Schwartzia
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Schwartzia adamantium , inflorescence |
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| Vell. |
Schwartzia is a genus of plants fromthe Marcgraviaceae family . It occurs with eighteen species of climbing shrubs and lianas in Central and South America .
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Schwartzia species are climbing shrubs or lianas, which usually grow epiphytically or hemiepiphytically . Only in a few species, for example Schwartzia adamantium and Schwartzia brasiliensis , do the purely terrestrial growth forms predominate, i.e. those rooted in the ground. The screwy , simple, undivided leaves are sessile or short-stalked, more rarely also clearly stalked with a slightly winged petiole. The leathery, bare, elongated-elliptical to inverted-shaped leaf blades have entire margins and on the underside of the leaf, usually near the blade edge on both sides, a number of glands sunk into the leaf surface. The weakly developed lateral nerves, which are occasionally invisible on one or both surfaces, are brochidodroma, that is, they open like a loop into the next nerve.
Inflorescences
The inflorescences are loose or more often dense, 5–70-flowered, in Schwartzia brasiliensis up to 160-flowered grapes . In almost all species these are terminally on normally leafy branches, only in the Costa Rican Schwartzia jimenezii they are on short, almost leafless side branches. The flower stalks are 1.4–9 cm long, depending on the species. The bracts of the flowers are tubular, sackcloth, helmet-, urn-, cup-, boat-, hood- or spoon-shaped, sessile or up to seven millimeters long stalked, mostly green or white, with some species conspicuously red-colored nectaries transformed. These are grown on the lower to middle part of the flower stalk, rarely further up, but never come close to the flower. Sometimes the bottom flower of an inflorescence has a foliage bract or the top flower stalk only bears a nectarium, but does not develop a flower. Immediately below the flower or at a short distance from it are two circular to triangular, sepal-like prophylls .
blossoms
The hermaphroditic , radial symmetry , five-fold flowers are greenish, white, reddish or red in color. The five tiled covering sepals are approximately circular. The five petals that are free or that have grown together at the base are bent back during flowering. There are usually 12 to about 25 stamens , arranged in one or more circles. Exceptions are on the one hand Schwartzia jimenezii with only five stamens, on the other hand several species from northwestern South America with particularly numerous stamens, namely Schwartzia renvoizei with around 70, and Schwartzia chocoensis and Schwartzia parrae with around 50 stamens. The linear to somewhat flattened stamens are free or grown together at the base and / or with the petals. The approximately heart- or arrowhead-shaped in the longitudinal direction of opening dust bag are basifix (approximately) at its base so the filament attached, and introrse, thus turned out with their pollen sacs for flowers center. The three to five fused carpels existing, above-permanent, round to pear-shaped or conical ovary is unilocular first and later by the ingrowing from the edge to the center placentas (incomplete) three to fünffächerig. The placentation is initially parietal, then at the end it is central-angled. The almost seated, teat-shaped scar is radially lobed.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits are almost spherical, pointed capsules . When ripe, they are often red or orange in color, or just reddened. Since the seeds are embedded in a pulp that is often reddish in color, emerging from the placenta, the fruits are sometimes also referred to as berries . However, they have a leathery pericarp that opens irregularly when ripe. There are usually numerous seeds in each fruit compartment. The blackish, shiny seeds have a reticulate surface and are kidney, crescent or crescent-shaped, elliptical or elongated.
distribution
Like the Marcgraviaceae family, Schwartzia is exclusively distributed neotropically . The genus inhabits several disjoint subareas, each of which has its own endemic species. The largest sub-area in terms of area with four endemic species extends in the east of Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte to Santa Catarina and as far as Goiás inland. The most species-rich sub-area with six species includes the western slope of the Andes of Colombia and northwest Ecuador . The extensive sub-area on the eastern Andean roof, which extends from Ecuador to Bolivia , is home to only three species. There are four species in the mountains of Costa Rica , one of which extends into Panama . Isolated from all other members of the genus Schwartzia spiciflora occurs in the Lesser Antilles and neighboring it in the state of Sucre on the Venezuelan mainland.
habitat
The majority of the Schwartzia species grow in mountain rainforests and cloud forests . Schwartzia costaricensis and Schwartzia andina reach altitudes of up to about 2400 m , the Peruvian Schwartzia magnifica even 2500 m . Only a few species, especially the Colombian Schwartzia chocoensis , are also found in lowland rainforests . Several species also colonize secondary forests and forest edges . Schwartzia chocoensis is also found in mangroves and on the banks of large rivers.
The Brazilian species show clearly different habitat requirements. Only the very rare Schwartzia geniculatiflora is bound to the Atlantic rainforest . The other species, on the other hand, occur in different types of savannas and bush forests as well as in rocky locations. Schwartzia adamantium mainly populates the Campos cerrados according to its distribution in the interior and reaches an altitude of 1500 m. On the other hand, Schwartzia brasiliensis occurs along the coast up to around 1000 m above sea level and colonizes on the one hand bush forests and savannas on rocky locations, on the other hand the coastal landscape of the Restinga , where it grows in bush forests on sandy soil and at its edges. The species is also found in mangroves. Schwartzia jucuensis is only known from the rocky river bank of the Rio Jucu in the state of Espírito Santo .
Flower and fruit biology
The inflorescences of the Schwartzia species are visited by bees , wasps , ants and butterflies . The construction of the inflorescences with the large distances between the flowers and the nectaries excludes pollination by insects, since even the largest insects do not touch the flower organs when the nectaries are harvested. Therefore, only birds , bats and other small mammals can be considered effective pollinators . Among the birds, perched birds such as the sugar bird are considered more suitable for pollination than hummingbirds . From Brazil, however, the pollination of Schwartzia adamantium by the broad- winged hummingbird has been documented.
As with other members of the Marcgraviaceae family, the ripe fruits attract birds and mammals, who consume them and thus contribute to the spread of the seeds.
Taxonomy and systematics
Schwartzia was described by the Brazilian botanist José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo in his main work Florae Fluminensis , a flora of the area around Rio de Janeiro dated to 1825 but only published in 1829 . Schwartzia glabra Vell. is the only species dealt with therein and thus the type species . The same species was validly described under the name Norantea brasiliensis by the Swiss botanist Jacques Denys Choisy as early as 1824 and therefore bears the name Schwartzia brasiliensis today .
Schwartzia was treated as part of a broad genus Norantea until the mid-1990s . The species of today's genera Marcgraviastrum , Pseudosarcopera and Sarcopera were also included in Norantea . Starting with the unpublished dissertation of the American botanist Hollis G. Bedell from 1985, in which a division of the genus Norantea was proposed, a structure concept with several smaller genera has now established itself. Schwartzia includes the earlier subgenus Cochliophyllum and partially the subgenus Byrsophyllum of the genus Norantea . In contrast to Norantea , Schwartzia 's relatively short-stalked or sessile nectaries sit on the lower to middle part of the relatively long flower stalks.
A phylogenetic analysis based on three regions of the plastid - genome has now confirmed that Norantea not in the old, broad sense monophyletic is. In this work Schwartzia costaricensis , the only examined representative of Schwartzia , was the sister taxon to Ruyschia phylladenia , the only examined representative of Ruyschia , with good statistical coverage .
etymology
The genus Schwartzia is named after the Swedish botanist Olof Peter Swartz , to whom the legume genus Swartzia is also dedicated.
species
The genus contains 18 species. The Schwartzia diaz-piedrahitae Gir.-Cañas from the west of Colombia and Ecuador, which was only described in 2001, has since been transferred to the genus Pseudosarcopera as Pseudosarcopera diaz-piedrahitae .
| Scientific name | distribution |
|---|---|
| Schwartzia adamantium ( Cambess. ) Bedell ex Gir.-Cañas | eastern Brazil |
| Schwartzia andina Gir.-Cañas | western Colombia |
| Schwartzia antioquensis Gir.-Cañas | Colombia ( Antioquia ) |
| Schwartzia brasiliensis ( Choisy ) Bedell ex Gir.-Cañas | East Brazil |
| Schwartzia brenesii ( standl. ) Bedell | Costa Rica |
| Schwartzia chocoensis Gir.-Cañas | West Colombia, Ecuador |
| Schwartzia costaricensis ( Gilg ) Bedell | Costa Rica, Western Panama |
| Schwartzia geniculatiflora Gir.-Cañas & Fiaschi | East Brazil ( Bahia ) |
| Schwartzia jimenezii (stand.) Bedell | Costa Rica |
| Schwartzia jucuensis Gir.-Cañas | East Brazil (Espírito Santo) |
| Schwartzia lozaniana Gir.-Cañas | Southwest Colombia, Northwest Ecuador |
| Schwartzia magnifica (Gilg) Bedell | Peru |
| Schwartzia parrae Gir.-Cañas | Colombia (Antioquia) |
| Schwartzia pterosara de Roon & Bedell ex Gir.-Cañas | Ecuador, Northern Peru (?) |
| Schwartzia renvoizei Gir.-Cañas | Colombia ( Valle del Cauca ) |
| Schwartzia spiciflora ( Juss. ) Bedell | Lesser Antilles, Northeast Venezuela ( Sucre ) |
| Schwartzia tarrazuensis mutton | Costa Rica |
| Schwartzia weddelliana ( Baill. ) Bedell | Peru, Bolivia |
swell
- D. Giraldo-Cañas: Revisión de las especies sudamericanas del género Schwartzia (Marcgraviaceae: complejo Norantea). In: Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 3, 2009, pp. 691-725. (on-line)
- BE Mutton: Marcgraviaceae. In: BE Hammel, MH Grayum, C. Herrera, N. Zamora (eds.): Manual de plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. VI: Dicotiledóneas (Haloragaceae – Phytolaccaceae). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-60-3 , pp. 374-391.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b S. Dressler: Marcgraviaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.): The families and genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. VI: Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2004, ISBN 3-540-06512-1 , pp. 258-265.
- ^ BE Mutton: Marcgraviaceae. In: BE Hammel, MH Grayum, C. Herrera, N. Zamora (eds.): Manual de plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. VI: Dicotiledóneas (Haloragaceae – Phytolaccaceae). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-60-3 , p. 374.
- ↑ D. Giraldo-Cañas: Revisión de las especies sudamericanas del género Schwartzia (Marcgraviaceae: complejo Norantea). In: Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 3, 2009, p. 695.
- ↑ R. Arruda, J. Cabrelli Salles, PE de Oliveira: Hummingbird pollination in Schwartzia adamantium (marcgraviaceae) in at area of Brazilian savanna. In: Revista Brasileira de Zoociências. 9 (2), 2007, pp. 193-198. (PDF)
- ↑ JM Vellozo: Florae Fluminensis: seu descriptionum plantarum praefectura Fluminensi sponte nascentium liber primus ad systema sexuale concinnatus. Rio de Janeiro 1829 (“1825”), pp. 221–222. (on-line)
- ^ HG Bedell: A generic revision of Marcgraviaceae I. The Norantea complex. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Maryland, College Park 1985. (unpublished, not seen)
- ↑ D. Giraldo-Cañas: Revisión de las especies sudamericanas del género Schwartzia (Marcgraviaceae: complejo Norantea). In: Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 3, 2009, p. 693f.
- ^ NM Ward, RA Price: Phylogenetic relationships of Marcgraviaceae: insights from three chloroplast genes. In: Systematic Botany. 27, 2002, pp. 149-160. (Abstract)
- ^ FA Stafleu, RS Cowan: Taxonomic literature. A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. Vol. VI: Sti-Vuy. (= Regnum Vegetabile. 115). 2nd Edition. Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht 1986, ISBN 90-313-0714-9 , p. 119. (online)
- ↑ D. Giraldo-Cañas: Un nuevo género de la familia neotropical Marcgraviaceae (Ericales) y circunscripción del complejo Norantea. In: Caldasia. 29, 2007, pp. 203-217. (on-line)
Further literature
- D. Giraldo-Cañas: Revisión de las especies colombianas del género Schwartzia (Marcgraviaceae). In: Caldasia. 25, 2003, pp. 1-21. (PDF)
- D. Giraldo-Cañas: Validation of a new species of Schwartzia (Marcgraviaceae) and synopsis of the genus for Ecuador. In: Novon. 15, 2005, pp. 123-127. (on-line)
- D. Giraldo-Cañas: Lectotipificación para Schwartzia magnifica (complejo Norantea, Marcgraviaceae) y revisión del género para Bolivia y Perú. In: Caldasia. 28, 2006, pp. 275-283. (on-line)
- D. Giraldo-Cañas: Las especies mesoamericanas y caribeñas del género Schwartzia (complejo Norantea, Marcgraviaceae). In: Revista Institucional Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó. 27, 2008, pp. 4-18. (on-line)
- D. Giraldo-Cañas, P. Fiaschi: Las Marcgraviaceae (Ericales) de Brasil: Las especies del complejo Norantea. In: Caldasia. 27, 2005, pp. 173-194. (on-line)
Web links
Wikispecies: Schwartzia - Species Directory- Schwartzia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 20, 2013.
- Schwartzia on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 20, 2013.