Philipp Gottfried Schaudt

Philipp Gottfried Schaudt (?).
After a medallion on the "Furtwanger clock" (around 1785)

Celestial globe of the “Munich clock” with the inscription “Phil. Godfr. Schaudt “on the equatorial ring

Philipp Gottfried Schaudt (born October 11, 1739 in Onstmettingen ; † June 21, 1809 there ) was a German schoolmaster and mechanic.

Schaudt was the congenial employee of the Swabian “mechanic pastor” Philipp Matthäus Hahn . Without Schaudt, who never moved from his home village in the Swabian Alb during his life , Hahn would not have been able to implement the calculating machines and astronomical clocks he designed into reality.

From the first half of the 1770s, Philipp Gottfried Schaudt increasingly broke away from the guidelines of his former teacher Hahn. He built complex mechanical equipment on his own , including an astronomical clock, which he offered for sale in Frankfurt am Main in 1790 on the occasion of the emperor's election there.

Hahn's and Schaudt's apparatuses are exhibited by several German museums as prime examples of German watchmaking at the end of the 18th century.

swell

Little is known about Philipp Gottfried Schaudt's life. Our knowledge is essentially based on the annual church and school visitation protocols of the years 1763–1791, on Synodus protocols as well as on diary notes and autobiographical sketches by Philipp Matthäus Hahn († May 2, 1790).

Problem of attribution

Very few calculating machines and clocks manufactured by Schaudt are marked in such a way that they provide information about their designer. Therefore, the authorship of the design must be determined indirectly or even inferred: If there is no evidence in the primary literature , above all in Philipp Matthäus Hahn's diaries and letters, that an apparatus was constructed by Hahn, it can be assumed with great probability that Shudders your designer was. Such an assessment is supported by constructive peculiarities that Hahn's apparatus do not have.

origin

Philipp Gottfried Schaudt's male ancestors can be traced back to the second half of the 16th century in the Onstmettinger church registers. In 1525 the family name is mentioned for the first time in the Onstmettinger Herdstätten directory in the spelling "Schut". For 130 years Schaudt's ancestors provided the schoolmasters and, with a few exceptions, also the provisional (= auxiliary teachers or teaching assistants) from Onstmettingen.

Life

Parents, upbringing, marriage

Philipp Gottfried Schaudt was the fourth of ten children of the commissioner Georg Philipp Schaudt and his wife Anna-Margaretha Weidlen. Philipp Gottfried was the couple's first child to reach adulthood. When Philipp Gottfried was ten and a half years old, his father died. The upbringing was continued by Philipp Gottfried's maternal grandfather, the Onstmettinger schoolmaster Weidlen. On August 30, 1763, Philipp Gottfried Schaudt married Justina (also: Justine) Conzelmann (1737–1822), who was almost two years his senior, the daughter of a judge and customs officer . The marriage produced five children, all of them boys. With the exception of the third-born child, whose occupation is unknown, all sons became pastors , schoolmasters or provisional agents.

Friendship with Philipp Matthäus Hahn

At the age of 17 Schaudt made friends with Philipp Matthäus Hahn (1739–1790), who was one month younger. His father, a Pietist pastor, had been transferred to Onstmettingen in 1756.

Schaudt and Hahn shared a pronounced scientific curiosity and technical enthusiasm. Together the young men cut glass, built mouthpieces, telescopes, microscopes and sundials . When Hahn was studying philosophy in Tübingen from autumn 1756 and was only able to spend the lecture-free periods in Onstmettingen, the two friends sat together all nights, dismantling clocks , building mechanical equipment and watching the starry sky.

Provisional, schoolmaster, sacristan

At the age of 16 (1755), Philipp Gottfried Schaudt began teaching as a provisional student under his grandfather, the schoolmaster Weidlen. In 1761 Schaudt and Weidlen swapped roles due to age: the 21-year-old Schaudt succeeded his grandfather as schoolmaster of Onstmettingen; 77-year-old Weidlen initially supported his grandson as a provisional.

In the annual church and school visit protocols that the local pastor - from 1764 to 1770 this was Philipp Matthäus Hahn - as his superior, Schaudt was regularly confirmed that he had good schoolwork, led an impeccable way of life, diligently in the school and sacristan's office to be good school discipline and keep the church and sacred utensils clean. In 1771 Schaudt was described as one of the most capable schoolmasters in the entire Bebenhausen prelature .

In all visitation reports from 1779 onwards, Schaudt's good numeracy skills were emphasized, which were by no means a matter of course for a schoolmaster of the late 18th century. It was also noted several times that Schaudt was a good organist .

Only in 1787 was Schaudt accused of having been more often in the inn last winter “than one would like to see”. The fact was that Schaudt had “good knowledge of surgery”, which he used on the host's daughter, who had “an open damage to the foot”.

From 1791 Schaudt caused offense because he said that the brandy was "a necessary refreshment of his age", but allegedly "could not endure even in smaller quantities" (1804). The consumption of alcohol did not affect Schaudt's public duties in any way. In 1797 Schaudt was even certified that "his school always stands out from others."

Watchmaker and mechanic

From around 1765 Schaudt was shown by the deaf blacksmiths and clockmakers Johann Sauter (1723–1786) and Paulus Sauter (1732–1794), who lived in Onstmettingen , how to work with brass and steel. Schaudt refined his skills through his own practice, but did not trust himself to implement Hahn's construction drawings for an astronomical clock. Only at Hahn's persuasion did Schaudt get involved in building the clock around 1766. The first successes inspired him. When Schaudt had finished the clock in 1767, Hahn and Schaudt's sovereign, Duke Carl Eugen of Württemberg , had the clock presented to him in Tübingen. Carl Eugen gave Hahn an appreciation bonus of 300 guilders - ten to 15 times the price of a cow - and also ordered a larger, more magnificent astronomical clock - the so-called "Ludwigsburg World Machine " for the ducal public library in his Ludwigsburg residence . Schaudt was released from his position as schoolmaster for 18 months (beginning of 1768 to July 1769) for this assignment.

In 1769 Schaudt built a small astronomical clock for the prince from neighboring Hohenzollern-Hechingen, which was very similar to the first work from 1766 to 1767, and Hahn donated the proceeds to his friend Schaudt.

Schaudt carried out his mechanical work for decades without neglecting his public offices. From 1774 onwards Schaudt only refused the so-called abdication, that is, expressing thanks to the participants in weddings and funerals for their presence. Schaudt justified this with the fact that people no longer wanted to hear it. In 1778 the pastor noted that Schaudt was "more profitable with his clockwork".

As a schoolmaster, Schaudt earned a little more than 200 guilders a year. That was just enough to provide for a family of five. Since 1770, however, Schaudt's family had seven people. Like many of his professional colleagues, Schaudt also had to pursue a sideline to make ends meet with his family. Schaudt resorted to repairing watches, no later than 1784 on the making of works for churches, stand and bag watches .

In March 1770 Philipp Matthäus Hahn was transferred to Kornwestheim , in 1781 to Echterdingen . Despite his urgent requests to Schaudt to follow him, Schaudt persistently refused. Schaudt only visited Hahn in Kornwestheim a few times. Hahn's departure did not affect the collaboration between Hahn and Schaudt. In 1774 Schaudt made z. B. two calculating machines and around 1785 a double globe clock ("Furtwanger clock") according to Hahn's specifications.

However, Hahn ran a mechanical workshop in Kornwestheim and later in Echterdingen, in which two of his brothers, his brother-in-law and several journeyman clockmakers from Hahn realized simpler constructions (especially scales and clocks). Possibly as a reaction to the resulting drop in orders on the part of Hahn, but also because Schaudt was a clever, independent mind, Schaudt began to develop Hahn's design ideas further soon after Hahn moved from Onstmettingen. Today, the construction of five astronomical clocks is most likely attributed to Philipp Gottfried Schaudt (details: see section “Works” in this article): the “Munich clock” (1770? Or later), an astronomical wall clock (1772) and the “globe clocks Darmstadt 1 and 2 ”(around 1774 and around 1785) - possibly also an astronomical clock sold by Schaudt to Upper Swabia (before 1790).

In 1775, by 1783 at the latest, the friendly relationship between Schaudt and Hahn began to deteriorate. The reason was that Schaudt z. B. sold calculating machines constructed by Hahn without Hahn (appropriately) participating in the proceeds. The money disputes reached such an extent that they probably even had to be settled by the authorities (Oberamtmann von Balingen).

In 1790, a few weeks before the death of Philipp Matthäus Hahn on May 2nd, the visitation protocol in connection with Schaudt speaks of “his [n] clocks, arithmetic and other [n] art machines”. So Schaudt was definitely no longer working for Hahn, but was working independently as a mechanic. This impression is confirmed in the visitation protocol of 1791, in which it says: “[...] like his artificial [= skillful] machines, again a Globus coelestis [= celestial globe] with an astronomical clock p. testify. "

On 23 October 1790, the reported Intelligenzblatt in Jena appearing general literature newspaper (no. 138, col 1240) from a trip Schaudts to Frankfurt am Main. On the occasion of the election of the German Emperor taking place there, Schaudt intended to find a wealthy buyer for an astronomical clock, the value of which Schaudt set at 80 Louis d'or (= 800 to 1000 guilders). It is not known whether Schaudt managed to sell the watch. However, the Hessian State Museum Darmstadt has a cabinet invoice from Landgrave Ludwig X. of Hesse-Darmstadt , according to which an "astronomical clock from Mechanikus Hahn in Kornwestheim" was purchased for 400 guilders in 1791. - The reference to Hahn should not be overestimated in this context: Hahn was not only transferred from Kornwestheim to Echterdingen in 1781, but also, as mentioned, died in 1790. Schaudt may have stated that the clock still came from the famous rooster, as he feared reservations about a clock made by a largely unknown village mechanic. It is unlikely that it was an astronomical clock constructed by Hahn from his Kornwestheim or Echterdinger times, since Hahn's diary notes - admittedly not completely preserved - mention no such clock.

Works

Preserved works

The following devices manufactured by Philipp Gottfried Schaudt have survived to this day:

• Celestial globe (before 1768): Design: Philipp Matthäus Hahn; probably they belonged to the "Ludwig Burger World Machine" (see below) and was later due to a faulty Brands replaces the enamel surface. Sir can be found in the Württemberg State Museum in Stuttgart (Inv.-No. E 2418).
• "Ludwigsburg World Machine" (1768/1769): Design: Philipp Matthäus Hahn; Today in the Württembergisches Landesmuseum Stuttgart (Inv.-No. KK 91).
• Mantel clock from 1769; later kept as the "Salem mantel clock" at Salem Castle. Type: Globe Clock; Designation on the equatorial ring: “Invenit M [agister]. [Philip Matthew] Rooster. Pastor Onstmettingensis. Fecit Phil [ippus]. Godfr [edus]. Schaudt, ludimag [ister]., Ibidem, 1769 “(devised by Magister Hahn. Pastor of Onstmettingen. Executed by Phil [ipp]. Gottfr [ied]. Schaudt, schoolmaster ibid 1769); Presumably built for Prince Josef Friedrich Wilhelm von Hohenzollern-Hechingen and probably sold by him to Karl Friedrich Margrave of Baden (1728–1811), who later became the first Grand Duke of Baden until his death in 1806, due to lack of financial means . This astronomical machine was owned by the House of Baden at Salem Castle for a long time and is now in the Württemberg State Museum, Stuttgart (Inv.-No. 2002-156). It has probably been largely left in its original condition. Compare this with the short description (1770) of this mantel clock by Philipp Matthäus Hahn, mentioned in the notes below .
• Calculating drum (before 1770): Design: probably by Philipp Matthäus Hahn; today in the Württembergisches Landesmuseum Stuttgart (Inv.-No. 12554).

Globe clock ("Munich clock", around 1770 or later)

• "Münchner Uhr" (around 1770 or later;) Type: globe clock; Designation on the equatorial ring : “Phil [ipp]. Gottfried. Shudder. in Onstmettingen. Balingen Office. in Würtemberg; "not marked with" Philipp Matthäus Hahn "(ie not made under the direction of Philipp Matthäus Hahns); today in the Deutsches Museum , Munich (Inv.-No. 05/2717), exhibited since 2000 in the “Time Measurement” department.
• Astronomical wall clock (1772): today in the German Clock Museum , Furtwangen (Inv.-No. 2000-1); History of the clock unknown; next to the “Münchner Uhr” the only known clock that is labeled “Philipp Gottfried Schaudt”; not marked with "Philipp Matthäus Hahn".
• “Globusuhr Darmstadt 1” (around 1774), design: probably Philipp Gottfried Schaudt; shows features that cannot be found on other Philipp Matthäus Hahns watches: special construction of the calendar mechanism and arrangement of the conversion of solar time into sidereal time for the celestial globe, additional operation. - Possibly the “astronomical time machine” (= globe clock) for which Schaudt traveled to Frankfurt am Main in autumn 1790; Today in the Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt (Inv.No. KG 63: 303).
• “Globusuhr Darmstadt 2” (around 1785), design: probably Philipp Gottfried Schaudt; has many independent features that differ from Philipp Matthäus Hahn: Tellurium attached above under the globe, separate implementation mechanism for the year counter, tellurium and globe, same construction of the calendar mechanism as in the "Globusuhr Darmstadt 1"; today property of the Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt (inv. no. KG 25:45); on loan to the Landesmuseum Württemberg, Stuttgart.

Double globe clock ("Furtwanger clock", around 1785)

• "Furtwanger clock" (around 1785), double globe clock; Design: Philipp Matthäus Hahn; Purchased in 1788 from Johann Lorenz Boeckmann , a confidante of Margrave Karl Friedrich von Baden , from a negotiator in Stuttgart for 2500 guilders and brought to Karlsruhe in 1789; Today in the German Clock Museum, Furtwangen (Inv.-No. 43/0001).
• Table sundial (1802): Type: horizontal sundial with pole thread; Design: Philipp Gottfried Schaudt; Description: "Schulm (eister) Schaudt, Onstmettingen, 18II"; probably built for demonstration purposes for the Onstmettinger school; today in the Philipp-Matthäus-Hahn-Museum , Onstmettingen.

Lost works

• Two calculating machines (1774):> Design: Philipp Matthäus Hahn.
• Calculating machine (year of creation unknown), design: Philipp Matthäus Hahn; von Schaudt first to Vienna , from there to Helmstedt (owned by the scholar and inventor Gottfried Christoph Beireis , later by the secret government councilor Werneburg, later by a trade and arts museum in Berlin-Charlottenburg ) for 2000 guilders.
• Astronomical clock (mentioned on October 17, 1787), the Franz Joseph Reichsgraf von Thun and Hohenstein in Vienna, a nephew of Joseph Friedrich Wilhelm Reichsfürst von Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Hahn and Schaudt's previous client for an astronomical machine, according to Schaudt's letter to Hahn for 500 guilders.
• Astronomical clock (mentioned on October 23, 1790; year of creation unknown), design: Philipp Matthäus Hahn or Philipp Gottfried Schaudt; von Schaudt for 50 Louis d'ors "installed several years ago in Upper Swabia".

Destroyed works

• Astronomical clock (1767):
  Design: Philipp Matthäus Hahn; destroyed by Hahn himself.

Appreciation

In his job as a schoolmaster, which he practiced until his death at the age of 70, Philipp Gottfried Schaudt relied more on the power of the word than on corporal punishment. Compared to the professional colleagues of his time, he was one of the more modern representatives of his field.

As a mechanic, Philipp Matthäus Hahn was convinced that Schaudt was the only one who was able to implement the calculating machines and astronomical clocks that Hahn had devised. Only Schaudt possessed all those qualities that were also necessary for the manufacture of Hahn's complicated apparatus: patience, manual dexterity, a good memory as well as knowledge of algebra and geometry . When building Hahn's astronomical clocks, Schaudt also benefited from his knowledge of astronomy , which gave him the necessary technical understanding of the mechanics of the machines. The following quotes (in original spelling) are representative of Hahn's appreciation of his friend and colleague Schaudt:

• “Following my instructions, he understood everything with great difficulty. What he did had to be accurate and beautiful. "
• "[...] I couldn’t need any other artist to create the internal structure than the local schoolmaster who [...] understands my instructions more easily than someone else."
• "If the schoolmaster of Onstmettingen gave up his service, [...] then I could find peace for my soul, because then I could easily conduct the matter and he could have my other [employees] under him and conduct."

Philipp Gottfried Schaudt did not have a master craftsman certificate and was therefore not officially allowed to train apprentices. Nevertheless, two Onstmettingers learned the watchmaking trade from him: his second son Philipp Matthäus Schaudt (1766–1855, was also his successor as schoolmaster of Onstmettingen), as well as the carpenter's son Johannes Keinath (born 1778, later called “the old watchmaker”), one of them established its own watchmaking line.

Last but not least, Schaudt was able to inspire two generations of students with his knowledge and skills in mathematics and mechanics. In the almost five decades of his work as a schoolmaster, Schaudt was responsible for 130 (in 1763) to 230 (in 1808) students. He made an important contribution in that Onstmettingen became the "nucleus" of clock and scale construction in the western Swabian Alb.

Others

In Albstadt-Onstmettingen a street is named after Schaudt and a fountain is dedicated to him.

Notes and individual references

1. ↑ At the time, a mechanic was understood to be a mechanic who not only had good technical and practical skills, but also theoretical, i.e. H. possessed mathematical knowledge. He ran his own workshop, was able to solve complex mechanical tasks and, if necessary, was able to make his own tools.
2. ↑ Onstmettingen was a poor, poorly located village on the western Swabian Alb in the Protestant Duchy of Württemberg . It was enclosed in three directions by the Catholic Principality of Hohenzollern-Hechingen , which led to considerable restrictions in social, cultural, economic and technical exchange.
3. ↑ They are kept in the main state archive in Stuttgart (inventory A281, Büschel 83) and in the Protestant rectory Onstmettingen.
4. ↑ They are kept in the State Church Archives in Stuttgart .
5. ↑ Martin Brecht, Rudolf Friedrich] Paulus (ed.): The Kornwestheimer Diaries 1772–1777. Berlin / New York (de Gruyter) 1979, ISBN 3-11-007115-0 ; Martin Brecht, Rudolf Friedrich] Paulus (ed.): The Echterdinger diaries 1780–1790. Berlin / New York (de Gruyter) 1983, ISBN 3-11-008910-6 .
6. ↑ E.g. Philipp Matthäus Hahn: Description of mechanical works of art. 1. u. Part 2. With an autobiographical preface. Stuttgart (Mezler) 1774; Reprint: Stuttgart (Lithos) 1991, ISBN 3-88480-013-2 .
7. ↑ In the church visit protocol of 1768, Philipp Matthäus Hahn confirmed that Schaudt “learned to make clocks from himself”.
8. ↑ Cf. Philipp Matthäus Hahn: Brief description of a small mobile world machine. Facsimile reprint of the rediscovered Konstanz edition, Lüdolph, 1770. Edited by Reinhard Breymayer . With a foreword by Alfred Munz. Tübingen: Noũs-Verlag Thomas Leon Heck , 1988, ISBN 3-924249-03-2 . - This little world machine is now in the Württemberg State Museum in Stuttgart. In the list of works, see the work of art named "Salem mantel clock" after its temporary location.
9. ↑ According to the church visit protocol from 1777, Schaudt employed an assistant to make clocks, who served him as a henchman.
10. ↑ Ricklefs, Aagje; Väterlein, Christian (Red.): Philipp Matthäus Hahn 1739–1790. Stuttgart (Württembergisches Landesmuseum) 1989, part 2, p. 444, without ISBN.
11. ↑ If the cabinet bill mentioned actually refers to the watch mentioned in the Intelligence Journal, Schaudt seems to have missed his price expectations by far.
12. ↑ Assessment by Hartmut Petzold ; in: Arbeitskreis Kasten, Albstadt-Onstmettingen (Ed.): Lust zu allen Künsten [...], p. 68 (see section “Secondary literature” in this article).
13. ↑ See the entry in Philipp Matthäus Hahn's diary (October 17, 1787). In: Martin Brecht and Rudolf Friedrich] Paulus (eds.): Philipp Matthäus Hahn: Die Echterdinger Tagebücher 1780–1790 . See the “Secondary Literature” section in this article; see. here Breymayer: Erhard Weigel's pupil , who for the first time identified the imperial count in Hahn research and shows his connection to Mozart and Beethoven. In the Viennese palace of the imperial count, who came from Bohemia, his wife Maria Wilhelmina entertained the imperial countess of Thun and Hohenstein, née. Comtesse von Uhlfeld, a musical salon in which Mozart, Beethoven and the Emperor Joseph II Archduke of Austria, who had known Hahn personally since 1777 , frequented. Cf. Breymayer: Erhard Weigels Schüler , p. 314 with note 65. Ulrich von Thun, the Wuerttemberg ambassador to Paris from Pomerania, who brokered the delivery of globes from Paris to Hahn, is not related to him. Compare Breymayer: Erhard Weigels Schüler , p. 318, note 72. The relationship of the Viennese couple Thun-Hohenstein to Mozart and Beethoven was reinforced by their Viennese son-in-law Karl Alois Fürst von Lichnowsky . For a time he was also a patron of the famous composers.
14. ↑ General Intelligence Journal. Literatur-Zeitung (Jena), No. 138, October 23, 1790, column 1240.
15. ↑ Philipp Matthäus Hahn: Description of mechanical works of art: which under the direction and instruction M [agistri]. Philipp Matth [aei]. Hahns, pastor in Kornwestheim, have been made by his workers for six years. Mezler, Stuttgart 1774, p. IV; Reprint: Lithos, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-88480-013-2 .
16. ^ Letter from Philipp Matthäus Hahn to Duke Carl Eugen (November 6, 1767); in: Main State Archives Stuttgart, inventory A 8, Büschel 83.
17. ↑ Philipp Matthäus Hahn's diary entry (August 10, 1773); in: Martin Brecht, Rudolf Friedrich] Paul: Die Kornwestheimer Tagebücher 1772–1777. (see section “Primary Literature” in this article).

Primary literature

• [Philipp Matthäus Hahn]: Brief description of a small, mobile world machine that Sr. Hochfürstl. Your highness to the ruling prince. [Joseph Friedrich Wilhelm] at Hohenzollern Hechingen under the direction of Pastor M. [Magister Philipp Matthäus] Hahns von Onstmettingen by the schoolmaster Schaudten [Philipp Gottfried Schaudt] there. Lüdolph, Constanz 1770. - (Facsimile reprint: Reinhard Breymayer (Hrsg.): Short description of a small, movable world machine. With a preface by Alfred Munz. Noûs-Verlag Thomas Leon Heck , Tübingen 1988, ISBN 3-924249-03 -2 )

Secondary literature

• Alfred Munz: Philipp Matthäus Hahn, pastor and mechanic. Reflections on life and work. Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1990, ISBN 3-7995-4122-5 .
• Box working group, Albstadt-Onstmettingen (ed.): Lust for all arts: Philipp Gottfried Schaudt von Onstmettingen (1739–1809). Schoolmaster, watchmaker and mechanic. Self-published, Albstadt-Tailfingen 2003, without ISBN.
  Contains numerous new assessments of the importance of Schaudt.
• Reinhard Breymayer: Erhard Weigel's student Detlev Clüver and his influence on Friedrich Christoph Oetinger (1702–1782). On the key role of the Sindring calendar dispute of 1744. In: Katharina Habermann, Klaus-Dieter Herbst (eds.): Erhard Weigel (1625–1699) and his students. Contributions to the 7th Erhard Weigel Colloquium 2014. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen 2016, pp. (269) –323; here p. 317–322: “Evidence of a connection between Franz Joseph Reichsgraf von Thun and Hohenstein, who was familiar with Mozart and Beethoven , the mechanic Philipp Gottfried Schaudt and the pastor Philipp Matthäus Hahn. Is there a trace of Hahn's theology in Schiller's ode ' To Joy '? "