The collapse of the dome of Hagia Sophia next year is attributed to damage from this quake | 40 ° 54 ′ 0 ″ N , 27 ° 36 ′ 0 ″ E | 7.0 M S | IX | |
587 | Antioch | 60,000 | According to different reports, the earthquake occurred in 588 | 36 ° 15 ′ 0 ″ N , 36 ° 6 ′ 0 ″ E | k. A. | IX | |
688 | Smyrna | 2,000-20,000 | 38 ° 24 '0 " N , 27 ° 12' 0" E | k. A. | IX | ||
January 858 | Yerevan | 12,000 | 40 ° 0 ′ 0 ″ N , 44 ° 36 ′ 0 ″ E | 5.2 M. | k. A. | ||
November 29, 1114 | Southeast Anatolia | k. A. | Strongest known earthquake on the East Anatolian Fault | 37 ° 30 ′ 0 ″ N , 37 ° 30 ′ 0 ″ E | ≥7.8 M. | k. A. | |
1268 | Erzincan | 15,000 | 39 ° 45 ′ 0 ″ N , 39 ° 30 ′ 0 ″ E | k. A. | IX | ||
1458 | Erzincan / Erzurum | 32,000 | 39 ° 54 ′ 0 ″ N , 40 ° 24 ′ 0 ″ E | k. A. | k. A. | ||
1482 | Erzincan / Erzurum | 30,000 | 39 ° 54 ′ 0 ″ N , 40 ° 24 ′ 0 ″ E | 7.5 M. | X | ||
September 10, 1509 | Istanbul | 1,000-13,000 | Istanbul earthquake in 1509 | 40 ° 54 ′ 0 ″ N , 28 ° 42 ′ 0 ″ E | 7.2 M S | VII | |
March 31, 1648 | Van | 2,000 | Attribution of victims and damage not confirmed, possibly referring to an earthquake of 1646 | 38 ° 18 ′ 0 ″ N , 43 ° 12 ′ 0 ″ E | 6.7 M. | k. A. | |
February 23, 1653 | Smyrna | 2,500 | Earthquake in Izmir 1653 | 38 ° 12 ′ 0 ″ N , 28 ° 12 ′ 0 ″ E | 7.5 M. | X | |
17th August 1668 | Northern Anatolia | k. A. | Quake in the North Anatolian fault zone | 41 ° 0 ′ 0 ″ N , 36 ° 0 ′ 0 ″ E | 8.1 M. | k. A. | |
July 10, 1688 | Smyrna | 15,000-20,000 | Earthquake in Izmir 1688 | 38 ° 24 ′ 0 ″ N , 26 ° 54 ′ 0 ″ E | 7.0 M S | X | |
May 22, 1766 | Istanbul | 4,000 | Istanbul earthquake in 1766 | 40 ° 48 ′ 0 ″ N , 29 ° 0 ′ 0 ″ E | 7.1 M S | X | |
September 5, 1822 | Antakya | 20,000 | Damage also in Aleppo and Cyprus | 36 ° 0 ′ 0 ″ N , 36 ° 0 ′ 0 ″ E | k. A. | XI | |
June 2, 1859 | Erzurum | 15,000 | 39 ° 54 ′ 0 ″ N , 41 ° 18 ′ 0 ″ E | 6.1 M. | k. A. | ||
April 3, 1881 | Chios | 7,866 | Several villages on the island were completely destroyed; numerous aftershocks | 38 ° 15 ′ 0 ″ N , 26 ° 15 ′ 0 ″ E | 7.3 M S | XI | |
October 15, 1883 | Smyrna / Ayvalık | 15,000 | Numerous houses along the coast collapsed | 38 ° 18 ′ 0 ″ N , 26 ° 12 ′ 0 ″ E | 7.3 M S | X | |
July 10, 1894 | Istanbul | 1,349 | Tsunami; the quake gave the impetus for the establishment of instrumental earthquake research in Turkey | 40 ° 36 ′ 0 ″ N , 28 ° 42 ′ 0 ″ E | 7.0 M W | X | |
August 9, 1912 | Şarköy | 3,000 | Damage in Istanbul , Edirne , Adapazarı , Bursa and other places | 40 ° 38 ′ 17 " N , 27 ° 1 ′ 23" E | 7.1 M W | VIII | |
October 3, 1914 | Burdur | 4,000 | 17,000 houses were destroyed by the earthquake and subsequent major fire | 37 ° 49 ′ 12 ″ N , 30 ° 16 ′ 12 ″ E | 7.0 M S | IX | |
May 6, 1930 | Iranian-Turkish border area | 2,514 | Due to a foreshock, many people were outdoors at the time of the main quake | 38 ° 9 ′ 0 ″ N , 44 ° 42 ′ 0 ″ E | 7.5 M S | k. A. | |
December 27, 1939 | Erzincan | 33,000 | Erzincan earthquake in 1939 | 39 ° 46 ′ 16 " N , 39 ° 34 ′ 37" E | 7.8 M W | XII | |
December 20, 1942 | Northern Anatolia | 1,000-3,000 | Quake near the North Anatolian fault zone | 40 ° 54 ′ 0 " N , 36 ° 30 ′ 0" E | 7.3 M S | X | |
November 26, 1943 | Northern Anatolia | 4,020 | Quake in the North Anatolian Fault Zone; 40,000 houses were destroyed | 41 ° 0 ′ 0 ″ N , 33 ° 42 ′ 0 ″ E | 7.6 M S | XI | |
February 1, 1944 | Northern Anatolia | 2,381-2,790 | Quake in the North Anatolian fault zone | 41 ° 24 ′ 0 ″ N , 32 ° 42 ′ 0 ″ E | 7.4 M S | X | |
March 18, 1953 | Yenice / Gönen | 1,070 | Yenice was destroyed, severe damage in Gönen and other places | 40 ° 10 ′ 30 " N , 27 ° 38 ′ 53" E | 7.3 M W | VIII | |
19th August 1966 | Varto | 2,529 | Quake near the intersection of the North Anatolian and the East Anatolian fault zone | 39 ° 10 '12 " N , 41 ° 33' 36" E | 6.8 M S | IX | |
March 28, 1970 | Gediz | 1,086 | Gediz earthquake in 1970 | 39 ° 5 ′ 53 " N , 29 ° 34 ′ 12" E | 6.9 MW | VII | |
May 22, 1971 | Bing oil | 1,000 | 38 ° 48 ′ 0 ″ N , 40 ° 30 ′ 0 ″ E | 6.7 MW | VIII | ||
6th September 1975 | Lice | 2,311-2,386 | Lice was almost completely destroyed; severe damage also in neighboring towns | 38 ° 28 '26 " N , 40 ° 43' 23" E | 6.7 M S | IX | |
November 24, 1976 | Iranian-Turkish border area | 3,840-5,000 | More than 50,000 people were left homeless | 39 ° 7 '12 " N , 44 ° 1' 48" E | 7.3 M S | X | |
October 30, 1983 | Northeast Anatolia | at least 1,342 | More than 25,000 people were left homeless | 40 ° 19 ′ 48 " N , 42 ° 11 ′ 13" E | 6.8 MW | IX | |
March 13, 1992 | Erzincan | 653 | More than 10,000 buildings in Erzincan were partially or completely destroyed, and more than 6,000 people were injured | 39 ° 43 ′ 12 ″ N , 39 ° 36 ′ 0 ″ E | 6.8 M S | VIII | |
August 17, 1999 | İzmit / Gölcük | 18,373 | Gölcük earthquake in 1999 | 40 ° 44 '53 " N , 29 ° 51' 50" E | 7.6 M W | IX | |
November 12, 1999 | Düzce | at least 894 | Almost 5000 injured | 40 ° 45 ′ 29 " N , 31 ° 9 ′ 40" E | 7.2 M W | IX | |
May 1, 2003 | Bing oil | 177 | More than 500 injured | 39 ° 0 ′ 25 ″ N , 40 ° 27 ′ 50 ″ E | 6.4 M W | IX | |
March 8, 2010 | Eastern Anatolia | 42-51 | About 100 injured | 38 ° 51 '50 " N , 39 ° 59" 10 " E | 6.1 M W | VII | |
October 23, 2011 | Van | 604 | Earthquake in Van 2011 | 38 ° 43 ′ 16 " N , 43 ° 30 ′ 29" E | 7.1 M W | IX | |
November 9, 2011 | Van | 40 | Aftershock of the 2011 Van earthquake | 38 ° 25 '44 " N , 43 ° 13' 44" E | 5.6 M W | VII | |
26th September 2019 | Istanbul | 1 | Istanbul earthquake 2019 | 40 ° 54 ′ 14 " N , 28 ° 9 ′ 0" E | 5.7 M W | VI | |
January 24, 2020 | Elazığ | 41 | Elazığ earthquake 2020 | 38 ° 25 '52 " N , 39 ° 3' 40" E | 6.8 MW | IX | |
February 23, 2020 | Iranian-Turkish border area | 10 | Earthquake in the Iranian-Turkish border region in 2020 | 38 ° 26 '49 " N , 44 ° 25' 1" E | 5.8 M W | VII | |
June 14, 2020 | Yedisu | 1 | 35 injured | 39 ° 22 ′ 34 " N , 40 ° 42 ′ 36" E | 5.9 M W | VII |
Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap
supporting documents
- ↑ Erdin Bozkurt: Neotectonics of Turkey - a synthesis. In: Geodinamica Acta. Volume 14, 2001, pp. 3-30, doi: 10.1080 / 09853111.2001.11432432 (English).
- ^ A b c Eugene Gurenko, Rodney Lester, Olivier Mahul, Serap Oguz Gonulal: Earthquake Insurance in Turkey. History of the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool. World Bank Publications, Washington, DC 2006, ISBN 978-0-8213-6583-0 , pp. 1–5 ( limited preview in Google Book Search; English).
- ↑ a b Oguz Gunes: Turkey's grand challenge: Disaster-proof building inventory within 20 years. In: Case Studies in Construction Materials. Volume 2, 2015, pp. 18-34, ISSN 2214-5095 , doi: 10.1016 / j.cscm.2014.12.003 (English).
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Izmir, Efes, Aydin, Manisa, Alasehir, Sart. NOAA , accessed July 15, 2020.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l For evidence of this quake, see the corresponding main article.
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Antakya (Antioch). NOAA, accessed July 15, 2020.
- ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: S Coasts; Libya. NOAA, accessed July 15, 2020.
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Antakya (Antioch). NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Antakya (Antioch). NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ↑ Mohamed Reda Sbeinati, Ryad Darawcheh, Mikhail Mouty: The Historical Earthquakes of Syria: An Analysis of Large and Moderate Earthquakes from 1365 BC to 1900 AD In: Annals of Geophysics. Volume 48, No. 3, June 2005, pp. 355–356, digital version (PDF; 5.5 MB) on earth-prints.org (English).
- ^ Informationi sul terremoto. INGV , accessed on July 17, 2020.
- ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Istanbul (Constantinople). NOAA, accessed July 15, 2020.
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Antakya (Antioch). NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Izmir. NOAA, accessed July 15, 2020.
- ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey; Armenia: Dvina. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ↑ Fatih Bulut, Marco Bohnhoff, Tuna Eken, Christoph Janssen, Tuğbay Kılıç, Georg Dresen: The East Anatolian Fault Zone: Seismotectonic setting and spatiotemporal characteristics of seismicity based on precise earthquake locations. In: Journal of Geophysical Research. Volume 117, number B07304. 2012, doi: 10.1029 / 2011JB008966 (English).
- ^ NN Ambraseys, JA Jackson: Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region. In: Geophysical Journal International. Volume 133, Issue 2, May 1998, pp. 390-406, doi: 10.1046 / j.1365-246X.1998.00508.x (English).
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Erzincan. NOAA, accessed July 15, 2020.
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Erzincan, Erzurum. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Erzincan, Erzurum. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ^ A b c D. Güney: Van earthquakes (23 October 2011 and 9 November 2011) and performance of masonry and adobe structures. In: Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. Volume 12/2012, pp. 3337-3342, doi: 10.5194 / nhess-12-3337-2012 (English).
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Van. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ↑ Cengiz Zabcı, Hüsnü Serdar Akyüz, Volkan Karabacak, Taylan Sançar, Erhan Altunel, Halil Gursoy, Orhan Tatar: Palaeoearthquakes on the Kelkit Valley Segment of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey: Implications for the Surface Rupture of the Historical 17 August 1668 Anatolian . In: Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. Volume 20, 2011, pp. 411-427, doi: 10.3906 / yer-0910-48 , digitized version (PDF; 5.46 MB) at tubitak.gov.tr (English).
- ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey. NOAA, accessed July 15, 2020.
- ^ NN Ambraseys, JA Jackson: Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500. In: Geophysical Journal International. Volume 141, Issue 3, June 2000, pp. F1-F6, doi: 10.1046 / j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x (English).
- ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey; Syria: Dimashq (Damascus), Halab; Cyprus. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Erzurum. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Greece: Khios; Turkey: Cesme. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
- ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Ayvalik, Izmir, Cesme. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
- ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey. NOAA, accessed July 20, 2020.
- ↑ Cenk Yaltırak, Murat Şahin: 10th of July, 1894 İstanbul Earthquake (Marmara Sea, Turkey) . April 2017 (English) bibcode : 2017EGUGA..1912465Y .
- ↑ Geoffrey CP King, Aurélia Hubert-Ferrari, Süleyman S. Nalbant, Bertrand Meyer, Rolando Armijoa, David Bowman: Coulomb interactions and the 17 August 1999 Izmit, Turkey earthquake. In: Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Series IIA. Volume 333, Issue 9, 2001, p. 564, digital version (PDF; 802 kB) on caltech.edu (English).
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Marmara Sea. NOAA, accessed July 20, 2020.
- ^ M 7.1 - western Turkey. USGS , accessed July 20, 2020.
- ↑ Murat Ersen Aksoy, Mustapha Meghraoui, Martin Vallée, Ziyadin Çakir: Rupture characteristics of the AD 1912 Murefte (Ganos) earthquake segment of the North Anatolian Fault (western Turkey). In: Geology. Volume 38, 2010, pp. 991-994, doi: 10.1130 / G31447.1 (English).
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Burdur, Kilinc, Keciborlu, Isparta. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
- ^ JS Tchalenko, M. Berberian: The Salmas (Iran) earthquake of May 6th, 1930. In: Annals of Geophysics. Volume 27, Issue 1-2, 1974, pp 151-212, doi: 10.4401 / ag-4919 (English).
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Iran: Salmas. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Niksar, Erbaa. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Ladik, Samsun, Havza. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
- ↑ Ayse Caglayan, Isik Veysel, Reza Saber: An Assessment of Holocene Seismic Activity on 1944 Earthquake Segment, North Anatolian Fault Zone (Turkey). In: Geosciences Journal. Volume 23, Issue 5, October 2019, pp. 805–822, doi: 10.1007 / s12303-018-0075-3 (English).
- ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
- ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Yenice, Onon. NOAA, accessed July 20, 2020.
- ↑ M 7.3 - western Turkey. USGS, accessed July 20, 2020.
- ↑ Şule Gürboğa: Source fault of 19 August 1966 Varto earthquake and its' mechanism: New field data, Eastern Turkey. In: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. Volume 111, 2015, ISSN 1367-9120 , pp. 792-803, doi: 10.1016 / j.jseaes.2015.07.015 (English).
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Gediz. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Bingol. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Lice. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ^ William A. Mitchell: Partial Recovery and Reconstruction after Disaster: The Lice Case. In: Mass Emergencies. Volume 2, 1977, pp. 233–247, digitized version ( memento of July 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ; PDF; 356 kB) massemergencies.org (English).
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Muradiye. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Erzurum, Kars, Khorasan, Pasinler, Narman. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ^ M 6.8 - eastern Turkey. USGS, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ↑ Helmut Grosser, Michael Baumbach, Hans Berckhemer, Bodo Baier, Ali Karahan, Holger Schelle, Frank Krüger, Arnulf Paulat, Gero W. Michel, Ramazan Demirtas, Sinan Genocoglu, Rüçhan Yilmaz: The Erzincan (Turkey) earthquake (MS = 6.8) of March 13, 1992 and its aftershock sequence. In: Pure and Applied Geophysics. Volume 152, Issue 3, 1998, pp. 465–505 doi: 10.1007 / s000240050163 , full text available at gfz-potsdam.de (English).
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Erzincan. NOAA, accessed July 15, 2020.
- ↑ Christian Buttkereit, Marion Sendker: 20 years after the catastrophe: Istanbul and the danger of earthquakes. In: deutschlandfunk.de . August 13, 2019, accessed July 10, 2020.
- ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Bolu-Duzce-Kaynasli, Adapazari, Zonguldak. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Bingol. NOAA, accessed August 2, 2020.
- ↑ M 6.4 - eastern Turkey. USGS, accessed August 2, 2020.
- ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Elazig Province: Okcular, Yukari Demirci. NOAA, accessed August 10, 2020.
- ^ M 6.1 - eastern Turkey. USGS, accessed August 10, 2020.
- ↑ Murat Sunkar: 8 Mart 2010 Kovancılar-Okçular (Elazığ) depremi; yapı malzemesi ve yapı tarzının can ve mal kayıpları üzerindeki etkisi. In: Türk Coğrafya Dergisi. 2014, pp. 23–37, ISSN 1302-5856 , digital version (PDF; 3.46 MB) on dergipark.org.tr (Turkish).
- ^ M 5.6 - eastern Turkey. USGS, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ↑ M 5.9 - 15 km ESE of Yedisu, Turkey. USGS, accessed July 17, 2020.
- ↑ Bingöl Karlıova'da 5.7 Büyüklüğündeki Deprem - 11 (Basin Bülteni). AFAD , June 17, 2020, accessed July 17, 2020 (Turkish).