Max Thoma

Max Thoma (born August 9, 1890 in Kriens , † August 8, 1957 in Hamburg ) was a German social democrat and trade unionist who played a central role in building the IG Druck und Papier after the Second World War .

Training and socialization

Thoma was born in Switzerland as the son of a carpenter. The father was German, came from the Augsburg area and had married a Swiss woman as a guest worker . From 1899 to 1901 Thoma attended elementary school in Lucerne . The mother drowned in an accident in December 1896; the father died a few years later. In 1901 the Swiss authorities transferred the eleven-year-old to an orphanage in Augsburg . There he attended elementary school from 1901 to 1904, then the young Swiss-German learned the profession of typesetter and in 1908 passed his journeyman's examination in Marktoberdorf in Ostallgäu .

Since 1908 he was a member of the Association of German Book Printers , the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Workers' Abstinents Association .

After completing his journeyman's examination, Thoma went on a hike, which in turn took him to Switzerland . From 1911 to 1914 he worked in the greater Zurich area and during this phase he joined the Swiss Typographers' Association , the oldest national union in the Confederation . Thoma met his wife Martha on his hike. The marriage took place on August 9, 1912 in Thalwil in the canton of Zurich. In 1914 Thoma returned to Germany and received his draft notice for the 3rd Bavarian Infantry Regiment as a substitute reservist right after the outbreak of war . The regiment fought first on the border of Lorraine and later on the Somme . After the regiment was transferred to the Eastern Front, Thoma suffered serious wounds in 1915. He later took part in the costly battles in Verdun and Flanders . The atrocities of war that he experienced first hand clearly shaped his later anti-militarism .

After the armistice in 1918, the remnants of the regiment returned to Augsburg in December 1918 . The demobilization and later dissolution took place here from December 13 to 16, 1918. Thoma himself received his discharge papers on May 1, 1919. In Augsburg, the young typesetter took an active part in the council movement . As early as December 6, 1918, he gave a lecture at a large soldiers' meeting on "old and new Germany" and took the politics of the bourgeois parties into account. At the same time, he pleaded for “leading the revolutionary social democracy to victory” in the upcoming elections.

Thoma campaigned for social democracy at SPD election events. In the "Schwäbische Volkszeitung" he published radical pacifist articles under the abbreviations M. Th. Which spoke of the joy of having escaped the war inferno. Elected to the Workers 'and Soldiers' Council in December 1918 , Thoma came under the pressure of an independent unemployment movement, which was fed by the mass of fired armaments workers and returned soldiers , together with the chairman of the council, Ernst Niekisch .

There were military clashes and a state of emergency was declared before military power was transferred in February 1919 to the chairman of the local printers' union and the new chairman of the workers' and soldiers' council and city commander, Hans Edelmann. Max Thoma acted as his deputy and was able to demonstrate his great organizational talent at the side of the experienced union secretary. As chairman of the "Enlightenment Commission" of the next higher council level (district of Schwaben and Neuburg) Thoma promoted the achievements of the council movement. In Augsburg Thoma was one of the council representatives who were visibly more dissatisfied with the course of the revolution and its minor successes for the workers. With other council representatives he called for a "second revolution". A special concern of his was the liberation of the working-class poet Max Barthel from prison in Württemberg, who was being held there as a suspected communist.

The role of Thomas in the workers 'and soldiers' council in the proclamation of the annexation of Augsburg to the Bavarian soviet republic remains unclear. He seems to have been one of the moderate trade union representatives who on April 12, 1919 finally reversed the annexation of Augsburg to the Soviet republic that had been carried out by the Workers 'and Soldiers' Council . On April 24, 1919, at the “rally of confidence in the Augsburg trade union leaders and party leaders”, he only advocated “the sensible socialization of companies”. Deeply disappointed, Thoma reported in Augsburg on May 28, 1919 and moved to Würzburg , where from June 1919 he took over the position of chief editor at the social democratic daily “Fränkischer Volksfreund”.

Social democratic party employee and trade unionist in honorary office

Thoma stayed with the "Franconian People's Friend" until September 1919. In the orthodox social democratic tradition, articles by members of the editorial team were not signed in the paper, so that Thomas's specific political positions are not clearly evident. The "Franconian People's Friend" campaigned under his editorial management emphatically for a unification of the majority social democracy with the split off USPD , went a clear distance from the KPD and the Bavarian council experiment. The Thomas handwriting can be clearly seen in the balanced, sober comments on the Works Council Act . The reasons for the separation from the Würzburg SPD ultimately remain in the dark. Presumably these were of a private nature; Thoma moved to Stuttgart in late summer 1919 , where his wife and child had lived with relatives since 1917 during the war. In December 1920, Thoma moved to Frankfurt am Main and took up a new position as editor at the renowned Frankfurt “Volksstimme”.

In 1923/24 Thoma took part in the third course at the Academy of Work , which was launched in 1921 as the “first German university for the people of work”. Thoma chose labor law and administrative sciences as a major under the tutors Hugo Sinzheimer and Erik Nölting . In 1925 the young graduate applied for the position of an SPD sub-district secretary in Stade , was "accepted" and moved to the small town in Lower Saxony not far from Hamburg.

When Thomas took up his duties, the Lower Elbe sub-district had 25 local associations, which were reduced to 18 through mergers by 1928. Since 1919 the sub-district belonged to the Hamburg Northwest district, which included Hamburg, Bremen and the administrative district of Stade. Max Thoma replaced the popular Ernst Tessloff , who had accepted the post of Social Democratic party secretary in Mannheim. The greatest organizational success of Thomas was the increase in the number of members in the Lower Elbe sub-district from 1,655 (1926) to 2,107 (1930), whereby Thoma succeeded against the trend in gaining an above-average number of female members. According to the sub-district chairman, the organization owes its success to "some oratorically competent comrades in rural locations".

When Thoma took up his new position as SPD sub-district chairman in autumn 1925, it was, in his own words, "a matter of course for him to continue his membership in the Association of German Book Printers ." The local association was part of the Weser-Elbe district in the north-west district. As a former typesetter, he took part in the meetings of the small but active local group. In the spring of 1926 he was awarded the position of chairman of the local association. The celebration of the 25th foundation festival in the summer of 1931 was a highlight of the club's life. Under the close observation of the Stade police, the printer colleagues met for an unofficial gathering on Ascension Day 1933 for the last time.

Fascism and resistance

Thoma had to endure various house searches in February, March and April 1933. On February 11, 1933, to greet the local party congress, the SPD sub-district executive called on all anti-fascists and opponents of the reaction to a demonstration with pointed anti-Nazi slogans (“Against the gagging of free speech”, “Against power and tyranny”, “For a liberal one Germany "," For a planned socialist economic structure "). On May 3, 1933, he was arrested when he wanted to protest to the police authorities against the devastation of the Social Democratic party office.

After a few days of solitary confinement, the prominent Stade anti-fascist was released without trial. Arrested again in June 1933 after the SPD was banned. In order to protect himself, Thoma moved to Hamburg at the end of June 1933. He was interrogated and mistreated several times in the Gestapo basement in the town hall by a Stade NSBO man at the Gestapo , without any evidence that he had misled the property of the Stade Association of German Book Printers . Further house searches followed.

In Hamburg, Thoma immediately joined the Gutenberg Liedertafel in 1933, which in the years to come was able to sing relatively undisturbed as a graphic choral society under the umbrella of the German Singers ' Association. Under the direction of the later treasurer of the Gaus Nordmark of the IG Druck und Papier , Harry Zieher , the song board developed into the oppositional collecting tank of the old free trade union printers. After the overthrow of National Socialism, the new management committee of the Hamburg industrial union in the graphic sector was completely recruited from the Hamburger Gesangsverein . From 1933 to 1939, Thoma remained unemployed and received a meager benefit rate.

In January 1939 he found a job as a machine setter for the " Hamburger Nachrichten ", which was produced in the Pröpper printing company. From May 1939 to May 1940, Thoma worked in the same print shop producing the “Wandsbeker Boten” before moving to the “ Hamburger Anzeiger ” as a typesetter . Bombed out in Hamburg-Dulsberg in September 1944 , he experienced liberation from fascism in the Fuhlsbüttel district .

New start to the union

After the end of the war, Thoma immediately joined the “ Socialist Free Trade Union (SFG) ” founded on May 11, 1945 in the Hamburg trade union building, whose board was dominated by exponents from the “political labor movement”. The SFG appeared with a radical anti-fascist program aimed at rapid socialization. Within the union, which recruited 50,000 members in a very short time, Thoma gathered with other veteran unionists in the so-called "heretic club", which met regularly in a factory in Hamburg-Bahrenfeld . The aim of the "heretics": A form of trade union organization based on independent industrial associations. The far- reaching political objectives of the new Hamburg unified trade union were rejected by the union faction , including Adolph K Bäumenuss , who later became chairman of the ÖTV . As a member of the Executive Committee of the SFG, Thoma assumed a special role. He certainly supported the SFG, but pushed for a multifaceted form of industrial associations under the socialist umbrella organization.

The SFG came under massive pressure from the British military authorities, who had banned any political activity in 1945 and were increasingly able to rely on the support of the old, seasoned Hamburg union leaders. On June 20, 1945, the military authorities banned the union; In future, only politically neutral trade unions should be permitted according to a step-by-step plan and at a reduced pace. The “General Trade Union Federation Hamburg” acted as the umbrella organization for a short time. Of the 13 industrial associations planned for Hamburg, the “Verband des Graphischen Gewerbes” was the first Hamburg union to receive the “Permit for the founding assembly”. On November 11, 1945, the association was constituted, which included all employees in the graphic arts and paper processing industries. The new form of organization reflected the discussions in small trade union anti-fascist circles during the Nazi era in the Hanseatic city.

The founding delegates elected Max Thoma as chairman; the later chairman of the IG Druck und Papier Heinrich Hansen as his deputy . The first industrial association newly admitted in Hamburg soon had 2,000 members. Thoma and Hansen provided the central impetus to push ahead with the union of the graphic arts industry beyond the “Hamburg Trade Union Island”. On September 18 and 19, 1946, delegates from 19 printing locations gathered in the “Elbschloß” in Hamburg and founded the “Industry Association of the Graphic Arts, Nordmark District”. In future, six sub-districts formed the basis for the district in Schleswig-Holstein , Hamburg and the northern part of Lower Saxony . The new Gauvorstand corresponded identically to the Hamburg union leadership. The dual mandate Thomas confirmed the elected delegates, until he retired from the service in 1956. The first North German District Assembly unanimously gave the newly elected Board commissioned the first steps towards establishing a graphic industry association on the British zone level to undertake.

On November 20 and 21, 1946, responsible union leaders met in Bielefeld . Their decision: to convene a zone association day on February 1 and 2, 1947. The assembled functionaries commissioned the 3 district chairmen Max Thoma, Christian Fette and Karl Lücke with the provisional management . Thoma also took part in the bizonal meeting (British and American zone) of representatives of the graphic associations who were to explore a merger at a higher level. In the newly formed industrial union, Thoma clearly gained in profile as a recognized tariff expert.

On March 1 and 2, 1947 - almost two years after the end of the war - the trade union representatives of the three districts of Nordmark, Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia met in Oldenburg (Oldenburg) and set up the "Industrial Union of Graphics and Paper Processing for the British Zone" the baptism. The unanimous vote was Max Thoma as the new association chairman. The delegates refrained from setting up a central union administration in order not to put any obstacles in the way of a further all-German consolidation beyond the British zone.

Another outstanding decision of the Oldenburg conference: the release of a trade union mouthpiece for the British zone. The delegates again appointed Max Thoma as the new editor-in-chief. After a license was granted, the “correspondent” for the British zone appeared on October 15, 1947. Within two years, Thoma advanced to become the most important trade union representative in the western occupation zones for the graphic sector and the “maker” of a new industrial union.

The clear will of Thomas to force the Western merger to the detriment of an all-German option had a lot to do with his experience at several trade union interzonal conferences of the graphic trade unions.

From Berlin via Leipzig and Hanover to Munich

After several informal meetings, the first “official” interzonal conference of the graphic trade unions took place from July 11th to 12th, 1947 in the house of the FDGB in Berlin . Three delegates each from the British and American zones met with 14 representatives from the Soviet zone and Berlin. The French occupying forces refused Wilhelm Reibel the trip. Max Thoma and the old chairman of the Association of German Book Printers, Otto Krautz , chaired the conference with equal rights. Thoma reported on the status of the organization in the British zone and gave a detailed report on pending tariff issues. He pushed for two decisions: the formation of an interzonal working group as a small effective working body and the establishment of a special tariff commission. Thoma received positive votes for both proposals. However: Otto Krautz formulated very clearly that the "different zone regulations" make the chance of a uniform collective bargaining policy almost impossible. Thoma took the "British" seat in the future.

A quarter of a year later, from October 30th to 31st, 1947, the protagonists met again in Leipzig for the 2nd interzonal conference of the industrial unions for the graphic trade and paper processing of all zones. Two days earlier, Thoma had already attended the 2nd delegates' conference of the graphic trade union in the FDGB in the traditional book city as a guest. The Leipzig Interzonenkonferenz formed an eighteen-member "Reich Committee", which included the chairmen of the zone and state unions plus some industry representatives and was given the task of convening a "Reichsverbandstag" and clarifying central organizational questions. The “Reich Committee” was composed equally of 9 western and 9 eastern representatives.

The Leipzig closing words Thomas only with difficulty concealed the process of alienation. In a very brief report in his house paper, Thoma highlighted the observance by the Soviet military administration and the voting out of the last social democratic functionaries on the Soviet zonal association day. The chairman of the British zone later indicated on several occasions how much the Leipzig conference experience had negatively influenced him.

The first Reich Committee meeting from February 26 to 27, 1948 in Hanover was already clearly overshadowed by intensified systemic disputes. Criticism of the new role of the Soviet zone unions in bringing about better work discipline has accumulated in the western trade union press. In Hanover, Thoma unsuccessfully urged that the large “Reich Committee” be formed into an active working committee. He himself gave a lecture on "collective bargaining positions" and was one of the spokesmen who pushed for a western merger of the trade unions. Thomas reasons: "the economic and political development in the western zones", "the strengthening and becoming active of the employers' associations", "the necessary conclusion of a tariff", "the tasks after the currency changeover". Based on the resolution of the 6th Interzonal Conference of Trade Union Associations of October 1947 ("As long as the unification cannot be realized across all zones, the union confederations are free to unite across individual zone boundaries.") Thoma set lasting signals for one "Western union" against the protests of representatives of the Soviet zone and Berlin.

The all-German trade union day planned for autumn 1948 in Frankfurt am Main did not materialize. The beginning of the Cold War , failed international conferences, currency reform and the Berlin blockade confirmed Thoma that he would continue to force the planned merger with the West. Since April 1948, Thoma and the other “western” Reich Committee members met separately. The meeting of the rump committee from September 2 to 3, 1948 in Schorndorf passed far-reaching resolutions: the convening of a “trizonal” association day for late autumn in Munich and the establishment of the preparatory bodies. Thoma elected the “Western” Reich Committee members to the “Ideal Commission”, as the Association of German Book Printers already named its constitution commission. Organizational preparations were accompanied by a militant call for the western allies to lift the wage freeze that had existed since the Brüning emergency decree and the Hitler dictatorship.

In the run-up to the “1. Trizonal Association Day ”from November 29 to December 1, 1948, Thoma intensively promoted his ideas in the November edition of the“ Correspondent ”of the British Zone, after he had outlined the previous inadequacies from his point of view. The “British” association chairman was granted the main speech for the association day as a now recognized “opinion leader”; In addition, he should report on "The collective agreement situation".

In the run-up to the trade union day, Christian Fette, as district manager of North Rhine-Westphalia, emerged as an internal union opponent. Fette was of the opinion that a solid organizational merger in the western zones would make future all-German cooperation more difficult. It is therefore appropriate not to set up a "trizone organization", but only to create a secretariat and to elect a voluntary association board, consisting of a narrower leadership who is to be elected at the trade union day, as well as the chairmen of the districts and countries of the western zones with the help of voluntary workers Colleagues without an official mandate.

Organizationally, Thoma prevailed against the federalist concept of Fettes at the congress: With 82 votes against 52, the trade union day pleaded for a centralized merger under the name of the "Industrial Union of Printing and Paper". To the surprise of all neutral observers, Fette received a majority in the voting for the election of the chairman: with 71 against 63 votes, the programmatically defeated Max Thoma won. Another important decision of the Munich Association Day: As a new central organ, the delegates created an association sheet under the name "Print and Paper". With the new name, the unity of all professional groups from book printing to chemigraphy , planographic printing , image production, bookbinding, paper processing and paper production should be documented. The politically wanted common name "correspondent" for the graphic union papers of all countries and zones, which also signaled the union dominance of the book printers, ended with it. Until the new editorial position was filled, Max Thoma was entrusted with the editing of the new central body.

Tariff expert, Gaufürst, internationalist

Despite the failed election as chairman of the new "IG Druck und Papier": Thoma was absolutely loyal to the newly elected board. As a proven tariff expert, he set the course for a progressive tariff policy. At the Trizonal founding congress in Munich in late autumn 1948, he developed detailed ideas for a future tariff structure and policy in a large-scale presentation . Greatest success: The introduction of the 48-hour week in the first half of 1949.

The 1st Ordinary Association Day of the IG Druck und Papier from September 11 to 14, 1950 in Freiburg im Breisgau , which drew a “German” balance sheet for the first time, elected Thoma to the newly created professional group advisory board and consequently to the tariff commission for the graphic industry and the tariff commission for the cardboard and paper processing industry. At the Association Day, Thoma argued vehemently for flat printers not to make excessive concessions for a union of their own.

In 1950 the trade union board sent Thoma to the federal committee of the DGB , the highest body of the umbrella union between the federal congresses. He held this office until 1952; before Fritz Rück took over from him . As a member of the “Budget Commission” on the board of directors of the regional district of Nordmark of the DGB, he tried to create an economic balance between the “flat country” and the big cities. Thoma presided over the 2nd Ordinary Association Day of IG Druck und Papier from June 29 to July 3, 1952 in Hamburg in the trade union building at Besenbinderhof . At the “historic site, the armory of the German trade union movement”, Thoma was able to present “his” Hamburg organization with 8,500 members and exemplary educational work. The union day brought an organizational innovation by introducing the "extended board". In addition to his trade union work, Thoma took part in the Stuttgart meetings of the trade union executive as elected Gauleiter.

The Hamburg Association Day filled the vacant positions left by Christian Fette , who had left the association chairman and headed the DGB . Thoma was commissioned to represent the German organization on the board of Section 1 (Book Printing) within the International Graphic Federation (IGF). The future meetings of the International Trade Secretariat each confirmed the German “preliminary decision”. In the Central Technical Committee (ZFA), the equal committee for the further development of the training regulations for the graphic industry, Thoma was one of the 14 trade unionists who were supposed to formulate and observe the guidelines and principles of the vocational training magazine "Graphisches ABC".

Social democratic engagement and other honorary positions

As a social democratic resistance fighter, Thoma enjoyed a high reputation in both the party and the trade union. As early as July 14, 1945, Thoma received a mandate for the provisional board of directors of the Hamburg SPD , which at that time had not yet received any legitimation from the British occupying power. The British military government appointed a citizenship with 81 members in February 1946 according to party-political and class criteria. The main task of the “Appointed Citizenship” : to ensure that the population is supplied with food and fuel. One of the “appointees” was Max Thoma, who joined the “ trade union faction ” with 16 members, which consisted almost exclusively of social democrats.

The majority voting system introduced after the British model brought the Social Democrats 83 out of 110 seats in Hamburg. Max Thoma received a mandate in the Barmbek / Uhlenhorst district. The SPD parliamentary group sent Thoma to the budget committee and the committee to investigate Nazi corruption cases. In the budget committee, which by far had the most work, the trade unionist headed an independent social-democratic working group that initially had to enforce transparency with the authorities. In October 1947, Thoma took over the chairmanship of the anti-corruption committee, which was supposed to "if possible uncover all cases of corruption during the Nazi era that occurred in all areas of public life, in the economy and in government agencies." However, the committee's work quickly began to peter out. Thoma used his findings to specifically demonstrate the National Socialist “bigwig mentality” in trade union meetings. In addition to his citizenship mandate, Thoma was a member of the “Advisory Committee” in the Barmbek / Uhlenhorst local office.

The Hamburg citizenship , formed in 1949 according to a combined majority and proportional representation system, saw 65 (of 120) social democratic MPs. The reduced SPD parliamentary group sent the printer to the “Committee for Questions of Public Employees”. This is where Thoma benefited from the experience he had gained in Stade. The citizens also elected the Hamburg chairman of the IG Druck und Papier to the deputation of the cultural authority. In the deputation - a Hamburg "specialty" for participation and control in the state authorities - Thoma worked closely with the reform pedagogue and school senator Heinrich Landahl . In the “bloc elections” in 1953, which brought the liberal-conservative alliance a majority, Thoma lost his mandate, but was thus relieved of a grueling duplication of work.

Honorary posts in Hamburg that Thoma accepted since 1953 resulted exclusively from his position as chairman of a Hamburg individual trade union. According to the provisions of the Labor Court Act, the Hanseatic City also set up labor and state labor courts. As an employee representative, Thoma received an appeal to one of the three formed chambers of the regional labor court . The founding of the association “Nach Feierabend”, which took on the leisure activities of Hamburg trade unionists, was largely due to the Hamburg chairman of IG Druck und Papier. He also acted since June 16, 1953 as chairman of the representative assembly of the Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse Hamburg. Nationwide, Thoma sat as a representative of the employee side on the supervisory board of the Großeinkaufsgesellschaft Deutscher Konsumvereine (GEG) and the Gutenberg Book Guild .

Honors, death, remembrance

The Frankfurt trade union day of IG Druck und Papier said goodbye to Thoma in September 1956 with a grand gesture: Together with two other retired Gauleiters, he received the union's “Golden Ring of Honor” with the - in vain - request that he write his memoirs. The Gautag des Gaues Nordmark extended its “term of office” to November 1956 in order to bring forthcoming collective bargaining to a good end. The local club in Stade , which Thoma had headed in the Weimar Republic , made him an honorary member. In the Stader Festschrift for the 50th anniversary of the union, the old chairman briefly described his experiences during the National Socialist regime. The small, impressive sketch was the only door that opened Thoma to his life.

He resigned in January 1957 as a board member of the DGB state district and as the Hamburg local association chairman of the IG Druck und Papier. Thoma fulfilled all functions responsibly, although he was seriously ill for a long time. Max Thoma died the day before his 67th birthday on August 8, 1957 in Hamburg. The funeral service took place on August 16, 1957 in the crematorium of the Ohlsdorf cemetery . The funeral speech was held by his old friend and acting union chairman Heinrich Hansen .

literature

• Yesterday and today become tomorrow. Get to work - there is still a long way to go, but it's worth it . Editing: Helga Zoller, Dieter Schuster, Hermann Zoller. Published by the media industry union - printing and paper, journalism and art on the occasion of its 125 existence, Stuttgart 1992.
• Richard Burkhardt: Fight for Human Rights. One hundred years of collective bargaining policy of the Printing and Paper Industry Union and its predecessor organizations since 1873 . Printing and Paper Industry Union, Stuttgart 1974.
• Reinhold Forster: "... that the red flag is flying in Augsburg too!" In: Journal of the Bavarian History Workshops. 7 (1999), pp. 33-39.
• Fifty years of the Stade local union for printing and paper industry 1906–1956 , Stade 1956.
• For freedom and democracy. Hamburg Social Democrats in Persecution and Resistance 1933–1945 . Published by the SPD regional organization Hamburg, Working Group on History and Working Group of Formerly Persecuted Social Democrats, Hamburg 2003, ISBN 3-8330-0637-4 .
• Wulf D. Hund : The Socialist Free Trade Union. In: Marxist Studies. IMSF yearbook. 8: 165-195 (1985).
• Ten years of the Printing and Paper Industry Union. As of July 1, 1959 . Printing and Paper Industry Union, Stuttgart 1959.
• Rüdiger Zimmermann : The man of the first hour: Max Thoma (1890-1957). In: thought leaders and strategists. The trade union press in the graphic arts industry and its editors since 1863. Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-86331-302-9 , pp. 232-250.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Schwäbische Volkszeitung, December 9, 1918.
2. ↑ Schwäbische Volkszeitung, May 8, 1919.
3. ^ Social Democratic Party District Association Hamburg. Activity report for the period from January 1, 1929 to December 31, 1930. SPD district executive committee, Hamburg 1930, p. 101
4. ^ Fifty years of the Stade local union for printing and paper industry 1906–1956 . Stade 1956, p. 11
5. ↑ Hamburg State Archives, holdings 221-11 State Commissioner for Denazification, signature LAM 6953 (Max Thoma)
6. ↑ Gau annual report 1945–1950, IG Druck und Papier Gau Nordmark . Hamburg 1950, p. 4
7. ↑ Gau annual report 1945–1950, IG Druck und Papier Gau Nordmark . Hamburg 1950, p. 12
8. ^ Correspondent. Bulletin for the functionaries [of the FDGB] , August 1947, No. 8
9. ^ Correspondent. British Zone Printing and Paper Industry Union Bulletin , November 1947, No. 2
10. ^ Correspondent. British Zone Printing and Paper Industry Union Bulletin , November 1947, No. 2
11. ^ Correspondent. British Zone Printing and Paper Industry Union Bulletin , November 1948, No. 11
12. ↑ Richard Burkhardt: A struggle for human rights. One hundred years of collective bargaining policy of the Printing and Paper Industry Union and its predecessor organizations since 1873 . Industrial Union of Printing and Paper, Stuttgart 1974, p. 119
13. ^ Minutes of the First Ordinary Association Day of the Printing and Paper Industry Union in the Paulussaal in Freiburg i. Br. 11-14 September 1950 . Self-published by the printing and paper industry union, Stuttgart 1950, pp. 168, 205, 295
14. ↑ Print and paper. Central organ of the Printing and Paper Industry Union , Volume 8, July 1, 1956, No. 12
15. ^ Hamburg politics 1947/48. Second activity report of the SPD parliamentary group . Auerdruck, Hamburg 1948, p. 31
16. ↑ Minutes of the 4th Ordinary Trade Union Day of the Printing and Paper Industry Union from September 9-14, 1956 in the Palmengarten in Frankfurt a. M. , Swabian Tagwacht GmbH. Stuttgart 1956, p. 281
17. ↑ Print and paper. Central organ of the Printing and Paper Industry Union , Volume 9, September 1, 1957, No. 17