Naturopathy

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Kneipp cure

The Naturopathy , formerly physiatrist called, is a medicine that especially on dietary and physical remedies , sets based on a natural modern lifestyle and special value (apart from medicinal plants) largely on drug dispensed. The term naturopathy thus describes a spectrum of different naturopathic methods that do not use any technological aids and are intended to activate the body's own capabilities for self-healing (spontaneous healing). For this purpose, these methods preferably make use of the means or stimuli occurring in nature .

Naturopathy is often used to describe areas of alternative medicine and, in the narrower sense, parts of complementary medicine (i.e. to the scientifically unrecognized procedures that complement medicine). The doctor Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland is considered an important pioneer . In 1888 Friedrich Eduard Bilz published the standard work of naturopathy with his Bilz book .

Naturopathic remedies include (according to a definition by Alfred Brauchle ) the sun, light, air, movement, rest, food, water, cold, earth, breathing, thoughts, feelings and volitional processes. In a broader understanding, “natural” medicines , especially medicinal plants and their preparations, are also included.

The following examples show that this definition is fraught with problems: Vaccination with a genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccine has a preventive effect by activating the body's own immune system , or penicillin is a substance of natural origin. Neither of the two examples counts to naturopathy despite the fulfillment of the above Definition criteria.

The following naturopathic treatments are generally included in classic naturopathy:

The following alternative medicine methods are often referred to as naturopathic:

Working principle

Most naturopathic and alternative methods have a so-called holistic approach, that is, they try to rebalance the disturbed harmony of the entire organism, whereby they claim not only to cover the body. They create the conditions and stimulate processes that enable the organism to recover from itself. Therapy goals are the stimulation of the self-healing powers through natural effects of natural remedies as well as the instruction and support for the assumption of personal responsibility by the patient.

history

In the Hippocratic understanding, which was the basis of academic medicine in antiquity and the Middle Ages (cf. humoral pathology ), nature was understood as a vital force and a healing force . The patient's recovery was brought about by nature; the doctor was only the practitioner: Medicus curat, natura sanat .

The first (alternative medicine ) naturopathic movement in Silesia was initiated by the Silesian preacher monk and poet doctor Nicholas of Poland (also known as Niklas von Mumpelier) from the Dominican monastery in Krakow, whose therapeutic concept contained antigalenic and antischolastic content. The term naturopathy was first used in 1839 by Johann Baptist Gross in the 3rd edition of his work The cold water as an excellent means of transporting health and an excellent remedy for diseases :

“Nowadays it is the conviction that, as a rule, the beneficent goal can be reached not so much through the multitude of artificial compositions of all possible natural substances and devices, as through simple gifts and mainly through the purposeful guidance of the natural force. For this reason, a large part of the doctors have devoted themselves to physiatrics (naturopathy), others themselves to hydriatics (cold water medicine). "

- Bernhard Uehleke : The historical and conceptual precursors of "naturopathy" in the 17th and 18th centuries.

In 1846 Heinrich Friedrich Francke, who published under the pseudonym JH Rausse and was important for the development of naturopathy, also used the word naturopathy. Lorenz Gleich (* August 1, 1798; † March 3, 1865) created a definition and nomenclature of naturopathy in 1848 and, in addition to water, names "appropriate diet, exercise, air, light and warmth with the exclusion of all so-called medicines".

One approach was the propagation of water for healing purposes in hydrotherapy. Around 1848, Vinzenz Prießnitz first described the combination of active and passive movement therapy, air, bath and water applications as well as simple mixed food as a natural healing method . Johann Schroth combined the water applications with fasting in the Schroth cure . Uncompromising anti-medication and opposition to vaccinations were later characterized by movements around the magazine Der Naturarzt (whose editor-in-chief Theodor Hahn worked) or the German Association of Associations for Health Care and Non-Medicinal Healing Practices .

The form of hydrotherapy (see: Kneipp medicine ) made popular by the pastor Sebastian Kneipp gave up the principle of non-drug use. Many other medical laypeople, but also doctors, designed other natural healing systems. The Bavarian military doctor Lorenz Gleich (1798–1865) coined the term naturopathy as a collective term for the natural instinct doctrine ("instinctively correct behavior of people in dealing with health and illness"), natural diet ("instinct-guided natural way of life") and naturopathic methods . Some doctors like August Bier advocated overcoming the growing mistrust between naturopathy and scientific medicine.

The alternative practitioner Arthur Lutze (1813-1870) combined the knowledge of naturopathy with homeopathic elements. In his clinic in Köthen he treated thousands of patients with self-developed wellness healing practices, baths and vegetarian diets . His book Rules of Life in Natural Medicine achieved 64 editions. Another popular naturopathic work was The New Healing Method by Maximilian Platen.

Around 1900 many supporters of naturopathy were to be found in the metropolitan workforce, but above all in the middle classes. Naturopathic associations, Prießnitzbünde and Kneipp societies were part of the social movement that became known as life reform . In 1906, under the name and with the ideas of his teacher Ernst Schweninger , Bismarck's personal physician , the physician Emil Klein laid the foundations for the following efforts to establish naturopathy with the book The Physician . Even the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases was attempted with naturopathic methods (in addition to the first chemotherapeutic approaches - rich in side effects - and before the development of modern antibiotics). The popularity of the naturopathic movement was partly taken up by National Socialism . The advocates of Nazi medicine often invoked traditional methods and ways of thinking that served as a background for naturopaths, and tried, among other things. a. to develop a New German Medicine from it.

distribution

Basically, a distinction must be made between medical use, treatments according to the Heilpraktikergesetz and self- treatment . Naturopathic methods are quite widespread, especially in the established medical profession and in rehabilitation medicine . In Germany around 14,000 doctors are organized in medical associations for naturopathic treatment. For comparison, there are 28,000 in acupuncture , 8,000 in manual medicine , 6,000 in homeopathy and more than 5,000 in other methods of complementary medicine .

In Germany, after completing specialist training, there is the opportunity to acquire the additional designation of naturopathic treatment recognized by the medical associations . To acquire the additional qualification, four courses with a total of 160 teaching units as well as a 12-week internship with an authorized doctor are required. The practice observation can be replaced by the 80 hours of case seminars including supervision.

The training includes the acquisition of knowledge, experience and skills in balneotherapy, climate therapy and related measures, exercise, breathing and relaxation therapy measures, massage treatment and reflex zone therapy measures including manual diagnostics, the basics of nutritional medicine and fasting therapy, phytotherapy and the use of others Medicines made from natural substances, order therapy and the basics of chronobiology, physical measures including electro and ultrasound therapy , the diverting and retuning procedures, healing obstacles and basics of neural therapy .

Training at university facilities for naturopathy

In 2003, with the revision of the licensing regulations for doctors, the cross-sectional area of ​​rehabilitation, physical medicine and naturopathic treatment was introduced as a binding part of teaching in the clinical training section. This was the first time that naturopathic and complementary medical content became relevant for the exam. There are currently several university facilities for naturopathy and complementary medicine as well as other naturopathic research institutes in Germany:

  • Endowed professorship for clinical naturopathy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin
  • Chair for Naturopathy and Integrative Medicine, Medical Faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen
  • Chair for Medical Theory, Integrative and Anthroposophic Medicine, University of Witten / Herdecke
  • Chair of Naturopathy, Rostock University
  • Competence Center for Complementary Medicine and Naturopathy (KoKoNat), Technical University of Munich
  • Uni-Zentrum Naturheilkunde, University Medical Center Freiburg
  • Outpatient clinic for naturopathy, gynecology, Heidelberg University Hospital
  • Professorship for research methods and information systems in complementary medicine, University of Witten-Herdecke
  • Clinic for Naturopathy, Blankenstein Clinic, Ruhr University Bochum

Further training in naturopathic treatment

In Germany, specialists have the option of obtaining the additional designation of naturopathic treatment recognized by the medical associations . To acquire the additional qualification, four courses with a total of 160 teaching units as well as a 12-week internship with an authorized doctor are required. The practice observation can be replaced by the 80 hours of case seminars including supervision.

The further training includes the acquisition of knowledge, experience and skills in

  • balneotherapy, climate therapy and related measures,
  • exercise, breathing and relaxation therapeutic measures,
  • the massage treatment and reflex zone therapeutic measures including manual diagnostics,
  • the basics of nutritional medicine and fasting therapy,
  • phytotherapy and the use of other drugs made from natural substances,
  • order therapy and basics of chronobiology,
  • physical measures including electrical and ultrasound therapy,
  • the diverting and retuning procedures, obstacles to healing and the basics of neural therapy.

See also

literature

  • Maximilian Alexander: History of Naturopathy , ISBN 3-8118-5830-0 .
  • M. Augustin, V. Schmiedel: Practical Guide Naturopathy. Urban & Fischer, Munich
  • Friedrich Eduard Bilz : The new healing method . Textbook of natural healing and health care . Bilz, Dresden 1888. (later editions under the title: Das neue Naturheilverfahren. Text and reference book on natural healing and health care )
  • Alfred Brauchle: The history of naturopathy in life pictures . Second, expanded edition of "Große Naturärzte". Reclam-Verlag, Stuttgart 1951
  • Alfred Brauchle: Handbook of Naturopathy. Stuttgart 1952 (8th edition)
  • Klemens Dieckhöfer: A short history of naturopathy. Hippokrates Verlag, Stuttgart 1985.
  • Uwe Heyll: water, fasting, air and light. The history of naturopathy in Germany. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt New York 2006, ISBN 3-593-37955-4 .
  • Robert Jütte : History of Alternative Medicine. From folk medicine to today's unconventional therapies. CH Beck Verlag, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-406-40495-2 , pp. 27–32 ( “Naturopathy” versus “natural scientific” medicine (1850–1880) ) and pp. 115–178 ( Naturopathic treatments ).
  • Robert Jütte: Naturopathic Treatment. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , pp. 1025-1027.
  • Josef Karl: New therapy concepts for the practice of naturopathy. Pflaum Verlag, Munich 2004, ISBN 978-3-7905-0685-3 .
  • Manfred Köhnlechner (Hrsg.): Handbook of naturopathy. I-II. 3. Edition. Cologne 1986.
  • Karin Kraft, Rainer Stange: Textbook Naturopathic Treatment. Hippokrates, Stuttgart 2009. ISBN 3-8304-5333-7 .
  • Heinrich Lahmann : The most important chapter of the natural (physical-diet-ethical) healing method. 3rd edition of the "Physiatrische Blätter". Stuttgart 1897.
  • KF Liebau: Handbook for Naturopathy. Pflaum, Munich
  • Maria Lohmann: Therapy Manual Naturopathy. Urban & Fischer, Munich
  • Maria Lohmann: Entry into naturopathic practice. Urban & Fischer, Munich 2007, ISBN 3-437-55262-7 .
  • Pschyrembel naturopathy and alternative healing methods . 3. Edition. De Gruyter, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-11-018524-9 .
  • I. Richter: Naturopathic therapeutic methods. Urban & Fischer, Munich

In addition to special, important sub-areas:

  • Hubertus Averbeck: From cold water therapy to physical therapy. Reflections on people and at the time of the most important developments in the 19th century . European University Press, Bremen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86741-782-2 .
  • Wolfgang Blaschek (Ed.), Max Wichtl (Greetings): Wichtl - Tea drugs and phytopharmaceuticals . 6., completely rework. and exp. Edition. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2015, ISBN 978-3-8047-3068-7 .
  • Dobos, Deuse, Michalsen: Chronic diseases integrative. Elsevier - Urban & Fischer, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-437-57200-8 .
  • Maria Lohmann: Natural medicine for women . Knaur Verlag, 2005. ISBN 978-3-426-64214-6 .
  • Johannes Gottfried Mayer , Bernhard Uehleke , Kilian Saum : The great book of monastic medicine. ZS-Verlag Zabert Sandmann, Munich 2013. ISBN 978-3-89883-343-1 .
  • Gerd Rudolf, Peter Henningsen: Psychotherapeutic medicine and psychosomatics: An introductory textbook on a psychodynamic basis. ISBN 978-3-13-125176-3 .
  • Manuela Thaler, Maria-Luise Plank: Remedies and complementary medicine in health insurance . Manz Verlag, Vienna 2005. ISBN 3-214-02364-0 .

Web links

Wikibooks: Naturopathy  - learning and teaching materials

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon , XVI, p. 812.
  2. ↑ Definition of naturopathic treatment
  3. ^ Brauchle, Alfred: Handbook of natural medicine on a scientific basis . 8th edition. Reclam, 1952.
  4. ↑ Classical naturopathy. Definition of the Hufelandgesellschaft.
  5. ↑ Arnd Krüger : History of movement therapy . In: Preventive Medicine . Springer, Heidelberg, Loseblatt Collection 1999, 07.06, pp. 1–22.
  6. ↑ Active principle of classical naturopathy (definition of the Hufeland society)
  7. ↑ Antoni Jonecko: studies on physician writer Nicholas of Poland. A sketch by the medieval doctor and poet with particular emphasis on his "Anthippocras" controversy, his "Experimenta", "Surgery" and his connections to Silesia. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 8, 1990.
  8. ↑ See Stanisław Szpilczyński: Considérations sur les conceptions pseudoscientifiques des pratiques de Nicolas de Pologne. Reflections on the influence of the medical center de Montpellier, concernant la medical en Pologne, Yperman. In: Bulletin de la Société belge d'histoire de la médecine. Volume 8, 1991, No. 6; also in: Le Scalpel. Volume 114, 1961, pp. 230-233.
  9. ↑ Gundolf Keil: The anatomei-term in the Paracelsus pathology. With a historical perspective on Samuel Hahnemann. In: Hartmut Boockmann, Bernd Moeller , Karl Stackmann (eds.): Life lessons and world designs in the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern age. Politics - Education - Natural History - Theology. Report on colloquia of the commission to research the culture of the late Middle Ages 1983 to 1987 (= treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen: philological-historical class. Volume III, No. 179). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1989, ISBN 3-525-82463-7 , pp. 336–351, here: pp. 337–339.
  10. ↑ a b Quoted from: Bernhard Uehleke : The history of ideas and conceptual precursors of "naturopathy" in the 17th and 18th centuries. In: Dominik Groß , Monika Reininger (Hrsg.): Medicine in history, philology and ethnology. Festschrift for Gundolf Keil. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2003, ISBN 3-8260-2176-2 . Pp. 131-158.
  11. ^ Gundolf Keil: Vegetarian. In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 34, 2015 (2016), pp. 29–68, here: pp. 42–47.
  12. ↑ Hubertus Averbeck (2012), p. 229.
  13. ↑ Bernhard Uehleke (2003), p. 149.
  14. ^ Wolfgang G. Locher: Gleich, Lorenz. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 496 f.
  15. ↑ Hubertus Averbeck: From the cold water cure to physical therapy. Reflections on people and at the time of the most important developments in the 19th century . Europäische Hochschulverlag, Bremen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86741-782-2 , p. 228.
  16. ↑ Maximilian Platen: The new healing method. Textbook on the natural way of life, health care and drug-free healing. Berlin.
  17. ↑ Cf. for example Florian Mildenberger: Life reform and medicine around 1900. The natural healing movement in Brandenburg. In: Christiane Batz (Ed.): Simply. Naturally. Life: Life Reform in Brandenburg 1890–1933. Berlin 2015, pp. 105–114.
  18. ↑ See also, for example, Magnus Hirschfeld : Naturopathy and Social Democracy. In: Hausdoctor. Volume 8, 1897, pp. 249-251.
  19. ↑ Karl E. Rothschuh : The book "The Doctor" (1906) does not come from Ernst Schweninger! In: Medizinhistorisches Journal 18, 1983, pp. 137-144.
  20. ^ Alfred Haug: The Reich Working Group for a New German Medicine (1935-1936). In: Würzburger medical historical reports 2, 1984, pp. 117–130; here: p. 118 f.
  21. ↑ Hermann Lemke: Syphilis and its healing on a natural basis without mercury and Salvarsan. A new way to get people healthy. 5th edition. Berlin 1925.
  22. ^ Hermann Lemke: Sexual diseases and their healing on a natural basis. A new way to get people healthy. 2nd Edition. No place in 1916.
  23. ↑ http://www.laek-thueringen.de/Weiterbildungsordnung ( Memento of the original from July 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.laek-thueringen.de
  24. ↑ http://www.dialogforum-pluralismusindermedizin.de/links
  25. ↑ http://naturheilkunde.immanuel.de/andreas-michalsen/
  26. ↑ https://www.klinikum-bochum.de/fachgebiete/naturheilkunde/fachbereich.html
  27. ↑ http://www.laek-thueringen.de/Weiterbildungsordnung ( Memento of the original from July 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.laek-thueringen.de