Marcgraviaceae

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Marcgraviaceae
Norantea guianensis, inflorescences with red nectaries and inconspicuous flowers

Norantea guianensis ,
inflorescences with red nectaries and inconspicuous flowers

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Order : Heather-like (Ericales)
Family : Marcgraviaceae
Scientific name
Marcgraviaceae
Bercht. & J. Presl

The Marcgraviaceae are a family from the order of the heather-like (Ericales) within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). It contains seven genera with around 130 species in the Neotropic . A few species (for example Norantea guianensis ) are used as ornamental plants.

description

Vegetative characteristics

The species of Marcgraviaceae are woody plants: predominantly lianas or shrubs and rarely small trees . In addition to many taxa that grow terrestrially, there are some hemiepiphytes and epiphytes . In some species adventive roots are formed for attachment to supports. Young plant parts are often reddish due to anthocyanins .

The leaves on the branches are arranged alternately and spirally or in two lines. The leathery and often fleshy leaves are stalked or sessile. Marcgravia species are often heterophyll , that is, there are different leaf shapes in one species: on young plants and branches attached to supports, the leaves are often sessile and arranged in two lines, on non-rooting branches they are stalked and spirally arranged. The hairless leaf blade is always simple, usually with indistinct veins and small cavities (glands) that appear as dark spots in the area of ​​the leaf edge, so that it looks serrated. The stomata are staurocytic. There are no stipules. The youngest leaf encloses the terminal bud.

Marcgravia umbellata , illustration from: E. Gilg and K.Schumann, "Das Pflanzenreich. Hausschatz des Wissens." around 1900.

Inflorescences, flowers and pollination

The flowers are terminal, upright or hanging racemose , spiky or doldy inflorescences together. In the Marcgravia species, the inflorescence shows a ring of fertile flowers around central nectar containers, which are formed from sterile flowers fused with their bracts (see illustration by Marcgravia umbellata ). The bracts (bracts) of the flowers are often reshuffled can-shaped or spoon-shaped and produce nectar. In many species there are two, in other species there are no pre- leaves.

The hermaphroditic, radial symmetry flowers are four or five-fold. There is a double perianth . With Marcgravia species there are four sepals , with the other taxa there are usually five unequal sepals that are free or at most fused at their base. The seldom three, with Marcgravia species four or with the Noranteoideae usually five petals can grow freely or only at the base up to the top or even completely to form a thimble-like cap ( Marcgravia species). The three to 40 stamens stand together in circles and can be free or fused at their base and with the petals. There are no sterile stamens, but there are Marcgravia species with sterile flowers that are fused with the "nectar bracts" inside the inflorescences. The small (20 to 35 µm) pollen grains usually have three apertures, but there are seldom four apertures in Marcgravia , Sarcopera and Schwartzia species. Two to eight carpels are a semi or fully Upper permanent, syncarp ovary grown. Each of the two to twenty ovary compartments contains many ovules . There is only one stylus with a single scar per flower.

Large pollinators are attracted by the nectar-forming, pot-shaped bracts . Ornithophily is present in Marcgravia , Norantea , Sarcopera and Schwartzia brasiliensis , they are therefore of birds ( hummingbirds , mostly passerines pollinated (Passeriformes)). Sarcopera sessiliflora the first species to be described as transmitting pollen through the feet of birds. Most Schwartzia species, Marcgraviastrum and Marcgravia are pollinated by bats ( chiropterophilia ). Non-flying mammals are also reported as pollinators. Entomophilia occurs in two genera: Ruyschia are pollinated by flies or bees and Souroubea by butterflies and swarmers (Sphingidae). Some species are also autogamous and even cleistogamous, as shown by experiments with Marcgravia coriacea .

Fruits and seeds

The loculicidal, almost spherical capsule fruits , crowned by the durable stylus , sometimes appear berry-like. They open from their base and contain a colored, fleshy placenta with numerous, small seeds . The spherical to kidney-shaped seeds have a shiny, net-like seed coat (testa). The brightly colored pulp that the small seeds expose when the capsule fruits break open suggests endozoochoric seed spread.

ingredients

Raphid cells and variously shaped scleriids are often present. They contain anthocyanins .

Subfamily Marcgravioideae: habit and leaves of Marcgravia umbellata
Subfamily Noranteoideae: inflorescence of Souroubea guianensis
Subfamily Noranteoideae: inflorescence of Schwartzia adamantium

Systematics and distribution

The family name Marcgraviaceae was first used on May 11, 1816 by Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu in Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle : Essai sur les propriétés médicinales des plantes ... , 2nd edition, p. 87. Due to the inclusion in the list of nomina conservanda , however, the publication by Friedrich von Berchtold & Jan Svatopluk Presl in O Prirozenosti Rostlin , 1820, p. 218, is the first description of the family. Sometimes the publication by Jacques Denis Choisy in Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle: Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis , Part 1, 1824, pp. 565-566 is cited. The type genus is Marcgravia L. The genus name Marcgravia is derived from the German naturalist Georg Marckgraf (1610 - 1644).

For example, they were placed in the Theales by Cronquist in 1988 and Takhtajan in 1997. At the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, most recently at APG III , it is in the order of the Ericales . The Marcgraviaceae are a sister group of the Tetrameristaceae and these two families together with the Balsaminaceae form the clade of the "balsaminoid Ericales".

The Marcgraviaceae family has a purely Neotropical distribution, from southern Mexico across Central America, including the West Indies to northern Bolivia and eastern Brazil. Most taxa thrive in tropical, humid primeval forests of the lowlands, in mountain rainforests or cloud forests.

The Marcgraviaceae family is divided into two subfamilies (Ward & Price 2002) and contains around eight genera with around 130 species:

  • Subfamily Marcgravioideae: They have a two-line leaf position, clear heterophylly and four-fold flowers in dold-like, circular inflorescences. It contains only one genus:
  • Subfamily Noranteoideae: They have a spiral leaf arrangement and five-fold flowers. It contains about seven genera:
    • Marcgraviastrum (Wittm. Ex Szyszyl.) Ex de Roon & S.Dressler : About 15 species are distributed from southern Nicaragua to Peru and Bolivia , and two other species occur in eastern Brazil .
    • Norantea Aubl. : The only two species are common in the Caribbean and the Amazon basin of northern South America.
    • Pseudosarcopera Gir.-Cañas : The only two species are distributed from Colombia to Bolivia.
    • Ruyschia Jacq. (Syn .: Caracasia Szyszyl. ): The nine or so species are distributed in Central America, the northern Andes and the Lesser Antilles .
    • Sarcopera Bedell ex de Roon & S.Dressler : The tenor sospecies are distributed from Honduras to northern Bolivia and the Guiana highlands.
    • Schwartzia Vell. : About 15 species are distributed from Costa Rica to the Andes to Bolivia and in the Caribbean basin and another species occurs in eastern Brazil.
    • Souroubea Aubl. : The 19or sospecies are distributed from Mexico to Bolivia, but are not found in the Antilles.

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Most of the information in this article has been taken from the sources given under references; the following sources are also cited:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 (reprint ISBN 3-937872-16-7 ).
  2. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
  3. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 161, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 105-121. doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
  4. ↑ Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 6: Flowering Plants, Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2004, ISBN 3-540-06512-1 , pp. 258–265 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  5. ↑ Marcgraviaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h Stefan Dressler, 2009: Neotropical Marcgraviaceae at Neotropikey of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  7. ↑ Stefan Dressler: A new species of Marcgravia (Marcgraviaceae) from Amazonia with some notes on the Galeatae group including a key. In Willdenowia , Volume 30, 2000, pp. 369-374: PDF-Online.
  8. ↑ Stefan Dressler, M. Tschapka: Bird versus bat pollination in the genus Marcgravia and the description of a new species. In Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 19, Number 2, 2002, pp. 104-114.
  9. ↑ M. Tschapka, O. von Helversen: Pollinators of Syntopic Marcgravia Species in Costa Rican Lowland Rain Forest: Bats and Opossums. In Plant Biology , Volume 1, Issue 4, 2008, pp. 382-388
  10. ↑ D. Giraldo-Cañas: Un nuevo género de la familia neotropical Marcgraviaceae (Ericales) y circunscripción del complejo Norantea. In: Caldasia , Volume 29, 2007, pp. 203-217 online.

Web links

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