Ludwig Stollwerck

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Ludwig Stollwerck 1918

Ludwig Philipp Albert Stollwerck (born January 22, 1857 in Cologne ; † March 12, 1922 there ) was a German entrepreneur . From 1883 to 1922 he managed the Stollwerck Gebr. Chocolate factory in Cologne. In addition to his entrepreneurial activity, Stollwerck was a promoter of new technologies; so he developed the first chocolate vending machine and organized the first film screenings in Germany.

Life

Origin and education

Chocolate bar by Stollwerck around 1890

Ludwig Stollwerck was born as the second youngest son of the Cologne chocolate producer Franz Stollwerck . He graduated from elementary school in Cologne, then from 1868 to 1873 the high school (Realgymnasium) in Hofmann's boarding school in St. Goarshausen, sometimes together with his younger brother Carl. Like his brothers, he was involved in the company's business at an early age. In 1873, at the age of 16, he joined the family business as an apprentice. He received the usual training for Franz Stollwerck's sons in his own company and at befriended companies at home and abroad "to learn the foreign language, to expand his horizons and to perfect his knowledge". One of his first tasks was to maintain and expand business relationships in France, England and the USA.

Entrepreneurial activity

On his trips abroad, he paid particular attention to foreign advertising and product strategies and later applied them to Stollwerck products. During his training with the Austrian businessman Franz Hartl in London, who had been selling Stollwerck products in England since the 1860s, he made contacts with William Lever (Lever Bros., later Unilever ), Gilbert Bartholomew (Diamond Match) and George Cadbury. In 1878 he was in London trading house Kuhner, Based Schell & Co. operates. In 1879 he was incorporated into the field service of the family business by his brother Albert Nikolaus, and in 1881 his brothers accepted him as a partner in the company. He was responsible for the company's advertising and appeared as a representative of the Stollwerck brothers at trade exhibitions . After the sudden death of Albert Nikolaus, the eldest of the Stollwerck brothers, in 1883, Ludwig Stollwerck took over sales for the chocolate factory.

Under Ludwig Stollwerck a worldwide branch network developed with numerous branches and new production facilities in Berlin (1886), Pressburg / Bratislava (1896), London (1903), Stamford (USA) (1905, expropriated 1918) and Kronstadt / Braşov in Transylvania (1922) ). Ludwig Stollwerck's most important principles for success included product quality, innovation and efficiency. In 1884 he won over the chemist Josef Cosack to found the first chemical laboratory in a chocolate factory. In the same year he learned from the customs authorities that they were unable to calculate the duties on the various components of chocolate. He then developed a calculation method together with his brother Peter-Joseph and applied for customs refunds for all Stollwerck export goods. In the further course of this customs reimbursement procedure, he built the “export factory” in Cologne's Rheinauhafen in 1888 . All export goods for which customs duties were reimbursed were produced here under customs supervision. This was pioneering work that he did not only for the chocolate industry.

In 1885, Stollwerck was the first large company to bring acorn cocoa to the market. This had been produced by pharmacists in varying compositions for decades as a remedy for digestive disorders in babies. In 1883, under the leadership of the Berlin chemist Hugo Michaelis (1852–1933), extensive investigations began in Berlin children's clinics. They showed that the tannic acid of acorns could safely stop diarrhea - and thus one of the main causes of death for the mass infantile deaths at the time. Dr. Michaelis' acorn cocoa was a very tasty mixture of cocoa, flour, sugar and roasted acorns. Stollwerck's competitors quickly followed suit, but the Cologne-based company was able to successfully maintain its market leadership.

Stollwerck machine "Merkur" from 1889

In 1886 Ludwig Stollwerck saw the first coin-operated machines during a trip to the USA and was fascinated by the idea of ​​having Stollwerck products sold through "automatic vending machines". Immediately after his return, he negotiated with the Hamburg branch of the London Automatic Machine Co. Ltd. on the manufacture of Stollwerck machines. The negotiations failed because they did not want to grant him a territorial monopoly. On May 25, 1887, he signed the oldest known contract with the Berlin company Max Höcker & Co. for the installation of the "Rhenania" vending machine .

Together with the engineer Max Sielaff from Berlin and the metalworker Theodor Bergmann from Gaggenau, Stollwerck then developed the “Merkur” vending machine, which was installed from 1889 and already contained the coin checking system patented by Max Sielaff and several goods chutes. The most powerful machine in the “Merkur” series later had 12 product slots, cost 495 marks and still contained a music box patented by Ludwig Stollwerck.

Ludwig Stollwerck's new form of distribution for chocolate and a large number of other products was the “automatism”. In 1893 there were already 15,000 machines in which Stollwerck chocolate was sold by "mute vendors". In 1890, 18 million bars of chocolate were sold in vending machines alone. In addition to chocolate production, Stollwerck secured a second entrepreneurial pillar with the establishment of the Deutsche Automatengesellschaft Stollwerck & Co. (DAG) in 1894. Ludwig Stollwerck had other machines developed through DAG for other products such as tickets , perfume or toilet paper . The first vending machine restaurants were also set up in Berlin by the DAG.

Stollwerck savings machine "Victoria" from 1905
Stollwerck House in Cologne, 1906
Stollwerck phonograph with "talking chocolate"
Stollwerck preferred share from 1907

Ludwig Stollwerck also performed pioneering work in other areas. In 1893 he first used the enamel sign in Germany for advertising purposes. He was fascinated by the possibility of creating a "weatherproof permanent poster" for outdoor advertising . He had the first “advertising posters using the icing process” produced by Schulze & Wehrmann in Elberfeld, the first industrial enameling plant for advertising signs in Germany. The enamel signs soon became an outstanding trademark of Stollwerck; the "Stollwerck Chocolade & Cacao" sign made in 1895 is now a sought-after collector's item.

At Stollwerck's instigation, the company was converted into a stock corporation in 1902 . All shares remained in the family until Ludwig Stollwerck's death. The Gebr. Stollwerck AG had assets of 19.6 million marks, of which 5.1 million marks, or 26.5% is classified as borrowing. From the private contract that the brothers concluded to found the joint stock company, it emerges that the investors were exclusively family members. In addition to bearer shares, preference shares were issued on July 17, 1902 (at 1,000 marks each; issue volume of 5 million marks ).

At that time, the company had 2085 employees and powered 762 production machines with steam engines with an output of 1700 hp. Stollwerck had around 28,000 customers for around 150 product groups with over 10,000 individual items.

Ludwig Stollwerck was appointed to the Royal Prussian Council of Commerce in the same year and prevailed within the company with his view of creating a staff of senior employees, contrary to "patriarchal-family egoistic views", and transferring responsibility to them in the management of the business. For the first time in the company's history, Ludwig Stollwerck appointed authorized signatories and developed a detailed restructuring plan. The reforms he had gotten to know from foreign business friends were a fundamental requirement for the new stock corporation. He introduced a new form of bookkeeping , which made it possible to analyze both goods and customers according to their significance in terms of income. Ludwig Stollwerck described this process, which he called the “card system”, which already at the turn of the century met a large number of the requirements of today's management information systems (MIS), as one of his greatest successes.

The index cards contained the key performance indicators of all departments of the company separated by goods and income groups and broken down over months, quarters and years. The management and all department heads received a statistical and accounting overview of the current business development as a basis for decision-making in daily activities. Ludwig Stollwerck's card system caused a sensation in the business world and he received numerous executives from large companies who wanted to find out more about this card system.

As a result of the rapid growth in the vending machine business, branches were opened in Amsterdam and Brussels. The expansion of the French business led to a branch in Paris. Subsidiaries in England, Belgium and Austria-Hungary followed. The branches in neighboring countries were supplied from the Cologne export factory. When the export to England was becoming uneconomical due to constantly increasing tariffs, Ludwig Stollwerck decided in 1903 to found the English factory Stollwerck Brothers Ltd. in London's Nile Street. The factory quickly grew to 400 employees, but could never meet the expectations. The main reason was the relatively large price differences to the competitors, which resulted from the high quality and purity requirements of the Stollwerck products. While Stollwerck z. B. only used first-class but expensive cocoa butter , the competitors mixed in cheap mutton fat. High-turnover products such as Stollwerck liqueur sweets were later banned in England. When the British government lowered the high tariffs on raw materials at the beginning of the First World War, the Stollwerck brothers decided in 1914 to close the British factory.

With the publication of the Stollwerck collection pictures for the scrapbook No. 7 in 1904, Ludwig Stollwerck caused a new sensation, because the pictures were the first printed “natural color photographs” in Adolf Miethe's new three-color system . The scrapbook is considered to be the first book published with full color photos in Germany, and probably the first in Europe.

In the same year Ludwig Stollwerck made another pioneering act together with the sparkling wine manufacturer Otto Henkell . Both wanted to do a joint advertisement in Germany for the first time . Since many experts turned up their noses at this idea, they organized a competition for designs "of illustrations for the purpose of propaganda for their products, chocolate and cocoa or champagne". A 1st prize at 2,000 marks, two 2nd prizes at 1,000 marks each, six 3rd prizes at 500 marks each and fifteen 4th prizes at 200 marks each were exposed. The judges included a. used: Emil Doepler d. J., Woldemar Friedrich and Bruno Schmitz from Berlin, Claus Meyer from Düsseldorf, Raffael Schuster-Woldan from Munich, Franz Skarbina from Berlin and Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Büxenstein from Berlin. The advertising campaign, which was based on the award-winning designs by well-known artists, ran for several years and was a great success for both companies. Representing the participating artists are the painters from the Worpswede artist colony, Otto Modersohn , Carl Vinnen and Heinrich Vogeler .

Ludwig Stollwerck maintained contacts with numerous scientists and industrialists. He promoted Ferdinand Braun's work on the wireless telegraphy , the British entrepreneur helped William Hesketh Lever in founding the Sunlicht soap factory AG in Mannheim (a precursor of Unilever -Konzerns) and developed together with Thomas Edison records from chocolate to toys gramophones played could be, the so-called " talking chocolate ". In 1895 he founded the German Edison Phonograph Society in Cologne together with Thomas Edison .

In 1905 he brought the savings machine “Victoria” onto the market, an object that is now coveted by collectors. The child should be educated to save by inserting a coin and being “rewarded with a chocolate bar”. It was produced in three sizes of 36 cm, 27 cm and 20 cm in height, had a double or three-slot mechanism with two or three money slots and beautiful prints with scenes from Hansel and Gretel , Little Red Riding Hood and the Wolf and other fairy tales. The manufacturer was Friedrich Anton Reiche (1845–1913). The “Victoria” economy machine was produced for international markets with English, French, German and Dutch lettering.

In 1906 he and his brothers opened the Stollwerck House designed by the architect Carl Moritz in Cologne's Hohe Strasse. The brothers founded Hausrenten AG in 1904 to finance the planning and construction of this magnificent office building . Chocolate production behind the shop windows on the ground floor soon became a favorite sightseeing and excursion destination in Cologne. In the same year Ludwig's older brother Peter Joseph Stollwerck died.

In 1907 the house banks forced Ludwig Stollwerck to issue new preference shares worth 7 million marks, as financing the rapid growth of Stollwerck AG had become too risky for them. In the same year Ludwig Stollwerck co-founded the Kakao -kauf-Gesellschaft mbH (KEG) in Hamburg, which was supposed to put a stop to commodity speculators and seek direct purchases from overseas growers.

In 1908, Kaiser Wilhelm II awarded Ludwig Stollwerck the honorary title of Kommerzienrat . Out of gratitude and in admiration for the emperor, Stollwerck is said to have given him a sketchbook by Adolph Menzel with drawings of the soldiers of Frederick the Great's army , which he had acquired in 1902 for the sum of 100,000 marks.

In 1909 Ludwig Stollwerck closed the export factory built in Cologne's Rheinauhafen in 1888. The annual report said: “Our years of efforts to obtain certain tariff reductions from the Reich government, namely duty-free imports of American corn syrups, have unfortunately been unsuccessful and as a result, competition between this Cologne factory department and English sugar confectionery manufacturers, who have all the advantages of free trade, is impossible is. "

In 1910 Ludwig Stollwerck was made a Knight of the Order of the Holy Grave . This was done in recognition of his achievements in building the Church of St. Paul on Vorgebirgstraße, at the corner of Sachsenring, in today's Cologne city center (Neustadt-Süd). He was one of the main initiators of the new building and invested large amounts of his own in the interior design.

In 1911 Ludwig Stollwerck co-founded the Autosales Gum and Chocolate Co. in the USA, which continued the DAG vending machine business in the USA. In this company, 18 leading US companies came together to promote the vending machine business in the US. After the merger, the company had more than 200,000 vending machines in the USA, the stocking of which was supplied by the shareholders. This was preceded by disputes with his nephew Adalbert Nikolaus, son of his brother Heinrich, who, after many intrigues, was able to enforce that John Volkmann (1855–1928), the inventor of numerous Stollwerck machines, had to retire, who was highly deserved for the position of Stollwerck in the USA . Volkmann then gave up his company Volkmann, Stollwerck & Co. and returned to Germany as a multimillionaire.

In 1912 Ludwig broke new ground again with his advertising campaigns. For the first time after Stollwerck outdoor advertising he used a zeppelin with Stollwerck advertising on trams, motor vehicles, in train stations, on facades and shops . In the same year Stollwerck had a workforce of over 5,600 and publicly claimed to be "the largest chocolate, cocoa and sugar confectionery company in the world".

In 1913, Ludwig Stollwerck paid out all non-company investors to Deutsche Automaten Gesellschaft Stollwerck & Co. (DAG) from the profits of previous years and took over 100% of DAG's capital with Stollwerck AG. The mobilization at the beginning of the First World War meant that the factories were increasingly short of workers, while the demand for cocoa and chocolate increased. Sugar was rationed, the cocoa trade almost completely collapsed, and exports came to a standstill due to an export ban on chocolate. In 1914, Ludwig Stollwerck posted a net profit of 1.9 million marks in Stollwerck AG despite the beginning of the First World War as a result of the drastic increase in sales of chocolate and cocoa to military provisions and hospital administrations.

In 1915 his brother Heinrich Stollwerck died as a result of the explosion of a fondant kettle. Stollwerck then appointed non-family employees to the board for the first time in order to ensure the continued management of the company. In 1916, the sea ​​blockades and export bans against Germany had their first effects, which were exacerbated by poor harvests . At the end of 1916 Ludwig Stollwerck had to stop the production of all chocolate products except for the “Gold” brand because no more raw materials were available. The branch plants in Pressburg, Vienna and Budapest also had to cut production.

In 1917 he became a co-founder of the War Cocoa Society , which was supposed to secure the supplies of raw materials hindered by the economic blockade. The Berlin factory had to be temporarily shut down after a sustained reduction in production due to a lack of raw materials and layoffs of employees. In the same year Ludwig Stollwerck temporarily stopped the production of collector's pictures and scrapbooks in order to reduce costs and because the necessary raw materials turpentine and paints were not available or only at overpriced. A short time later, the production of posters, signs made of glass and enamel as well as all outdoor advertising for buildings and vehicles was also discontinued. In total, he was able to reduce sales and administration costs by almost a million marks.

In 1918 the London branch factory had to be closed due to the war, the US branch in Stamford was completely lost after the USA entered the war. The British companies and institutions that had emerged from the “automatism” were also lost. With the Trading of the Enemy Act , the US subsidiary was placed under the management of the newly appointed Alian Property Custodian in Washington and an official administrator was placed on the board. In the same year, the shares in the Stamford plant were foreclosed and the proceeds were credited to the US state.

In 1919 Ludwig Stollwerck's wife Maria, geb. Schlagloth, and his health was increasingly affected by cardiovascular problems. In his strategy paper A Notable Consideration , he listed numerous weak points where Stollwerck was at a competitive disadvantage. Rationalization became a catchphrase in the company. The banks created unexpected problems. They called for guarantees for loans taken out in neutral countries to be converted into additional loans . Instead of helping the long-standing business partner by taking on risks by means of additional guarantees, these were now in loans, i.e. H. Income converted to relatively high interest. Inevitably, under pressure from the banks, the share capital had to be increased by ten million ordinary shares to cover these new compulsory liabilities.

In 1920 Ludwig Stollwerck withdrew from the management and placed it in the hands of his brother Karl, his sons Fritz and Paul, his nephews Gustav and Franz and the directors Eppler, Harnisch and Trimborn.

Promoter of film art

Ludwig Stollwerck's interest in all kinds of machines also extended to the entertainment sector, such as fortune-telling and electrifying machines . In 1892 he participated financially in an invention by Georges Démény for the reproduction of moving images. Déménys Phonoscope was shown at the Exposition Internationale de Photographie in Paris , but was not a success.

When Edison presented the Kinetoskop , a coin-operated film viewing device, two years later , an intensive exchange between Stollwerck and Edison began. In April 1895, Stollwercks Deutsche Automatengesellschaft became a co-partner of the German-Austrian Edison Kinetoscope Society , which organized the sale of the kinetoscopes in German-speaking countries. On March 1, 1895, Stollwerck organized the first presentation of the Kinetoscope in Berlin and thus the first commercial film screening in Germany.

Since the business did not prove to be particularly profitable, Stollwerck sponsored the British engineer Birt Acres , who had constructed his own film camera and developed a concept for projecting films . It is thanks to Stollwerck's initiative that Acres recorded the opening ceremony of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal in Kiel with his camera on June 21, 1895 . The film Opening of the Kiel Canal is one of the oldest film recordings in Germany.

However, Stollwerck did not market Acres' films. Instead, he secured the marketing rights for the cinematograph of brothers Lumiere , after seeing a demonstration in London in March 1896th Stollwerck was convinced that one could earn money with this invention "without risk and almost without work". On April 16, 1896, the first private screening took place in the people's kitchen of the Stollwerck company, four days later the first commercial screening of the Cinématographe in Germany took place in a hall rented by the DAG. After the great success of the first demonstrations in Cologne, Stollwerck commissioned the camera operator Charles Moisson from the Société Lumière to produce his own views of the city of Cologne. At Pentecost, film recordings from Cologne were shown for the first time with Am Kölner Dom after the main church service , the arrival of a train and the end of the working day of a Cologne factory recorded at the gates of the Stollwerck chocolate factory .

In the months that followed, the DAG arranged for performances throughout the German Reich, and by the end of 1896 more than 1.4 million people had seen the live pictures. Stollwerck's turnover from the film screenings was half as much as from the sale of chocolate in the same period, but due to the high license fees, the performances did not achieve the expected high profit.

In early 1897 Ludwig Stollwerck dissolved the contract with the Société Lumière again. Instead, he teamed up with the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company and founded the Deutsche Mutoskop und Biographgesellschaft , which from then on endeavored to establish the art of film in Germany. In 1906, the DAG founded the Biographical Institute, one of the first movie theaters in Germany.

literature

  • Manfred Bachmann, Monika Tinhofer: Easter bunny, Nikolaus and Zeppelin. Chocolate shapes in the mirror of old pattern books. History of the Reiche family. Husum Verlag, 1998.
  • Tanja Bettge: The advertising strategy of the Stollwerck brothers AG in the First World War. In: Geschichte in Köln , issue 12/2008.
  • This: through quality to success? Corporate development of the Stollwerck brothers AG in times of war and crisis 1914 to 1922/23. Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn 2007.
  • Angelika Epple: The Stollwerck company. A micro-history of globalization. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2010, ISBN 978-3-593-39159-5 .
  • Simon Fahl: Ludwig Stollwerck. Strategic decisions and entrepreneurial success 1883–1922. Cologne 2008.
  • Gerald D. Feldman : Thunder from Arosa. Karl Kimmich and the Reconstruction of the Stollwerck Company 1930-1932. University of California, Berkeley 1997.
  • Thomas Großbölting : In the realm of work. The representation of social order in the German industrial and trade exhibitions 1790–1914. Oldenbourg / Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-486-58128-7 , p. 230.
  • Antje Hagen: German Direct Investment in Great Britain 1871–1918. Franz Steiner, 1997.
  • Vera Hierholzer: Strategies of the early food industry using the example of Stollwerck. In: Gründerzeit 1848–1871. German Historical Museum, Berlin 2007.
  • Hans-Josef Joest: 150 years of Stollwerck. The adventure of a global brand. Cologne 1989.
  • Bruno Kuske: 100 Years of Stollwerck History 1839–1939. Cologne 1939.
  • Gustav Lute: Ludwig Stollwerck. In: Rheinisch-Westfälische Wirtschaftsbiographien, Volume V. Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Münster (Westphalia) 1953, pp. 102–121. (also proven as a special print)
  • Martin Loiperdinger : Film & Chocolate. Stollwerck's business with living images. Stroemfeld / Roter Stern, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-87877-764-7 .
  • Detlef Lorenz: Advertising art around 1900. Artist lexicon for collecting pictures. Reimer, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-496-01220-X .
  • Hans P. Mollenhauer: From grandma’s kitchen to prepackaged. From the nursery of the food industry. Casmir Katz, Gernsbach 1988.
  • Gabriele Oepen-Domschky: Cologne economic citizen in the German Empire. Eugen Langen, Ludwig Stollwerck, Arnold von Guilleaume and Simon Alfred von Oppenheim. Rheinisch-Westfälisches Wirtschaftsarchiv Foundation, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-933025-38-9 .
  • Gustav Pohle: Problems from the life of a large industrial company. Dissertation, 1905.
  • G. Stoffers: The industrial and commercial exhibition for Rhineland, Westphalia and neighboring districts combined with a German national art exhibition in Düsseldorf 1902.
  • Sophia Fürstin Sulkowska-Stollwerck: Life and work of the Kommerzienrat Heinrich Stollwerck. Cologne 1939.
  • Michael Weisser: German advertising. 100 years of advertising 1870–1970. A contribution to art and cultural history. 1985, ISBN 3-922804-11-X .

Other sources

  • Franz Stollwerck, the big German chocolate manufacturer. In: Der Ansporn of February 21, 1934.
  • Founder of the sweet industry. For the 100th birthday of the Kgl. Prussian Commerce Councilor Ludwig Stollwerck. In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger from January 19, 1957.
  • The German chocolate industry at the Brussels international competition. In: Kölnische Illustrierte Zeitung , No. 2371 of December 8, 1888.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gustav Laute: Biography Ludwig Stollwerck. 1950.
  2. ↑ Bruno Kuske: 100 Years of Stollwerck History 1839-1939. Cologne 1939.
  3. ↑ https://uwe-spiekermann.com/2019/03/25/mittel-gegen-den-massentod-zur-geschichte-des-eichelkakaos/
  4. ^ Museum Rheinzabern: Special exhibition "Well packed", May to September 2002.
  5. ↑ Bernardo Friese: The story of Max and Johanna Sielaff. Company history, excerpts from newspaper reports at http://maxsielaff.de/
  6. ↑ Wolfgang König: History of the consumer society. Steiner, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-515-07650-6 , p. 174.
  7. ↑ Gustav Pohle: Problems from the life of a large industrial company. Dissertation, 1905.
  8. ^ Gustav Laute: Biography Ludwig Stollwerck. In: Rheinisch-Westfälische Wirtschaftsbiographien. Aschendorffsche Verlagbuchhandlung, Münster 1950.
  9. ^ Antje Hagen: German direct investments in Great Britain 1871-1918. Franz Steiner Verlag, 1997.
  10. ↑ From Germany's districts. (= Stollwerck scrapbook , No. 7.) Gebr. Stollwerck, Berlin / Pressburg / New York 1904.
  11. ^ Karl Hoffacker : ... In: Kunstgewerbeblatt , 15th year, Leipzig 1904, s. #.
  12. ^ Mira Wilkins: The history of foreign investment in the United States to 1914. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0-674-39666-9 , p. 342.
  13. ^ Frank Hoffmann: Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound. Routledge, New York 2005, ISBN 978-0-415-93835-8 , p. 1074.
  14. ↑ The Phonograph: Edison's Wonder. Retrieved March 22, 2020 .
  15. ↑ Technology Review: Thomas A. Edison: "It was a mistake to insist on direct current". Retrieved March 22, 2020 .
  16. ↑ http://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/persoenitäten/S/Seiten/LudwigStollwerck.aspx
  17. ^ Mira Wilkins: The history of foreign investment in the United States to 1914. Harvard Studies, 1989, ISBN 0-674-39666-9 .
  18. ^ Slot machine trust. In: New York Times, April 2, 1911.
  19. ^ Advertisement in the Kölnische Zeitung of January 29, 1912.
  20. ↑ Stollwerck Archive, RWWA, 208-149-6.
  21. ↑ a b Martin Loiperdinger: The beginnings of the film. In: Joachim-Felix Leonhard (Ed.): Media Studies. De Gruyter, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-11-016326-8 , p. 1164.
  22. ↑ Uli Jung, Martin Loiperdinger (ed.): History of documentary film in Germany. Volume 1: Empire (1895-1918). Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-15-030031-2 , p. 68.
  23. ↑ Uli Jung, Martin Loiperdinger (ed.): History of documentary film in Germany. Volume 1: Empire (1895-1918). Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-15-030031-2 , p. 46.
  24. ↑ Uli Jung, Martin Loiperdinger (ed.): History of documentary film in Germany. Volume 1: Empire (1895-1918). Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-15-030031-2 , p. 59.
  25. ↑ Martin Loiperdinger: The beginnings of the film. In: Joachim-Felix Leonhard (Ed.): Media Studies. De Gruyter, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-11-016326-8 , p. 1165.
personal data
SURNAME Stollwerck, Ludwig
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Stollwerck, Ludwig Philipp Albert (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German entrepreneur and promoter of film art
DATE OF BIRTH January 22, 1857
PLACE OF BIRTH Cologne
DATE OF DEATH March 12, 1922
Place of death Cologne