List of earthquakes in Turkey

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This list of earthquakes in Turkey tops the list of major earthquakes that affected the area of ​​what is now Turkey .

overview

The main tectonic structures in the region
Epicenters of earthquakes in the period 1900-2017

Turkey is located in one of the most seismologically active regions of the world and has a long history of severe earthquakes. Most of the country lies on the Anatolian Plate , which borders the Eurasian Plate in the north, the Arabian Plate in the east, the African Plate in the south and the Aegean Microplate in the west . In the east of the country the fold and thrust belt of the Zagros forms the border between the northward pushing Arabian and Eurasian plates. The tectonic events in the country are dominated by forces that act at these plate boundaries .

The heaviest earthquakes in Turkey occur in the approximately 1,500-kilometer-long North Anatolian Fault Zone , a dextral transform fault that forms the boundary between the Anatolian and Eurasian plates. Severe earthquakes also occur in the approximately 550-kilometer-long East Anatolian fault zone , a sinistral transform fault on the border of the Anatolian and Arabian plates. In southern Turkey it meets the sinistral Dead Sea Transform Fault , the plate boundary between the African and the Arabian plate, which historically has repeatedly been responsible for devastating earthquakes in the area around today's city of Antakya . In the eastern Mediterranean, the African plate subducts in a north to north-easterly direction under the Anatolian plate at the Cyprus arch and under the Aegean plate at the Hellenic island arch . The Hellenic Arc pushes south, so that an extension regime prevails on the Aegean plate , which sometimes causes earthquakes in western Turkey. In the east of Turkey lies the earthquake-prone Bitlis-Zagros- Suture as part of the fold and thrust belt of the Zagros. In addition to these large tectonic structures, there are numerous other faults throughout the country.

In the 20th century, 111 earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.0 or higher occurred in Turkey . Earthquakes were responsible for around 76 percent of the 87,000 fatalities and 210,000 injuries caused by natural disasters in Turkey in the 20th century; Landslides contributed 10 percent and floods 9 percent. Thus, earthquakes are the most significant type of natural disaster threatening Turkey. As the buildings are less earthquake-proof than in California or Japan, earthquakes of the same intensity in Turkey cause significantly more deaths. Although increasingly stricter building regulations have been issued, many of the older houses do not comply with them. It is estimated that in 2009 around a third of the approximately 20 million residential buildings in Turkey were insufficiently resistant to tremors and would have to be reinforced or rebuilt. The World Bank estimates the average economic cost of earthquakes in Turkey at $ 100 million annually.

list

Explanations:

  • Dead: The number is often not certain, especially in the case of quakes that occurred a long time ago.
  • Coordinates: Are to be understood as approximate values ​​in the event of an earthquake before the start of seismographic recording (approx. 1900).
  • Intensity: Unless otherwise stated, the intensity on the Modified Mercalli scale is meant.
  • Magnitudes:
  • k. A. = no information possible
Date (local time) place dead annotation Coordinates Magnitude intensity receipt
17 AD Lydia k. A. Destruction of Sardis and twelve other cities in Lydia; according to Pliny, the greatest earthquake in living memory 37 ° 51 ′ 0 ″  N , 27 ° 18 ′ 0 ″  E k. A. X
December 13, 115 Antioch 260,000 Antioch earthquake 115 : Antioch and five other cities almost completely destroyed 36 ° 6 ′ 0 ″  N , 36 ° 6 ′ 0 ″  E 7.5 M S XI
262 Southwest Anatolia k. A. Tsunami; Damage in Asia Minor and Libya ; possibly the destruction in Ephesus at that time is related to the quake 36 ° 36 ′ 0 ″  N , 30 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  E k. A. k. A.
342 Antioch 40,000 Controversial date, but probably part of a larger series of earthquakes 341–343 in Asia Minor and Cyprus 36 ° 12 ′ 0 ″  N , 36 ° 6 ′ 0 ″  E k. A. VII-VIII
September 458 Antioch 80,000 36 ° 12 ′ 0 ″  N , 36 ° 6 ′ 0 ″  E k. A. IX
May 526 Antioch 250,000-300,000 Antioch earthquake 526 36 ° 14 ′ 0 ″  N , 36 ° 7 ′ 0 ″  E k. A. X
557 Constantinople k. A. Tsunami; The collapse of the dome of Hagia Sophia next year is attributed to damage from this quake 40 ° 54 ′ 0 ″  N , 27 ° 36 ′ 0 ″  E 7.0 M S IX
587 Antioch 60,000 According to different reports, the earthquake occurred in 588 36 ° 15 ′ 0 ″  N , 36 ° 6 ′ 0 ″  E k. A. IX
688 Smyrna 2,000-20,000 38 ° 24 '0 "  N , 27 ° 12' 0"  E k. A. IX
January 858 Yerevan 12,000 40 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  N , 44 ° 36 ′ 0 ″  E 5.2 M. k. A.
November 29, 1114 Southeast Anatolia k. A. Strongest known earthquake on the East Anatolian Fault 37 ° 30 ′ 0 ″  N , 37 ° 30 ′ 0 ″  E ≥7.8 M. k. A.
1268 Erzincan 15,000 39 ° 45 ′ 0 ″  N , 39 ° 30 ′ 0 ″  E k. A. IX
1458 Erzincan / Erzurum 32,000 39 ° 54 ′ 0 ″  N , 40 ° 24 ′ 0 ″  E k. A. k. A.
1482 Erzincan / Erzurum 30,000 39 ° 54 ′ 0 ″  N , 40 ° 24 ′ 0 ″  E 7.5 M. X
September 10, 1509 Istanbul 1,000-13,000 Istanbul earthquake in 1509 40 ° 54 ′ 0 ″  N , 28 ° 42 ′ 0 ″  E 7.2 M S VII
March 31, 1648 Van 2,000 Attribution of victims and damage not confirmed, possibly referring to an earthquake of 1646 38 ° 18 ′ 0 ″  N , 43 ° 12 ′ 0 ″  E 6.7 M. k. A.
February 23, 1653 Smyrna 2,500 Earthquake in Izmir 1653 38 ° 12 ′ 0 ″  N , 28 ° 12 ′ 0 ″  E 7.5 M. X
17th August 1668 Northern Anatolia k. A. Quake in the North Anatolian fault zone 41 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  N , 36 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  E 8.1 M. k. A.
July 10, 1688 Smyrna 15,000-20,000 Earthquake in Izmir 1688 38 ° 24 ′ 0 ″  N , 26 ° 54 ′ 0 ″  E 7.0 M S X
May 22, 1766 Istanbul 4,000 Istanbul earthquake in 1766 40 ° 48 ′ 0 ″  N , 29 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  E 7.1 M S X
September 5, 1822 Antakya 20,000 Damage also in Aleppo and Cyprus 36 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  N , 36 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  E k. A. XI
June 2, 1859 Erzurum 15,000 39 ° 54 ′ 0 ″  N , 41 ° 18 ′ 0 ″  E 6.1 M. k. A.
April 3, 1881 Chios 7,866 Several villages on the island were completely destroyed; numerous aftershocks 38 ° 15 ′ 0 ″  N , 26 ° 15 ′ 0 ″  E 7.3 M S XI
October 15, 1883 Smyrna / Ayvalık 15,000 Numerous houses along the coast collapsed 38 ° 18 ′ 0 ″  N , 26 ° 12 ′ 0 ″  E 7.3 M S X
July 10, 1894 Istanbul 1,349 Tsunami; the quake gave the impetus for the establishment of instrumental earthquake research in Turkey 40 ° 36 ′ 0 ″  N , 28 ° 42 ′ 0 ″  E 7.0 M W X
August 9, 1912 Şarköy 3,000 Damage in Istanbul , Edirne , Adapazarı , Bursa and other places 40 ° 38 ′ 17 "  N , 27 ° 1 ′ 23"  E 7.1 M W VIII
October 3, 1914 Burdur 4,000 17,000 houses were destroyed by the earthquake and subsequent major fire 37 ° 49 ′ 12 ″  N , 30 ° 16 ′ 12 ″  E 7.0 M S IX
May 6, 1930 Iranian-Turkish border area 2,514 Due to a foreshock, many people were outdoors at the time of the main quake 38 ° 9 ′ 0 ″  N , 44 ° 42 ′ 0 ″  E 7.5 M S k. A.
December 27, 1939 Erzincan 33,000 Erzincan earthquake in 1939 39 ° 46 ′ 16 "  N , 39 ° 34 ′ 37"  E 7.8 M W XII
December 20, 1942 Northern Anatolia 1,000-3,000 Quake near the North Anatolian fault zone 40 ° 54 ′ 0 "  N , 36 ° 30 ′ 0"  E 7.3 M S X
November 26, 1943 Northern Anatolia 4,020 Quake in the North Anatolian Fault Zone; 40,000 houses were destroyed 41 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  N , 33 ° 42 ′ 0 ″  E 7.6 M S XI
February 1, 1944 Northern Anatolia 2,381-2,790 Quake in the North Anatolian fault zone 41 ° 24 ′ 0 ″  N , 32 ° 42 ′ 0 ″  E 7.4 M S X
March 18, 1953 Yenice / Gönen 1,070 Yenice was destroyed, severe damage in Gönen and other places 40 ° 10 ′ 30 "  N , 27 ° 38 ′ 53"  E 7.3 M W VIII
19th August 1966 Varto 2,529 Quake near the intersection of the North Anatolian and the East Anatolian fault zone 39 ° 10 '12 "  N , 41 ° 33' 36"  E 6.8 M S IX
March 28, 1970 Gediz 1,086 Gediz earthquake in 1970 39 ° 5 ′ 53 "  N , 29 ° 34 ′ 12"  E 6.9 MW VII
May 22, 1971 Bing oil 1,000 38 ° 48 ′ 0 ″  N , 40 ° 30 ′ 0 ″  E 6.7 MW VIII
6th September 1975 Lice 2,311-2,386 Lice was almost completely destroyed; severe damage also in neighboring towns 38 ° 28 '26 "  N , 40 ° 43' 23"  E 6.7 M S IX
November 24, 1976 Iranian-Turkish border area 3,840-5,000 More than 50,000 people were left homeless 39 ° 7 '12 "  N , 44 ° 1' 48"  E 7.3 M S X
October 30, 1983 Northeast Anatolia at least 1,342 More than 25,000 people were left homeless 40 ° 19 ′ 48 "  N , 42 ° 11 ′ 13"  E 6.8 MW IX
March 13, 1992 Erzincan 653 More than 10,000 buildings in Erzincan were partially or completely destroyed, and more than 6,000 people were injured 39 ° 43 ′ 12 ″  N , 39 ° 36 ′ 0 ″  E 6.8 M S VIII
August 17, 1999 İzmit / Gölcük 18,373 Gölcük earthquake in 1999 40 ° 44 '53 "  N , 29 ° 51' 50"  E 7.6 M W IX
November 12, 1999 Düzce at least 894 Almost 5000 injured 40 ° 45 ′ 29 "  N , 31 ° 9 ′ 40"  E 7.2 M W IX
May 1, 2003 Bing oil 177 More than 500 injured 39 ° 0 ′ 25 ″  N , 40 ° 27 ′ 50 ″  E 6.4 M W IX
March 8, 2010 Eastern Anatolia 42-51 About 100 injured 38 ° 51 '50 "  N , 39 ° 59" 10 "  E 6.1 M W VII
October 23, 2011 Van 604 Earthquake in Van 2011 38 ° 43 ′ 16 "  N , 43 ° 30 ′ 29"  E 7.1 M W IX
November 9, 2011 Van 40 Aftershock of the 2011 Van earthquake 38 ° 25 '44 "  N , 43 ° 13' 44"  E 5.6 M W VII
26th September 2019 Istanbul 1 Istanbul earthquake 2019 40 ° 54 ′ 14 "  N , 28 ° 9 ′ 0"  E 5.7 M W VI
January 24, 2020 Elazığ 41 Elazığ earthquake 2020 38 ° 25 '52 "  N , 39 ° 3' 40"  E 6.8 MW IX
February 23, 2020 Iranian-Turkish border area 10 Earthquake in the Iranian-Turkish border region in 2020 38 ° 26 '49 "  N , 44 ° 25' 1"  E 5.8 M W VII
June 14, 2020 Yedisu 1 35 injured 39 ° 22 ′ 34 "  N , 40 ° 42 ′ 36"  E 5.9 M W VII

f1Georeferencing Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap

supporting documents

  1. ↑ Erdin Bozkurt: Neotectonics of Turkey - a synthesis. In: Geodinamica Acta. Volume 14, 2001, pp. 3-30, doi: 10.1080 / 09853111.2001.11432432 (English).
  2. ^ A b c Eugene Gurenko, Rodney Lester, Olivier Mahul, Serap Oguz Gonulal: Earthquake Insurance in Turkey. History of the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool. World Bank Publications, Washington, DC 2006, ISBN 978-0-8213-6583-0 , pp. 1–5 ( limited preview in Google Book Search; English).
  3. ↑ a b Oguz Gunes: Turkey's grand challenge: Disaster-proof building inventory within 20 years. In: Case Studies in Construction Materials. Volume 2, 2015, pp. 18-34, ISSN  2214-5095 , doi: 10.1016 / j.cscm.2014.12.003 (English).
  4. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Izmir, Efes, Aydin, Manisa, Alasehir, Sart. NOAA , accessed July 15, 2020.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l For evidence of this quake, see the corresponding main article.
  6. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Antakya (Antioch). NOAA, accessed July 15, 2020.
  7. ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: S Coasts; Libya. NOAA, accessed July 15, 2020.
  8. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Antakya (Antioch). NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
  9. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Antakya (Antioch). NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
  10. ↑ Mohamed Reda Sbeinati, Ryad Darawcheh, Mikhail Mouty: The Historical Earthquakes of Syria: An Analysis of Large and Moderate Earthquakes from 1365 BC to 1900 AD In: Annals of Geophysics. Volume 48, No. 3, June 2005, pp. 355–356, digital version (PDF; 5.5 MB) on earth-prints.org (English).
  11. ^ Informationi sul terremoto. INGV , accessed on July 17, 2020.
  12. ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Istanbul (Constantinople). NOAA, accessed July 15, 2020.
  13. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Antakya (Antioch). NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
  14. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Izmir. NOAA, accessed July 15, 2020.
  15. ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey; Armenia: Dvina. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
  16. ↑ Fatih Bulut, Marco Bohnhoff, Tuna Eken, Christoph Janssen, Tuğbay Kılıç, Georg Dresen: The East Anatolian Fault Zone: Seismotectonic setting and spatiotemporal characteristics of seismicity based on precise earthquake locations. In: Journal of Geophysical Research. Volume 117, number B07304. 2012, doi: 10.1029 / 2011JB008966 (English).
  17. ^ NN Ambraseys, JA Jackson: Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region. In: Geophysical Journal International. Volume 133, Issue 2, May 1998, pp. 390-406, doi: 10.1046 / j.1365-246X.1998.00508.x (English).
  18. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Erzincan. NOAA, accessed July 15, 2020.
  19. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Erzincan, Erzurum. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
  20. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Erzincan, Erzurum. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
  21. ^ A b c D. Güney: Van earthquakes (23 October 2011 and 9 November 2011) and performance of masonry and adobe structures. In: Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. Volume 12/2012, pp. 3337-3342, doi: 10.5194 / nhess-12-3337-2012 (English).
  22. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Van. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
  23. ↑ Cengiz Zabcı, Hüsnü Serdar Akyüz, Volkan Karabacak, Taylan Sançar, Erhan Altunel, Halil Gursoy, Orhan Tatar: Palaeoearthquakes on the Kelkit Valley Segment of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey: Implications for the Surface Rupture of the Historical 17 August 1668 Anatolian . In: Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. Volume 20, 2011, pp. 411-427, doi: 10.3906 / yer-0910-48 , digitized version (PDF; 5.46 MB) at tubitak.gov.tr ​​(English).
  24. ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey. NOAA, accessed July 15, 2020.
  25. ^ NN Ambraseys, JA Jackson: Seismicity of the Sea of ​​Marmara (Turkey) since 1500. In: Geophysical Journal International. Volume 141, Issue 3, June 2000, pp. F1-F6, doi: 10.1046 / j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x (English).
  26. ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey; Syria: Dimashq (Damascus), Halab; Cyprus. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
  27. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Erzurum. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
  28. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Greece: Khios; Turkey: Cesme. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
  29. ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Ayvalik, Izmir, Cesme. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
  30. ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey. NOAA, accessed July 20, 2020.
  31. ↑ Cenk Yaltırak, Murat Şahin: 10th of July, 1894 İstanbul Earthquake (Marmara Sea, Turkey) . April 2017 (English) bibcode : 2017EGUGA..1912465Y .
  32. ↑ Geoffrey CP King, Aurélia Hubert-Ferrari, Süleyman S. Nalbant, Bertrand Meyer, Rolando Armijoa, David Bowman: Coulomb interactions and the 17 August 1999 Izmit, Turkey earthquake. In: Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Series IIA. Volume 333, Issue 9, 2001, p. 564, digital version (PDF; 802 kB) on caltech.edu (English).
  33. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Marmara Sea. NOAA, accessed July 20, 2020.
  34. ^ M 7.1 - western Turkey. USGS , accessed July 20, 2020.
  35. ↑ Murat Ersen Aksoy, Mustapha Meghraoui, Martin Vallée, Ziyadin Çakir: Rupture characteristics of the AD 1912 Murefte (Ganos) earthquake segment of the North Anatolian Fault (western Turkey). In: Geology. Volume 38, 2010, pp. 991-994, doi: 10.1130 / G31447.1 (English).
  36. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Burdur, Kilinc, Keciborlu, Isparta. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
  37. ^ JS Tchalenko, M. Berberian: The Salmas (Iran) earthquake of May 6th, 1930. In: Annals of Geophysics. Volume 27, Issue 1-2, 1974, pp 151-212, doi: 10.4401 / ag-4919 (English).
  38. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Iran: Salmas. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
  39. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Niksar, Erbaa. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
  40. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Ladik, Samsun, Havza. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
  41. ↑ Ayse Caglayan, Isik Veysel, Reza Saber: An Assessment of Holocene Seismic Activity on 1944 Earthquake Segment, North Anatolian Fault Zone (Turkey). In: Geosciences Journal. Volume 23, Issue 5, October 2019, pp. 805–822, doi: 10.1007 / s12303-018-0075-3 (English).
  42. ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey. NOAA, accessed July 16, 2020.
  43. ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Yenice, Onon. NOAA, accessed July 20, 2020.
  44. ↑ M 7.3 - western Turkey. USGS, accessed July 20, 2020.
  45. ↑ Şule Gürboğa: Source fault of 19 August 1966 Varto earthquake and its' mechanism: New field data, Eastern Turkey. In: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. Volume 111, 2015, ISSN  1367-9120 , pp. 792-803, doi: 10.1016 / j.jseaes.2015.07.015 (English).
  46. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Gediz. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
  47. ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Bingol. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
  48. ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Lice. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
  49. ^ William A. Mitchell: Partial Recovery and Reconstruction after Disaster: The Lice Case. In: Mass Emergencies. Volume 2, 1977, pp. 233–247, digitized version ( memento of July 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ; PDF; 356 kB) massemergencies.org (English).
  50. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Muradiye. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
  51. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Erzurum, Kars, Khorasan, Pasinler, Narman. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
  52. ^ M 6.8 - eastern Turkey. USGS, accessed July 17, 2020.
  53. ↑ Helmut Grosser, Michael Baumbach, Hans Berckhemer, Bodo Baier, Ali Karahan, Holger Schelle, Frank Krüger, Arnulf Paulat, Gero W. Michel, Ramazan Demirtas, Sinan Genocoglu, Rüçhan Yilmaz: The Erzincan (Turkey) earthquake (MS = 6.8) of March 13, 1992 and its aftershock sequence. In: Pure and Applied Geophysics. Volume 152, Issue 3, 1998, pp. 465–505 doi: 10.1007 / s000240050163 , full text available at gfz-potsdam.de (English).
  54. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Erzincan. NOAA, accessed July 15, 2020.
  55. ↑ Christian Buttkereit, Marion Sendker: 20 years after the catastrophe: Istanbul and the danger of earthquakes. In: deutschlandfunk.de . August 13, 2019, accessed July 10, 2020.
  56. ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Bolu-Duzce-Kaynasli, Adapazari, Zonguldak. NOAA, accessed July 17, 2020.
  57. ^ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Bingol. NOAA, accessed August 2, 2020.
  58. ↑ M 6.4 - eastern Turkey. USGS, accessed August 2, 2020.
  59. ↑ Significant Earthquake: Turkey: Elazig Province: Okcular, Yukari Demirci. NOAA, accessed August 10, 2020.
  60. ^ M 6.1 - eastern Turkey. USGS, accessed August 10, 2020.
  61. ↑ Murat Sunkar: 8 Mart 2010 Kovancılar-Okçular (Elazığ) depremi; yapı malzemesi ve yapı tarzının can ve mal kayıpları üzerindeki etkisi. In: Türk Coğrafya Dergisi. 2014, pp. 23–37, ISSN  1302-5856 , digital version (PDF; 3.46 MB) on dergipark.org.tr (Turkish).
  62. ^ M 5.6 - eastern Turkey. USGS, accessed July 17, 2020.
  63. ↑ M 5.9 - 15 km ESE of Yedisu, Turkey. USGS, accessed July 17, 2020.
  64. ↑ Bingöl Karlıova'da 5.7 Büyüklüğündeki Deprem - 11 (Basin Bülteni). AFAD , June 17, 2020, accessed July 17, 2020 (Turkish).