Schorfheide
The Schorfheide (also known as the Große Heide ) is a predominantly closed forest area in the north of the state of Brandenburg . It extends over parts of the districts of Barnim , Oberhavel and Uckermark . Their largest settlements are Joachimsthal and Groß Schönebeck . For centuries, the Schorfheide was of particular importance as a hunting area - for Prussian kings and German heads of state , among others - and was therefore spared major clearing . It has been partially included in the Schorfheide-Chorin Biosphere Reserve since 1990 .
geography
The area of the Schorfheide is not precisely defined. The understanding of which areas belong to the Schorfheide has changed over time. Originally, probably only a narrow wet meadow area west of the Werbellinsee was called Schorfheide. It stretched from Wildau to the height of the later Hubertusstock hunting lodge . From the middle of the 19th century, this area was called "Engere Schorfheide".
As a result of the activities of the Prussian Royal Court Hunting Office, which was founded in 1821, the term Schorfheide expanded to include the entire royal hunting area around the Werbellinsee. This courtyard hunting enclosure initially comprised the head forester's offices in Groß Schönebeck, Grimnitz and Pechteich . The Reiersdorf chief forestry and parts of the Zehdenick chief forestry department were added later. When the Royal Court Hunting Office was dissolved in 1919, the Schorfheide hunting reserve covered an area of 401.71 km².
At present, the term Schorfheide is used to describe the contiguous forest area that is roughly between the villages of Vietmannsdorf , Gollin , Ringenwalde and Glambeck in the north, the federal motorway 11 and the villages of Golzow and Werbellin in the east, and the Oder-Havel Canal in the south as well the Havel extends to the west.
According to the handbook of the natural spatial structure of Germany, the Schorfheide forest area essentially belongs to the natural spatial main unit Schorfheide with Templiner and Britzer Platte , a southern branch of the Mecklenburg Lake District . In this natural area, flat, undulating sand with a height of 50 to 70 m prevails , from which ground moraine plates rise in the north and south . It is criss-crossed by inland dune fields and glacial lake channels (e.g. Großdöllner See , Großer Gollinsee , Werbellinsee).
The natural forest communities of the Schorfheide are predominantly the pine - sessile oak forest and, on smaller areas, the pine forest. In the west towards the Havel lowlands there are common oaks - birch forest with pines and linden trees . In the immediate vicinity of the Werbellinsee there is a mixed oak forest with dry grass .
history
Finds from the Ice Age are not yet known for the Schorfheid region. The Germanic tribes originally settled here migrated to the south around AD 600. The area is settled by Slavs, the first written mention of the Ukranians is known from 934. The Ukranen settled east of today's Schorfheide, the Redarians north and Rezanen west. The area was then called "Ukerschewolt". Between 1547 and 1720, 109 “ordinances, edicts, patents, declarations and ordinances on the proper handling of Jagdt, Forst, Holtz and mast things” were issued in today's Schorfheide.
From the 13th century, documentary mentions of the forest area pile up, it was called "Große Heide", "Große Werbellinsche Heide", "Grosse Werbellin Heyde", "Magna merica Werbelin", "Kienheide", "Eichheide", "Hasenheide" or listed similarly. The designations were never uniform and were coined by the authors as they saw fit and local language usage. The word "forest" was hardly used until the 19th century. The north and east German forest complexes are still more commonly referred to as ~ heather, in the west and south ~ forest is more common. Margrave Johann confirmed to the city of Biesenthal in a deed on December 24, 1315: In addition, they should have free use of grass and pigs and the use of storage wood in the large heath of Werbellin ... Elector Friedrich der Eiserne described the forest area in 1447 as “vnser groszen heyde, dy werbelinsche called heyde “. Elector Joachim I designated the area on May 9, 1501 as "Schonenbeckischen heiden". In 1592 a wild fence from the Havel to the Oder is mentioned for the first time, in this document by Nicolaus Leutinger the name "Grimnitzsche Heide" is mentioned.
In the Privilegio of Joachimsthal the residents were allowed to keep as many cattle and drive them into the forest as they could feed with their own fodder over the winter, but keeping sheep and goats was not permitted. From around 1700 onwards, sheep were also allowed to be kept, but on the condition that they “do no harm to the royal wilderness”.
The name "Schorff Heyde" is first mentioned as a forest place in 1713, when a large oak culture was established here. The names Schorfheide and Mörderberge were already included in the first district map from 1767.
Most of the oaks were later cleared for the construction of gun mounts, but the forest was repeatedly reforested.
The origin of the name "Schorfheide" is unclear:
“There are several versions of the explanation of the name 'Schorfheide'. The first says that Schorfheide is derived from the North German word 'schoof', which means something like sheep. The surrounding villages had long grazed their sheep on the heather. In the course of the sound shift, an 'r' was inserted. 'Schoofheide' became Schorfheide. Since the Schorfheide originally had a large number of oaks, and digging or digging - collecting oaks - means, this could be the second variant. Other historians attribute the name to the 'untouched heath'. Perhaps, however, Schorfheide will also have to be linked to a cut, to bring folds in the terrain. In the Rhenish-speaking area, the word scab is used for these terms in some field and field names. As a last possibility, it should be pointed out that 'scab' can also mean 'rough bark'; and the term Schorfheide refers to the desolate bare spots that are undoubtedly to be found in the heather. "
This variety of interpretations can be limited: According to a name research, the name, which is likely to have originated according to the settlement of the area under Dutch or Westphalian influence, probably refers to the originally scrubby vegetation and probably also to the unevenness of the terrain. Previous interpretations such as the derivation of the word scab from sheep (Schoof) or from digging with the meaning of collecting acorns are likely to be far less likely.
During the German Empire , the Schorfheide served in particular as a hunting ground for Kaiser Wilhelm II (see Hubertusstock hunting lodge ). During the time of National Socialism , Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring maintained his extensive country estate Carinhall in the Schorfheide . At the time of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), parts of the Schorfheide were closed as a state hunting area and were used by Erich Honecker ( Wildfang hunting lodge ) and Günter Mittag ( Schluft hunting lodge ) as a hunting area.
literature
- Frauke Gränitz, Luise Grundmann on behalf of the Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography Leipzig and Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig (ed.): Around Eberswalde, Chorin and the Werbellinsee. A geographical inventory in the area of Eberswalde, Hohenfinow and Joachimsthal (= landscapes in Germany. Values of the German homeland . Volume 64). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-412-02401-5 .
Web links
- Literature by and about Schorfheide in the catalog of the German National Library
- Review of bigwigs on the prowl (Helmut Suter) by Ralf Husemann Süddeutsche Zeitung from May 19, 2018
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Helmut Suter: The hunting ground of the kings. The Schorfheide from 1820 to Halali in 1918 . Be.bra, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-89809-113-8 , pp. 12-14 .
- ↑ a b Bruno Benthien : 756–758 Schorfheide with Templiner and Britzer plate . In: Emil Meynen , Josef Schmithüsen (Hrsg.): Handbook of the natural spatial structure of Germany . tape 2 (delivery 7). Federal Institute for Regional Studies and Spatial Research, Bad Godesberg 1961, DNB 451803167 , p. 1083-1084 .
- ^ Leonhard Resch , Horst Mildner : Schorfheide between gloss and derailment. KIRO-Verlag, Schwedt 1997, ISBN 3-929220-52-0 , p. 33.
- ↑ a b c Werner Ebert et al.: Nature and history of the Schorfheide (= discoveries along the Märkische Eiszeitstraße. H. 6, ISSN 0340-3718 ). Society for Research and Promotion of the Märkische Eiszeitstraße e. V., Eberswalde 2001, DNB 963517805 .
- ^ Confirmation of the Privilegio of Joachimsthal by Elector Friedrich Wilhelm, after Hans Preuß, Horst Hering: In der Schorfheide - Wanderings between Havel and Grimnitzsee. 3. Edition. F. A. Brockhaus Verlag, Leipzig 1975, p. 14 f.
- ↑ Jürgen Kunze: "Schorfheide" and related names. Explorations into an enigmatic word. Lit Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-8258-0007-9 , pp. 62–66 and 148–154.
- ↑ Patrick: Jagdhaus Wildfang - Erich Honecker's hunting lodge in the Schorfheide. In : estag-in-brandenburg.de. 2014, accessed September 16, 2017.
Coordinates: 52 ° 59 ′ N , 13 ° 37 ′ E