Movimento 5 place

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Movimento 5 Stelle
five-star movement
Party logo
Vito Crimi
Party executive Vito Crimi (interim since January 2020; Political Head - Capo politico)
Beppe Grillo (Garant - Garante)
founding 4th October 2009
ideology Populism
EU skepticism
Anti-corruption
E-democracy
Ecologism Reduction of
growth
European party no
EP Group non-attached
MPs
227/630
Senators
112/315
MEPs
14/76
Website www.movimento5stelle.it

The Movimento 5 Stelle (abbreviated M5S ), in German five-star movement (in South Tyrol also 5SB ), is an EU-skeptical and populist party in Italy . It emerged from a citizens' movement that was launched in 2009 by the well-known cabaret artist Beppe Grillo .

The Rousseau Internet platform is an essential element in the organizational structure of the Five Star Movement . The registered members (the so-called iscritti ) use this platform to determine both the party's programs and candidates.

In the parliamentary elections in Italy in 2018 was M5S strongest single party and presents since June 1, 2018, first in a coalition with the Lega Nord (until September 5, 2019), and later with the Partito Democratico , the Government of Italy .

At European level, the party was part of the EFDD parliamentary group for the 8th electoral term . The Roman politician Fabio Massimo Castaldo was elected Vice-President of the European Parliament on November 15, 2017 . In the 9th electoral term the party does not belong to any parliamentary group.

Surname

According to the Carta di Firenze ( Charter of Florence in English ) published in 2009, the five stars in the party's name and logo stand for Acqua , Ambiente , Trasporti , Sviluppo and Energia and thus describe programmatic demands from the early phase of the movement: the right to free access to clean water and the promotion of environmental protection, public transport, sustainable development and renewable energies.

The graphically highlighted V in the party logo goes back to a protest campaign initiated by Grillo in 2007, the so-called V-Day . The V stands for Vaffanculo , the short form of the obscene insult Vai a fare in culo (in German about “go, fuck you in the ass”). The term V-Day is specifically reminiscent of the terms D-Day and V for Vendetta . The letter V can also be read as a Roman numeral for the number 5.

history

Protest movement and first citizen lists

The founder of the movement, Beppe Grillo, was one of the most famous TV entertainers in Italy in the 1980s. His appearances had political traits up to satire , where he attacked Italian politicians directly. At their instigation, Grillo was banned from appearing on Italian television in the early 1990s. Since then he has appeared in theaters and arenas and runs a blog on topics such as energy policy, corruption, freedom of expression and globalization.

As a protest initiative against the Italian politicians who are corrupt and overpaid, he initiated the so-called V-Day in 2007 . As part of V-Day, over 350,000 signatures were collected on Grillo's main concerns, including the fact that previously convicted persons should no longer have the right to stand as a candidate and that politicians should only be elected for two legislative periods and directly instead of via party lists. The success induced Grillo to organize a second V-Day in 2008 and to support so-called five-star citizen lists (List Civiche a Cinque Stelle) in the local elections in the following year . In July 2009 he wanted to run in the primary elections for party chairman of the Partito Democratico , but was prevented from participating by the party leadership. Thereupon he laid the foundation stone for a new political movement in October 2009.

The party's co-founder was Gianroberto Casaleggio, who died in 2016 . The internet entrepreneur and marketing strategist, who started his professional career at Olivetti , helped Grillo build the movement that uses the internet and social media - especially Grillo's blog - as forms of communication. His son Davide Casaleggio continues the work.

Local and regional elections

In spring 2010, the party ran for regional elections in five regions and was able to move into the state parliaments of Piedmont and Emilia-Romagna , each with two regional council members.

In the local and regional elections in 2011, the M5S ran for elections in 75 of 1,177 municipalities and was able to move into 28 municipal councils. The party achieved the best results in northern and central Italy (between 9 and 12% in Bologna, Rimini and Ravenna), while in the south it seldom exceeded the 2%. In the regional elections in Molise , southern Italy , the party's top candidate won 5.60% of the vote in the same year.

In the 2012 local elections, the party ran in 101 of 1,012 municipalities. It was able to gain further popularity and achieve double-digit results in numerous municipalities, especially in northern Italy. Since these elections, the movement has had four mayors in Veneto and Emilia-Romagna, including Parma , where Federico Pizzarotti won the runoff election for mayor with 60.22%. In subsequent polls, the M5S ranked Italy's second largest party in the country. In the early regional elections in Sicily on October 28, 2012, the forecast upward trend was confirmed; The M5S emerged from the elections as the party with the strongest vote with 14.89% and was thus able to firmly establish itself in southern Italy.

In the local and regional elections in 2016, M5S candidate Virginia Raggi was elected mayor of Rome as the first woman. The candidate Chiara Appendino also came into the runoff election in Turin with 30.92%. Both Raggi and Appendino won the runoff. Chiara Appendino, 31 years old at the time of the election, won against incumbent Piero Fassino and received 54.56 percent of the vote.

Parliamentary and European elections

Due to the movement's self-imposed code of conduct , Beppe Grillo did not run in the 2013 general election . However, he is referred to as the "mouthpiece" ( Megafono ) of the movement and was thus instrumental in organizing the election campaign. He organized numerous rallies in major Italian cities; According to the party, around 800,000 people came to the final election campaign event on Piazza San Giovanni in Rome .

From the parliamentary elections on February 24 and 25, 2013 , the M5S emerged as the second strongest party, with around 25% of the votes in the Chamber of Deputies and around 23% in the Senate, only because of its poorer performance in the constituencies abroad Partito Democratico queued. In four chamber constituencies the party was able to unite over 30% of the votes; In the two Sicilian constituencies it achieved its absolute top results (34.54% and 32.67% respectively), in the Marche it came to 32.13% and in Grillo's home region of Liguria to 32.10%. Due to the current electoral law, which rewards the party alliance with the largest number of votes with a majority bonus, the five-star movement (which had not joined any alliance) received only 109 of a total of 630 seats in the Chamber of Deputies - 54 of a total of 315 in the Senate In the Senate, however, no party alliance was able to secure an absolute majority, the 54 Senate seats gave the M5S significant political potential for possible government participation. This variant was explored with the Partito Democratico over several weeks, but ultimately rejected by the M5S. After Enrico Letta (PD) was sworn in as Prime Minister of a grand coalition government made up of Partito Democratico and Popolo della Libertà in April 2013, the M5S acted as an opposition force in the Italian parliament.

In the European elections on May 25, 2014 , M5S received 21.15% of the vote and 17 seats in the European Parliament . The M5S mandataries joined the EU-skeptical group on Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD).

In the parliamentary elections on March 4, 2018 , the M5S emerged as the strongest party with 32.68 percent of the vote. This election also brought a landslide-like increase in votes for the Lega Nord to 17.34 percent. The attempt to form a coalition government of M5S and LN under the leadership of political newcomer Giuseppe Conte failed due to the veto of President Mattarella on May 27, 2018. In a second attempt, Giuseppe Conte was once again commissioned by the President to form a government. The then formed government with 18 ministers, including five women, was sworn in on June 1, 2018 and Giuseppe Conte became Prime Minister.

On June 5, 2018, a majority of the Senators in the Conte government expressed their confidence and the next day a majority of the members of the Chamber of Deputies (350 for, 236 against, 35 abstentions).

Virginia Raggi

The coalition with the Lega broke up in August 2019, whereupon the M5S formed a coalition with the Partito Democratico . The government , again under the leadership of Giuseppe Conte, was sworn in on September 5, 2019 and was then trusted by the two chambers of parliament.

Programmatic orientation

In its program for the parliamentary elections of February 2013, the five-star movement formulated a number of concrete political demands, which it published online according to seven subject areas:

State and citizens

For the M5S, the current organization of the Italian state is "oversized bureaucratic, expensive and inefficient". The movement criticizes the current suffrage for parliamentary elections and calls for a strengthening of direct democracy . The M5S also calls for a ban on the accumulation of offices , a maximum term of office for members of two legislative terms and a ban on standing for citizens convicted of criminal law.

In January 2019, the M5S submitted a bill to legalize cannabis in the Italian Parliament.

energy

M5S criticizes the inefficient use of energy in Italy and calls for an energy policy that should lead to a reduction in CO 2 emissions in accordance with the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol . In principle, an intensive expansion of renewable energy sources is sought.

information

The movement strives for the greatest possible transparency in the public opinion-forming process. In this regard, the movement calls for an expansion of Internet connections and free and free Internet access for all citizens. Likewise, individuals should no longer be able to be the sole majority owner of private media with a nationwide reach; The state media are also to be de-bureaucratised and fundamentally restructured.

economy

M5S basically calls for a strengthening of the locally and regionally rooted economic structures and stronger regulation of large finance and stock corporations, the abolition of de facto monopoly companies, the limitation of manager salaries in favor of unemployment benefits guaranteed for all.

traffic

The movement advocates strengthening local public transport over individual transport; it calls for the expansion of cycle paths, e-mobility and public train connections. Sustainability is important, solutions using sharing platforms are supported.

Since its inception, the M5S has been campaigning against the construction of the Mont-Cenis base tunnel connecting Turin and Lyon , which is very controversial among the local population: it is useless and harm the environment, it is argued. The clear stance against the construction had contributed to the popularity of the M5S. In July 2019, however, the M5S involved in Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte's government gave up its resistance.

health

In the health sector, the M5S calls for the maintenance of free basic care that is accessible to all citizens. The movement criticizes the preference for private health facilities, which "drains resources and talent from the public health system". The aim is also to reduce the cost of pharmaceuticals and to intensify preventive measures and raise awareness of a health-conscious lifestyle.

The party rejects the compulsory vaccination against measles for children and supports the scientifically refuted thesis that vaccinations cause autism . The M5S uses the topic specifically in the election campaign. After a measles epidemic broke out in Italy in early 2017 and it was found that 88% of those infected had not been vaccinated, Italy introduced compulsory vaccination for children. Italy's Minister of Health Beatrice Lorenzin criticized, alluding to the M5S, that politicians had also contributed to disinformation about vaccinations that some people did not get vaccinated. The M5S and Lega Nord promised before the parliamentary elections in Italy in 2018 to reverse the compulsory vaccination. The Roman mayoress Virginia Raggi of the M5S already did not abide by the law and decided against the vaccination requirement that children can continue to go to school or kindergarten without vaccination.

education

The five-star movement calls for the exclusive financing of the public school system and an expansion of the corresponding infrastructures - above all free access to the Internet for schoolchildren and students and the distribution of e-books, in order to generally facilitate access to stored knowledge. With regard to language teaching, the movement is calling for English teaching to be introduced in kindergartens as well as free but compulsory Italian teaching for migrants.

Foreign policy

In terms of foreign policy, the M5S has a Kremlin-friendly orientation. The party's attitude has undergone a change. After the murder of the Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya in 2006, Beppe Grillo was still critical of Russia. In the meantime, however, the M5S is one of the pro-Russian forces in the West. In a speech to the Russian ruling party United Russia , M5S foreign policy spokesman Manlio Di Stefano spoke out against the sanctions imposed on Russia 's annexation of Crimea . He described NATO as "aggressive", called for a strengthening of economic ties between the EU and Russia and said that the "Ukraine crisis" was not caused by Russia, but by the EU and the United States, as it interfered in Russian affairs would have. Di Stefano described the attacks on Aleppo in 2016 as a “liberation”. A United Russia MP said that they wanted to continue to cooperate with the M5S in the future.

The party's websites may include a. claims without evidence that the US State Department is funding the smuggling of refugees into Italy, and a photo of a film set is given as evidence of cannibalism in Ukraine. News is often taken from Russian state media such as Sputnik and Russia Today . A report in the daily La Stampa also shows that the M5S, Lega Nord and other right-wing parties in social networks are specifically supported by the St. Petersburg “ Troll Army ”. Grillo denied the allegations. The party leader said that only the traditional Italian press spread false information.

The party's top candidate, Luigi Di Maio, who was the party's executive from 2017 to January 2020, said that other politicians such as Silvio Berlusconi had much closer ties to Russia and that it was unjustified to criticize only the M5S. It is important to him to keep the United States as an ally.

Beppe Grillo and various members of the movement expressed the following, in some cases different, views on the European Union and the euro :

Europe

It is criticized that the European Union has moved away from the ideals of the founding fathers Adenauer , De Gasperi , Monnet and Schuman and has become a pure banking union. Before the introduction of the euro, common rules on defense and tax policy should have been created. Furthermore, the European Union is being used by Italy's politicians as an alibi for measures undesirable by the population, "because Europe wants it that way". This is reminiscent of the justification of the Crusades: “because God wills it”. Grillo called the development funds of the European Union a fraud: Italy would finance the EU with 12 billion euros annually, of which only 9 billion would flow back to Italy, moreover to the three regions in which organized crime is most prevalent (Campania, Calabria and Sicily). You are not waging war against the Islamic State or against Russia, but against the European Central Bank , said Grillo.

At the same time, M5S aims in its program to align Italy with European standards, for example in the prices of energy, internet access, telephone, electricity, transport; in the energetic renovation and certification of buildings; in the implementation of the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the fight against pain (through the use of opiates, morphine and the like).

Euro

Grillo personally spoke out in favor of Italy leaving the European Monetary Union on the grounds that the euro was like "a rope around the neck". He always emphasized the need for a referendum. The economics professor Mauro Gallegati, who is close to the M5S, rejects the exit from the euro and proposes a tax reform to solve Italy's debt problems, which should include the introduction of a wealth tax of 5 to 10% on assets over 10 million euros.

Code of Conduct for Parliamentarians

The code of conduct commits the members of parliament and senators to campaign for the party program, in particular for the implementation of direct democracy, the introduction of referendums without a participation quorum and the direct election of elected representatives.

The parliamentary factions of the M5S were also obliged not to enter into government alliances with any parties or coalitions. However, they were able to approve individual legislative measures proposed by other parties in accordance with the movement's party program. In 2018 the party then entered into a coalition with the Lega. Since then, the coalition ban no longer applies.

In addition, it is planned that the group chairmen and group spokesmen in the Italian House of Representatives and the Senate will be re-elected every three months.

In the event of any conviction for a crime, even if only in the first instance, the movement's parliamentarian undertakes to resign.

The monthly gross salaries of the parliamentarians are limited to 5,000 euros plus expenses. The remainder goes into a fund that the M5S uses to finance microcredits for small and medium-sized companies in their formation. At least 14 members of parliament from the movement had commissioned the transfers to the fund, but immediately deferred them and let the money flow back to themselves.

criticism

Political observers and political scientists have criticized the movement's populist approaches . Caused a stir the liberal business magazine The Economist , as it in spring 2013. Silvio Berlusconi called and Grillo as the "two clowns" that Italy's particular political culture.

Although the party is externally committed to more democracy and transparency, doubts about its credibility are expressed. In 2012 Giovanni Favia, Federica Salsi and other high-ranking party members were excluded due to criticism of the party’s internal democracy. The exclusion is said to have been initiated solely by Beppe Grillo and without a consultation procedure in accordance with the statutes. Grillo is accused of having turned the promise of a digital democracy into an “authoritarian control apparatus”.

Election results

Results in the regional elections
year region be right proportion of Mandates space
2019 Abruzzo 118.273 19.7%
7/31
 2.
2018 Aosta Valley 6,652 10.4%
4/35
 5.
2015 Apulia 275.114 16.3%
7/51
 2.
2019 Basilicata 58,658 20.3%
3/21
 1.
2020 Emilia-Romagna 102,595 4.7%
2/50
 5.
2018 Friuli Venezia Giulia 29,810 7.1%
4/49
 4th
2020 Calabria 48,784 6.3%
0/31
 9.
2015 Campania 387,327 17.0%
7/51
 3.
2018 Lazio 559.752 22.1%
10/51
 1.
2015 Liguria 120,147 22.9%
6/31
 2.
2018 Lombardy 933.243 17.8%
13/80
 3.
2015 Brands 100.202 18.9%
5/31
 2.
2018 Molise 45,886 31.6%
6/21
 1.
2019 Piedmont 241.014 12.6%
5/51
 3.
2019 Sardinia 68,461 9.7%
6/60
 4th
2017 Sicily 513.359 26.7%
20/70
 1.
2018 South-Tirol 6,670 2.4%
1/35
 8th.
2015 Tuscany 200,771 15.1%
5/41
 3.
2018 Trentino 18,437 7.2%
2/35
 4th
2019 Umbria 30,953 7.4%
1/21
 4th
2015 Veneto 192.630 10.4%
5/51
 4th
Results in the parliamentary elections
year be right proportion of Mandates space
2013 8,691,406 25.6%
109/630
 2.
2018 10,732,066 32.7%
227/630
 1.
Results in the Senate elections
year be right proportion of Mandates space
2013 7,285,648 23.8%
54/315
 2.
2018 9,733,928 32.2%
112/315
 1.
Results in the European elections
year be right proportion of Mandates space
2014 5,807,362 21.2%
17/73
 2.
2019 4,569,089 17.1%
14/76
 3.

literature

  • Bastian Brandau: Five stars against Berlusconi. The Movimento 5 Stelle and its way into Italian politics , ibidem-Verlag, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-8382-0488-8 .
  • Jacques de Saint-Victor: The Antipolitical , Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2015, ISBN 978-3-86854-289-9 .
  • Filippo Tronconi (Ed.): Beppe Grillo's Five Star Movement. Organization, Communication and Ideology , Ashgate, Surrey 2015, ISBN 978-1-4724-3663-4 (English).
  • Jérémy Dousson: Un populisme à l'italienne? Comprendre le Mouvement 5 étoiles , Les petits matins, Paris 2018, ISBN 978-2-36383-245-0 (French).

Web links

Commons : MoVimento 5 Stelle  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Resignation: Di Maio no longer five-star boss orf.at, January 22, 2020, accessed January 23, 2020.
  2. ^ "Grillo's populists want to power" nzz.ch, accessed on June 2, 2018
  3. Jump up ↑ Five Star Movement Calls for President Mattarella to be removed from faz.net, accessed June 2, 2018
  4. ↑ Italy's populists want Giuseppe Conte as Premier sueddeutsche.de, accessed on June 2, 2018
  5. ↑ Beppe Grillo Is the Most Dangerous Man in Europe spiegel.de, accessed on February 25, 2018 (English)
  6. ↑ Petra Reski : tagesspiegel.de Ex-comedian Beppe Grillo (accessed on March 6, 2013)
  7. ↑ Italy's populist movement holds online vote to pick candidates , Reuters , 6 December 2012
  8. ↑ Programma del Movimento 5 Stelle ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 436 kB), pp. 4, 5, 6 e 14. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.beppegrillo.it
  9. ↑ Il Movimento per la Decrescita Felice prende le distanze dal Movimento 5 Stelle ( Memento of the original of February 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / magazineuropa.com
  10. ↑ His humility, the boss sz.de , February 11, 2018
  11. ↑ Carta di Firenze. www.beppegrillo.it, March 9, 2009, accessed August 27, 2018 (Italian).
  12. ^ Filippo Tronconi: Introduction . In: Filippo Tronconi (Ed.): Beppe Grillo's Five Star Movement. Organization, Communication and Ideology . Ashgate, Surrey 2015, ISBN 978-1-4724-3663-4 , pp. 3 (English).
  13. ^ Blog di Beppe Grillo - Vaffanculo Day. June 14, 2007, accessed August 27, 2018 .
  14. Jump up ↑ Grillo's followers in 75 communities. They stir up Milan, Turin and Naples , Adnkronons news agency, May 9, 2011
  15. ↑ Sonda Italia website , accessed on May 25, 2012
  16. ↑ Electoral Service of the Autonomous Region of Sicily ( Memento of the original from January 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.elezioni.regione.sicilia.it
  17. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Schlamp: Rome's mayor Virginia Raggi: Back-breaking job for the five-star woman , accessed on June 20, 2016
  18. ↑ www.chiaraappendino.it
  19. ↑ Elezioni of Fine, Comune di Torino. La Repubblica , June 6, 2016, accessed June 7, 2016 .
  20. ↑ FAZ.net June 19, 2016: The Beppe Grillo party candidate wins in the capital
  21. ↑ http://www.ilpost.it/2016/06/20/chiara-appendino-torino/
  22. ↑ lastampa.it : Chiara Appendino è sindaco: svolta storica per Torino. In due settimane è cresciuta di 80 mila voti
  23. ↑ Grillo has a criminal record for negligent homicide. In 1981 he caused a car accident in which three people died.
  24. ↑ Elezioni 2013, Beppe Grillo fa il pieno in piazza , Elections 2013, Beppe Grillo fills the square, Huffington Post , February 23, 2013
  25. ↑ Election Service of the Italian Ministry of the Interior
  26. ^ Matthias Rüb: Coalition Five Stars and Lega: New government in Italy will be sworn in on Friday . May 31, 2018 ( faz.net [accessed May 31, 2018]).
  27. ^ Senate in Rome expresses confidence in the populist government. Retrieved June 8, 2018 .
  28. ↑ a b c www.meetupeuropa.eu ( Memento of the original from June 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 318 kB) programma-de (accessed June 20, 2016) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.meetupeuropa.eu
  29. ^ Party program 2013 ( Memento of November 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  30. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20190112133750/https://www.suedtirolnews.it/italien/m5s-will-cannabis-legalisiert-lega-ist-d against
  31. ^ Franco Battel: Controversial tunnel Lyon-Turin - power word from Rome. In: SRF . July 24, 2019, accessed July 24, 2019 .
  32. ↑ Oliver Meiler: Cinque Stelle give up their last big fight. In: tagesanzeiger.ch. July 24, 2019, accessed July 26, 2019 .
  33. ↑ Populism, Politics and Measles . In: The New York Times , May 2, 2007.
  34. ^ Hilary Clarke: The maverick populists striking fear into Italy's mainstream parties . In: BBC News , March 1, 2018.
  35. ↑ Italy introduces mandatory vaccination for children . In: Euronews , May 20, 2017.
  36. ^ Tara John: How Anti-Vaxxers Could Help Decide Italy's Election . In: Time Magazine , February 28, 2018.
  37. ↑ Campaigners argue about compulsory vaccination . In: Ärztezeitung , February 3, 2018.
  38. ↑ Stephanie Kirchgaessner: Italy's Five Star Movement part of growing club of Putin sympathisers in the West . In: The Guardian , January 5, 2017.
  39. ^ Meeting between Russian officials and the Five Star Movement: a Russia politician explains . In: La Stampa , November 9, 2017.
  40. ↑ Italy's Most Popular Political Party Is Leading Europe In Fake News And Kremlin Propaganda . In: BuzzFeed , November 29, 2016.
  41. ↑ a b Andrea Spalinger: Beppe Grillo's Fake News . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , December 1, 2016.
  42. ↑ Jacopo Iacoboni: #iovotono, #Consip e #Bastaimmigrati. Le operazioni social in Italia dei troll di San Pietroburgo . In: La Stampa , February 17, 2017.
  43. ↑ ORF at / agencies PEPR: Resignation: Di Maio not five-star chef. January 22, 2020, accessed January 22, 2020 .
  44. ↑ Jason Horowitz: Will Russia Meddle in Italy's Election? It may not have to . In: The New York Times , March 1, 2018.
  45. ^ Rick Noack: The European parties accused of being influenced by Russia . In: The Washington Post , November 17, 2017.
  46. ↑ Grillo contro l'Unione europea: “Non si sa nulla, è un club Med per trombati” , Grillo against the EU: You don't find out anything, it's a Club Med for failed politicians, Il Fatto Quotidiano , November 9, 2012
  47. ↑ Sofia Bettiza: Italy's Grillo takes anti-euro campaign to Brussels . In: BBC News , November 13, 2014.
  48. ↑ Comedian Grillo: "The euro is a rope around your neck" , Die Presse, May 10, 2012
  49. ↑ A visit to Italiens Politikerschreck , NZZ, May 16, 2012
  50. ↑ Grillo: referendum online sull'euro, presto finiremo i soldi per le pensioni , Grillo, online voting on the euro, we will soon run out of money for pensions, Il Sole 24 Ore, March 2, 2013
  51. ↑ Il prof che l'economia Spiega secondo Grillo "Sì alla patrimonial. Folle uscire dall'euro » , the professor explains economics in the sense of Grillo: Yes to the wealth tax. Crazy to step out of the euro, Corriere della Sera , February 28, 2013
  52. ↑ Codice di comportamento eletti MoVimento 5 position in Parlamento , code of conduct for parliamentarians of the M5S
  53. ↑ Matthias Rüb: Italian Protest Movement: Dying Stars . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 2, 2018.
  54. ^ The Economist: Send in the clowns . Edition of March 2, 2013 (accessed February 18, 2015).
  55. ↑ Grillo caccia dal M5s Favia e Salsi corriere.it, from December 13, 2012 (Italian)
  56. ↑ Niente dissenso: E Grillo espelle dal M5S gli "eretici" Salsi e Favia. Il Sole 24 ORE, December 12, 2012, accessed June 25, 2014 .
  57. ↑ Grillo caccia Favia e Salsi dal Movimento 5 Stelle . In: la Repubblica . Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  58. ↑ Grillo “scomunica” Favia e Salsi L'eletta: “Peggio che nei vecchi partiti” . In: la Repubblica . Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  59. ↑ Emanuele Buzzi: Bufera sui grillini Avvocati in campo per l'uso del logo . In: Corriere della Sera . Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  60. ^ Adrienne Fichter : The digital dictator. In: Republic. February 1, 2018, accessed June 2, 2018 .