Maragha
| Maragheh | |||
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| Basic data | |||
| Country: |
 Iran
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| Province : | East Azerbaijan | ||
| Coordinates : | 37 ° 23 ' N , 46 ° 14' E | ||
| Height : | 1456 m | ||
| Residents : | 155,075 (2012) | ||
| Time zone : | UTC +3: 30 | ||
Maragha or Maragheh ( Persian مراغه Marāghe , DMG Marāġe ) is a city in the Iranian province of East Azerbaijan 130 km south of Tabriz .
Maragha is located in the north-south running river valley of the Safi Chai on the southern foothills of the Sahand Mountains. The city has about 155,000 inhabitants. The old town is enclosed by an only partially preserved wall. Two stone bridges still in good condition are said to date from the time of Hülegü . The Sahand Mountains shield the city from the north winds, so that the climate is milder than z. B. in Tabriz north of the Sahand. It is surrounded by extensive orchards that extend to Lake Urmia , 30 km to the west . One of their export items is dried fruit. In the city there is a branch of the University of Tabriz and the Islamic Azad University of Maragheh .
history
A mithraeum (also called a multi-temple) dates from the Sassanid period and was partly built 5 m below the ground. After the city in the 7th century Muslim, she fell in 1029 to the Oghuz . These were replaced by a local Kurdish dynasty. In 1221 the city was destroyed by the Mongols . The Ilchan Hülegü then made it his residence city (later the capital was moved to Tabriz). Hülegü Khan's mother and two of his wives belonged to the Apostolic Church of the East . Hülegü's wife Qutai Khatun reintroduced the Epiphany processions.
On February 8, 1265, Hülegü died in Maragha and was buried on an island in Lake Urmia. The son Tekuder (Il-Khan 1282-4) allowed Gregorius Bar-Hebraeus to build a church and a monastery below the observatory. Rabban Bar Sauma , a Nestorian Christian from Beijing , settled in Maragha after being sent to Europe by Ilchan Arghun in 1287 to make an alliance with the Christian West against the Mamelukes in Egypt in order to admit the Holy Land from Islam to free. Bar Sauma's disciple Mar Yaballah III, Catholicos of the Apostolic Church of the East from 1281 to 1317, moved his residence from Baghdad to Maragha.
In 1828 the city was occupied by Russia for some time.
Attractions
The best known are four burial towers ( Gunbad or Gonbad ), three of which belong to the Seljuks and one of the Ilkhan periods: the Gonbad-e-Sorkh (Red Tower, 1147), the Borj-e-Modavvar (Cylindrical Tower, 1167), the Gonbad-e-Kabud (Blue Tower, 1197) and the Gonbad Qufariye (1328). The Gonbad-e-Kabud is also called the mausoleum of Hulegu Khan's mother, although the Islamic art traditions of the corresponding furnishings could possibly speak against the fact that it is actually the tomb of a Syrian Christian. This tower is decorated with mosaics that resemble Penrose tiling . Emil Makovicky from the University of Copenhagen pointed this out in 1992. At the beginning of 2007, Peter Lu and Paul Steinhardt found further evidence that Islamic craftsmen were already using highly complex tiling in the Middle Ages, which is only now mathematically justified / rediscovered outside the Islamic world, in 'modern' 'western' science.
Opened in 1990, the museum specializes in the Ilkhan era. In the museum garden there is a (modern) mausoleum for the poet Owhadi Maragheh'ei .
Near the city is the Alavian reservoir, which dams the Safi Chai for irrigation of the orchards.
At the foot of the Sahand Mountains is the village of Kandovan ( 37 ° 49 ′ N , 46 ° 17 ′ E ), whose houses are built into the rocks similar to those in Cappadocia .
The local building block, a travertine , is known throughout Iran as Maragha or Tabriz marble. The quarries are 50 km north-west in Dehkhvaregan (alternative name: Azar-Shahr ( 37 ° 46 ′ N , 45 ° 59 ′ E )) near Lake Urmi . The travertine is traded in Germany under the name Persian travertine . Internationally it is also exported under the names Azarshar Red, Yellow, Onyx etc. according to its colors.
Rasad Khaneh Observatory
Near Talebkhan ( 37 ° 23 '45.9 " N , 46 ° 12' 33" O ) lying on a hill 3.8 km west of the city the ruins of the observatory Rasad Khaneh , the Hülegü 1259-1262 for astronomers Nasir ad- Dīn at-Tūsī had built. A four-storey building stood on a citadel-like area of 340 by 135 m 2 . The instruments were described by Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi in his work The Quality of Observation . In addition to Iranian and Islamic researchers, Christian Armenian , Georgian and Chinese mathematicians and astronomers also worked at the observatory and academy . The library contained 40,000 books.
The astronomers determined z. B. the annual precession of the equinoxes to 51 arc seconds (today's value 50.3 ″) or 1 ° every 70.6 years. It had been assumed 66 2/3 years since ancient times. The results were summarized in the Zij-i Ilkhani (Tables of the Ilkhani ), which describes the position of the stars and planets according to the results of their research. The work was one of the sources of the later works of Nicolaus Copernicus . For his model of the planetary movements, at-Tusi introduced the Tusi pairs , a method of expressing an oscillating linear movement by superimposing two circular movements. Nicolaus Copernicus used them z. B. for the treatment of trepidation , a false oscillation of the equinoxes, which is said to go back to Thabit ibn Qurra . At the observatory z. B. Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi († 1266) ( Urdi Lemma ) and Qutb ad-Din asch-Shirazi (1236-1311), who explained the rainbow at the same time as Theodorich von Freiberg . The work was later continued in Damascus, Samarkand, Istanbul (Maragha school) and could have influenced Copernicus (Tusi pairs, Urdi lemma), even if it is not clear how he got knowledge of it (see e.g. Johannes Engel ) .
According to local tradition, there was an observation well on the site of the observatory , from which at-Tusi is said to have observed stars during the day.
Hülegü's brother Kublai Khan also had 27 solar observatories built in China, although the Gaocheng observatory in Henan Province can still be visited. The close family ties of the rulers led to an exchange between Islamic and Chinese astronomers. Cha-Ma-Lu-Ting (also Cha-Ma-Li-Ting; transcription from Jamal al-Din) built instruments for the Maragha Observatory and introduced Arabic instruments to China. It is possible that the Timurid prince Ulugh Beg saw the facility as a child and took it as a model for his Gurkhani Zij observatory in Samarkand . A celestial globe from 1279 from the observatory is in the Mathematical-Physical Salon in Dresden .
The tradition has been continued since 2003 by the Research Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics of Maragha . The ruins have recently been protected from the weather by a dome.
traffic
The city lies on the Tehran – Tabriz railway line . This is where the Maragha – Urmia railway branches off to Urmia , which was put into operation until Mahabad 2015. In 2016 it should be driven continuously to Urmia.
sons and daughters of the town
- Abd al-Qadir Maraghi (around 1350–1435), musician and music theorist
See also
literature
- Wilhelm Baum: HÜLÄGÜ, Ilkhan of Persia. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 18, Bautz, Herzberg 2001, ISBN 3-88309-086-7 , Sp. 669-672.
- Emil Makovicky: 800-Year-Old Pentagonal Tiling From Maragha, Iran, and the New Varieties of Aperiodic Tiling it Inspired , in Fivefold Symmetry , editor, István Hargittai. Publisher Singapore; River Edge, NJ: World Scientific (1992) pp. 67-86
- PJ Lu & PJ Steinhardt: Decagonal and Quasi-crystalline Tilings in Medieval Islamic Architecture , Science, 315, 1106–1110 (2007)
- Sevim Tekeli: Al-Urdu's Article on "The Quality of Observation" , Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization, Publication ID: 661, 2007
- Pier Giorgio Borbone: Marāgha Mdittā Arškitā: Syriac Christians in Marāgha under Mongol Rule . In: Egitto e Vicino Oriente 40 (2017) 109-143.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
