Pabianice

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Pabianice
Coat of arms of Pabianice
Pabianice (Poland)
Pabianice
Pabianice
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Łódź
Powiat : Pabianice
Area : 32.98  km²
Geographic location : 51 ° 40 ′  N , 19 ° 22 ′  E Coordinates: 51 ° 40 ′ 0 ″  N , 19 ° 22 ′ 0 ″  E
Height : 174 m npm
Residents : 64,988
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 95-200
Telephone code : (+48) 42
License plate : EPA
Economy and Transport
Rail route : Łódź – Ostrów Wielkopolski
Next international airport : Łódź-Lublinek
Gmina
Gminatype: Borough
Surface: 32.98 km²
Residents: 64,988
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 1971 population / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 1008021
Administration (as of 2015)
City President : Grzegorz Mackiewicz
Address:
ul.Zamkowa 16 95-200 Pabianice
Website : www.um.pabianice.pl



The district town of Pabianice [ pabʲa'ɲiʦɛ ] ( German Pabianitz , 1939–1940 castle town ) has around 70,000 inhabitants and is located in the center of Poland, 17 kilometers southwest of Łódź , the third largest city in Poland. The city is shaped by the tool, chemical and food industries.

The city is hardly of any tourist interest. Although there are local recreation areas, the cycling and hiking trails are poorly developed and the industry is causing considerable environmental problems.

history

The castle of the Kraków bishops, seat of the Prussian administration in 1793 and 1807, town hall since 1833

Origins

The name of the town probably has its origin in the late 10th century in a small settlement in the wetland of the Dobrzynka tributary, the founder of which was probably a certain Fabian (Pabian). The historian Maksymilian Baruch (1861–1933), on the other hand, based on a local legend, took the view that the original name Pobawianice or Pobijanice was derived from Prince Bijania, whose hunting area included the neighboring forests. In the 12th century, the church of St. Matthew and with it the neighboring castle changed into the ownership of Krakow . Sources are the records of the Czech princess Judyta (Judith of Bohemia), the first wife of Władysław I. Herman .

The rise to the city

At the end of the 13th century the head office for the trade in goods was moved from Sieradz to Pabianice. Soon merchants and craftsmen settled there. The first mention of Pabianice as a town comes from the end of the 14th century, when Casimir the Great , who had a positive influence on the economy of the bourgeoisie at that time, had masses read in the town church. Around 200 years later, the city had 1,100 inhabitants and was very prosperous because of its proximity to Lodz.

The Church of Saint Matthew

The city consisted mostly of wooden houses, along the old road between Kraków and Łęczyca (now the road to Warsaw , formerly known as Piotrkowska). In the sixteenth century valuable historical monuments were built in the Renaissance style, including the castle of the Kraków bishops Dwór Obronny (literally "mansion for defense", built between 1565 and 1571) and the parish church of St. Matthew (1583–1588). On the wall of the church on the northern part there is still the original city coat of arms. There were craftsmen in the city, including wagons, blacksmiths, bakers, butchers, shoemakers and furriers.

The decline in the 17th and 18th centuries

Due to war and disasters such as fires and frequent epidemics, the city slowly began to lose importance, also regionally. The city lacked a city wall and enabled troops moving through the city, including Polish armies, to attack easily. Pabianice remained in addition to Rzgów and another 51 villages until the end of the First Republic in 1793 in the ownership of the Kraków Chapter and still enabled the church to generate substantial income through rental and lease agreements. In the eighteenth century, when Pabianice even lost its town charter, there were only 300 inhabitants in Pabianice.

The new bloom at the time of industrialization

The Drei Kronen shopping center , a department store before privatization

During the Second Partition of Poland , the city came to Prussia in 1793 . In 1807 it became part of the Duchy of Warsaw (under French rule) and then in 1815 by Congress Poland (under Russian rule). Now the new government pushed ahead with the expansion of the textile industry in the new industrial region Kalisch-Mazowien, to which Pabianice belonged. Farmers from the surrounding villages and, after 1825, from outside the kingdom found work. Weber and tailors were relocated through economic relief. This population grew rapidly. Between 1823 and 1824 the new town was created with a market (today the Drei Kronen shopping center ). On January 17, 1901, the tram connection to nearby Łódź was added.

The main cantor of the company "Krusche & Ender", built in 1865

The reason for the rapid development of Pabianices was the rapid development of the production of cotton fabrics as a result of the establishment of the customs border with Russia in 1832 (textile crisis). When the customs barriers fell again in 1851, the industrial company Krusche & Ender developed into the fourth largest textile company in Poland. The population grew steadily from 1864 onwards, when farmers kept moving in as cheap labor. At the beginning of the First World War in 1914, the city already had 48,000 inhabitants. Pabianice has become one of the most important industrial cities in the kingdom (sixth place for jobs).

German minority

A large German minority lived in Pabianice (see main article "Germans in Pabianice" ).

The Evangelical Augsburg St. Peter and Paul Church in Pabianice

An Evangelical Augsburg congregation has existed since 1818 and is still closely linked to the history of German immigrants to this day. The current church of St. Peter and Paul was consecrated in 1832 and received its present appearance after a major renovation in 1875/1876. The first Polish services were held in 1900, but despite the abolition of German-language services after the expulsion of most of the Germans, a look at the church's writings suggests that the church has remained a community of Protestant believers with German roots to this day.

After the outbreak of World War I, Pabianice was occupied by the German army on August 20, 1914. On November 10, 1918, the German soldiers were disarmed by the Polish independence organizations. On September 8, 1939, Pabianice was occupied by the Wehrmacht and on November 20, 1939, it was incorporated into the German Reich as part of the Wartheland in the Lask district. At the turn of the year 1939/40 the name was temporarily changed to Burgstadt . Almost 12,000 Volyn , Baltic and Bessarabian Germans were settled in the area.

The major Soviet offensive began on January 12, 1945. On the 17th the evacuation of the Germans began and on January 19th Pabianice was occupied by the Red Army . Then the eviction began . All Germans were expropriated and had to do forced labor. Men between the ages of 15 and 65 were deported to Siberia.

Jews

Next to Poles and Germans, the Jews were the third major population group in the city. Pabianice had the privilege of forbidding the practice of Jewish religion. This only changed with industrialization in the nineteenth century, when many Jews, although not allowed until 1862, settled in the city in the 1830s. As early as 1836 the Jews were so numerous that a decision was made to build a synagogue and it was completed in the old town by 1847. It stood until the Second World War.

Between 1849 and 1939, Jews made up between 15 and 18 percent of the population. As in other parts of the country, they were primarily active in trade, handicrafts and finance, including the Baruch industrialist family, who lived there until the Second World War. After German troops occupied Pabianice on September 8, 1939, the synagogue was destroyed on the Jewish New Year (September 23). In February 1940 a ghetto was set up in which the Jewish population was rounded up. On May 16, 1942, the greater part of them (approx. 5,000 people) were taken to the Kulmhof extermination camp and murdered there; the remaining (approx. 3,500) people were resettled in the Litzmannstadt ghetto .

local community

Borough

The city of Pabianice forms an independent municipality ( gmina miejska ).

Rural community

The rural community ( gmina wiejska ) Pabianice has the following 18 districts with a Schulzenamt ( sołectwo ) :

Bychlew
Gorzew
Górka Pabianicka
Hermanów
Jadwinin
Janowice
Konin
Kudrowice
Pawlikowice
Petrykozy
Piątkowisko
Rydzyny
Szynkielew
Świątniki
Terenine
Wola Żytowska
Żytowice

Other localities in the municipality are Huta Janowska, Majówka, Okołowice, Osiedle Petrykozy, Porszewice, Władysławów and Wysieradz.

economy

The railway (here the Pabianice railway station) is an economic factor in the city

The economic development after 1989 is strongly characterized by the privatization of the former state-owned or cooperative industry. Most of the companies in Pabianice are now owned by private investors.

Some of the large companies known in Poland, particularly the textile combines, did not survive the transition from a centrally planned economy to an open market economy . These include the Pamotex cotton factory (before the war Krusche and Ender ), the Madro construction machinery factory and the Pawelana plant breeding facility . The industrial area fell from 158 hectares in the 1980s to 136 in 2003. Some companies such as the tool manufacturer Pafana have succeeded in at least partially compensating for the dwindling sales markets in the east with new sales markets at home and abroad. The surviving traditional businesses largely stabilized by 2003. Retail and service companies have moved into the former Pamotex factory halls in the city center (Ulica Zamkowa).

Aflofarm in 2006

Despite the collapse of many industrial companies, the economy is still dominated by light industry . Other important branches of industry are the chemical industry ( Polfa pharmaceutical factories, Aflofarm medicines), food (meat processing company Pamso) and Philips ( light bulbs ). The number of betting shops has increased significantly. Nevertheless, the number of employees fell from 1989 to 2003 from over 30,000 employees in 180 state and cooperative industrial plants to 12,000 employees in 2,200 companies.

The sectors are distributed as follows in 2003:

Sports

Well known is the women's basketball team MTK Polfa Pabianice , multiple winner of the Polish championships (1989, 1990, 1991 and 1992).

Twin cities

sons and daughters of the town

  • Ben Helfgott (* 1929), Holocaust survivor and British weightlifter

See also

Germans in Pabianice

literature

  • R. Adamek, T. Nowak: 650 lat Pabianic (650 years of the city of Pabianice). Łódź 2005
  • Erwin Kiß: Pabianitz, history of the Germanness of a central Polish city and its surroundings . Historical Society for Posen, Posen 1939 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  • Pabianice , in: Guy Miron (Ed.): The Yad Vashem encyclopedia of the ghettos during the Holocaust . Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2009 ISBN 978-965-308-345-5 , pp. 569-571

Web links

Commons : Pabianice  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Kobojek, Grazyna, Łódź - Kalendarium XX wieku , Łódź 2002, p. 5
  3. ↑ Publications in Polish are available in the church, many employees and well-wishers or the dead who are mentioned in the parish letter (viewed: December 2007) are of German descent, as can be seen from their names.
  4. ↑ Cf. "Order on change of place names in Reichsgau Wartheland, No. 62" of May 18, 1943
  5. ↑ From the Lodsch area: Pabianice Castle Town. In: Lodzer Zeitung , December 30, 1939.
  6. ↑ Portal page on Jewish history Jewishvirtuallibrary.org : page about the Jews in Pabianice