Right violence in Germany

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At the Samariterstraße subway station in Berlin, a plaque commemorates the murder of Silvio Meier by neo-Nazis

Until 2001, right-wing violence was narrowly defined. In 2001 the method of counting was changed, since then authorities have spoken of “ right-wing violence ”. This term encompasses all offenses in which “the circumstances of the offense or the perpetrator's attitude suggest that they are against a person on the basis of their political attitude, nationality , ethnicity , race , skin color , religion , ideology , origin, sexual Orientation , disability or their external appearance or their social status ”. This means that an attack is recorded even if the perpetrator is not a bearer of a manifest right-wing extremist worldview. Characteristic of the course of the crime are racist mobbing that precedes the violent crime.

Right-wing violence rarely occurs strategically and in an organized manner, says Friedhelm Neidhardt: “While […] [right-wing] ideology […] may be a good stimulant, it is hardly suitable for a stringent derivation of strategic and tactical programs of action. The cognitive structures of this ideology have little control capacity. That is why communication between right-wing extremists is noticeably less controlled by arguments; Facts are less described than decreed, conclusions less derived than commanded. ” Right-wing terrorism is a systematic form of right-wing extremist violence .

history

Weimar Republic

In the Weimar Republic (1919 to 1933) there were up to 400 female murders by right-wing extremist groups of political opponents and members of minorities. Karl Liebknecht , Rosa Luxemburg , Kurt Eisner , Matthias Erzberger and Walther Rathenau were among the first murder victims . After the failed assassination attempt of the Organization Consul to Philipp Scheidemann , the organization has been through the Republic Protection Act smashed. Their remaining supporters gathered in the right-wing radical " Bund Wiking ", in the SA of the Hitler movement and the NSDAP .

The judiciary prosecuted these acts far less often and less harshly than other homicides. These crimes have rarely been solved. The few perpetrators who were charged were punished comparatively mildly by the Weimar judiciary, as the statistician Emil Julius Gumbel demonstrated in the 1920s.

National Socialism

Holocaust memorial in Berlin

From 1933 the National Socialist regime committed numerous mass murders and genocides , including the historically unprecedented Holocaust from 1941 . Around 13 million people fell victim to the National Socialist terror, including around six million murdered Jews , 3.3 million Soviet prisoners of war and 2.5 million Poles. Soviet forced laborers and the numerous dead in German labor and concentration camps are also among them. Also included are the murdered Sinti and Roma (approx. 219,600), the victims of “racial hygiene” (an estimated 100,000 people) and around 130,000 people who resisted the Nazi regime for political or religious reasons.

GDR

Federal Republic of Germany

After the right-wing extremist NPD only narrowly missed entry into the Bundestag after the 1969 elections, the right-wing extremist scene split up. Some chose terrorist means to enforce their ideas. The highlight was the Oktoberfest attack in Munich in 1980, in which 13 people were killed.

After German reunification, there were outbreaks of violence, which were mainly directed against asylum seekers. The riots in Hoyerswerda (1991) and the riots in Rostock-Lichtenhagen (1992) were pogrom-like . The assassinations of Mölln (1992) and Solingen (1993) followed. Other attacks that aroused a broad media public were the so-called Magdeburg Ascension riots (1994) and the hunt in Guben (1999).

Right-wing violence of the 1990s was characterized on the one hand by spontaneity and expressiveness, on the other hand, compared to left-wing violence, there was a significantly higher proportion of crimes of bodily harm and, above all, homicides, in which it was often left to chance whether the victim admitted Death came or survived. After the wave of xenophobic violence from 1991 to 1993 - arson attacks with a personal reference - and the resulting increased pressure from the authorities and the public, the structure of the Nazi-affine scene changed permanently. Firmly organized structures gave way to loose action alliances (“comradeships”, “national resistance”, “free nationalists”). According to estimates by the Office for the Protection of the Constitution, the number of violent right-wing extremists almost doubled over the 1990s, and since 2000 the number has remained at around 9,000. Since 2001, serious violent crimes have been split equally between violence directed against immigrants and marginalized groups and confrontation against political opponents.

The African community in Berlin sparked a broad debate in the run-up to the 2006 World Cup in Germany when it wanted to provide foreign visitors with a list of so-called no-go areas . The violent clashes in Mügeln (2007) were another case that received public attention.

In November 2011 it became known that some unexplained crimes and ten murders that had been committed since 2000 had been committed by the right-wing terrorist group National Socialist Underground , without this having been investigated until they were self-exposed. According to the verdict in the NSU trial, the group is responsible for the nine NSU murders from 2000 to 2006, three bomb attacks, including the nail bomb attack in Cologne in 2004, and the police murder in Heilbronn in 2007.

Attacks hostile to refugees in the Federal Republic of Germany have existed since the founding of this state in 1949, strongly increased since the reunification of Germany in 1990 and again since the refugee crisis in Germany in 2015 . This includes direct verbal and physical crimes against refugees, refugee shelters, facilities for asylum seekers and resettlers in which xenophobic, xenophobic, right-wing extremist and racist motives of the perpetrators are obvious, proven or likely. “For years there have been attacks by right-wing extremists on the left and social democratic local politicians in Berlin-Neukölln . But no suspect has yet been arrested. Why are the police and the protection of the constitution failing? ”Asked the Süddeutsche Zeitung on June 28, 2019.

A study published in 2020 sees Germany at the top of right-wing terrorism and right-wing violence in a Western European comparison

Violence against representatives of the state

A new level of right-wing violence means targeted action against the state by attacking its representatives. This includes even assassinations, such as the assassination attempt on Henriette Reker in 2015 and the one on Andreas Hollstein on November 27, 2017. After the murder of Walter Lübcke on June 2, 2019, one felt reminded of the NSU series of murders, because the police were only in the determined the victim's private environment and did not want to believe in a political motive. The Green interior expert Irene Mihalic said in an interview: “Combat 18, Kassel, North Hesse and Dortmund, these connections have already played a role at the NSU. It is also still unclear what exactly the NSU's supportive environment looked like. ... Too many right-wing crimes are still being dismissed as individual cases. You don't see the big picture enough. However, there is now a noticeable change in mentality at the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution due to the new President. ”Now Federal Interior Minister Seehofer declared himself“ deeply shocked by the terrible act ”and said it was not clear whether Stephan E. was alone, as part of a group or even of a terrorist network. Andreas Förster wrote in the weekly newspaper Der Freitag that “all investigations into right-wing terrorist crimes since 1980 have always brought to light reliable evidence that the perpetrators were able to rely on the network of a National Socialist underground in Germany that inspired their acts and He specifically named the underground movement C18 , which was “oriented towards the terrorist concept of leaderless resistance ” and to which Stephan E. was close. Roland Müller commented in the Südwest Presse that "countermeasures" begin with "not only seeing trees in case of right-wing terror - but the forest".

The death of Walter Lübcke was not to remain an isolated case: According to the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, preparations by German right-wing extremists to attack hundreds of political opponents were more advanced than previously known - and were already planned down to the smallest detail. For example, “ Nordkreuz ” includes more than 30 so-called preppers who are connected to each other via the Telegram messenger service and are preparing for “Day X” - the collapse of the state order due to a wave of refugees or Islamist attacks - for the subsequent liquidation of political ones Opponent. All members of "Nordkreuz" have access to weapons, have tens of thousands of rounds of ammunition and are trained shooters. The Schwerin public prosecutor's office is investigating three of the men at the same time because they have been accused of illegally diverting around 10,000 rounds of ammunition and a submachine gun from the LKA's inventory since April 2012. The "prepper" had gathered almost 25,000 names and addresses from their regional environment with the help of police computers, preferably from local politicians from the SPD, Greens, Left and CDU, who identified themselves as "refugee friends" and had done refugee work. Investigators accuse a lawyer from Rostock and a criminal police officer from West-Mecklenburg of having created lists of politicians, activists and people from the left spectrum. They, so the allegation, wanted to kill the two men on one day X. The Federal Prosecutor's Office has been investigating the two men in northern Germany for two years, and the allegations became known when the Federal Criminal Police Office carried out raids on the accused and four witnesses in August 2017. The opposition is demanding further clarification, especially as to whether, in view of the large number of people on the “death lists” of right-wing extremists, further right-wing violence victims have long since been lamented, about which the public is so far unaware. “I actually expect answers from an interior minister, who is also a member of the state parliament, on how to deal with such lists,” says Eva-Maria Kröger from the Left Party. “We asked several times who was on it, but got no information. I find that extremely problematic. ”“ The plans that are now being revealed are massively worrying in terms of extent and concretization, ”said Green interior expert Konstantin von Notz to the RND . "Our state has a duty to analyze the network structures that are emerging here and which have so far been confusing, to enlighten them and to combat them with all state means," said the Green politician. The creation of so-called death or enemy lists by right-wing extremist to right-wing terrorist groups is not uncommon in the violent right-wing scene. The terrorist group National Socialist Underground (NSU) had already collected information on around 10,000 people before its exposure in 2011, including almost 400 addresses of parties, politicians, military locations and Jewish institutions as possible terrorist targets. The name Walter Lübcke was also on this NSU list.

Right-wing extremist violence killed

In Germany there were numerous fatalities from right-wing extremist violence in the 1980s, particularly in connection with the rise in right-wing terrorism . After German reunification, the violence escalated again. Asylum seekers in particular were killed at the time. Examples of this are the murders in Mölln in 1992 and Solingen in 1993.

The total number of fatalities from right-wing extremist violence in Germany is controversial. In 2000, the Berliner Tagesspiegel and the Frankfurter Rundschau published a report on the fatalities of right-wing extremist violence, which showed a considerable discrepancy to the official statistics. This sparked controversy over police crime statistics. The police crime statistics were then changed. Although more fatalities were recorded, there was still a significant difference. After the series of murders by the right-wing terrorist organization National Socialist Underground , this discrepancy was raised again in 2011. For example, according to the Amadeu Antonio Foundation, the list of fatalities from right-wing extremist violence in reunified Germany currently includes 182 fatalities (as of 2011), while the federal government assumed 47 fatalities in 2009. The Federal Ministers Hans-Peter Friedrich (CSU) and Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger (FDP) have meanwhile also assumed higher numbers of victims and have already announced that they will have the numbers checked again. According to the Bochum criminologist Tobias Singelnstein , the number of victims of right-wing extremist violence as well as the number of fatalities is “far greater than assumed”.

Capture

The first publication of the alternative list of victims of right-wing extremist violence led the Conference of Interior Ministers (IMK) to change the criteria for recording politically motivated crimes in 2001. Up to this point in time, only those crimes were included in the state security statistics in which an effort to overcome the free-democratic basic order was recognized. Xenophobic crimes, but also attacks on the homeless and homosexuals, were not registered as state security offenses until 2013. Even after this change, there are differences between the assessments of official statistics and their critics. The discussion about the criteria for recording continues as before. A right-wing extremist attitude of a perpetrator did not automatically lead to the recording of an act as politically motivated. The federal government only counted acts as political offenses for which a political motivation can be recognized. This was justified in 2011 by the fact that suspicious criminals from the right-wing extremist milieu often also committed general crime.

The Federal Constitutional Protection Report collects the figures on right-wing extremist violence every year. The Office for the Protection of the Constitution has repeatedly adjusted its recording method. A comparison of the figures is only possible to a limited extent, mainly due to the change in 2001 from recording “extremist criminal offenses” to recording “politically motivated crime” (PMK).

Right-wing extremists in Germany (1990-2007)
  1954 1964 1967 1979 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Right-wing extremism potential (total) 76,000 21,000 39,000 17,000 32,200 39,800 61,900 64,500 56,600 46,100 45,300 48,400 53,600 51,400 50,900 49,700 45,000 41,500 40,700 39,000 38,600 31,000 30,000 26,000 23,400 23,150 22,700 22,150 23,850 24,350
Number of right-wing extremists willing to use violence k. A. k. A. k. A. k. A. k. A. 4,200 6,400 5,600 5,400 6,200 6,400 7,600 8,200 9,000 9,700 10,400 10,700 10,000 10,000 10,400 10,400 10,000 9,500 9,500 9,800 9,600 9,600 - - -
Number of right-wing extremists oriented towards violence - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10,500 11,800 12,100
Members of right-wing extremist parties k. A. k. A. k. A. k. A. 28,600 31,030 51,980 55,130 45,400 35,900 33,500 34,800 39,000 37,000 36,500 33,000 28,100 24,500 23,800 21,500 21,500 14,200 13,000 9,600 7,300 7.150 7,000 6,850 6,650 6,550
Neo-Nazis k. A. k. A. k. A. k. A. 2,220 2,420 1,820 1,520 2,670 2,380 3,420 2,400 2,400 2,200 2,200 2,800 2,600 3,000 3,800 4,100 4,200 4,400 4,800 5,600 6,000 6,000 5,800 5,600 5,800 5,800
politically motivated acts of violence with a right-wing extremist background k. A. k. A. k. A. k. A. 309 1,492 2,639 2,232 1,489 837 624 790 708 746 998 709 772 759 776 958 1,047 980 1,042 891 762 755 802 801 990 1408 1600
other politically motivated crimes with a right-wing extremist background k. A. k. A. k. A. k. A. k. A. 2,401 5,045 8,329 6,463 7,059 8.106 10,929 10,341 9,291 14,953 9,345 10.130 10,033 11,275 14,403 16,550 16,196 18,852 17,859 15,143 15,387 16,332 15,756 15,569 20,525 20,871
Politically motivated crimes and acts of violence by the right in Germany
Right-wing extremism potential in Germany

The Office for the Protection of the Constitution uses figures from the “Criminal Police Registration Service in Politically Motivated Crime” (KPMD-PMK). The "Police Criminal Statistics - State Security" has been collecting data since 1959 that are used to determine politically motivated violence. Since 1961, the "Criminal Police Registration Service in State Security Matters" (KPMD-S) has been recording criminal offenses that were motivated by extremists. Only since 1992 have crimes with a xenophobic background and since 1993 crimes with an anti-Semitic background been recorded. Following criticism of these statistics, the recording method was changed in 2001. The KPMD-S as well as the PKS-S have been replaced by the “Criminal Police Reporting Service in Cases of Politically Motivated Crime” (KPMD-PMK). The introduction of this new recording system makes a direct comparison of the figures before and after 2001 no longer possible.

Support for victims of right-wing violence

In most German federal states there are counseling centers that specialize in supporting victims, relatives and witnesses of right-wing violence. They are organized in the Association of Advice Centers for Those Affected by Right-Wing, Racist and Anti-Semitic Violence (VBRG), which was founded in Berlin in 2014. The VBRG "coordinates the networking of the advice centers, represents their common interests and supports the nationwide development and expansion of independent specialist advice structures."

In order to support those affected in coping with the individual consequences of the attack, all members of the VBRG work according to the common quality standards for professional support. These include the principles of low threshold, anonymity and confidentiality, partiality, independence, solution, resource and order orientation as well as sensitivity to differences and intersectional analysis. In addition, those affected and their environment are supported in articulating their demands.

The first signatories of the quality standards include ReachOut from Berlin, the victim perspective from Brandenburg, LOBBI from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, victim counseling Rhineland from North Rhine-Westphalia and zebra - center for victims of right-wing attacks from Schleswig-Holstein. In the respective areas of responsibility, in addition to providing individual advice, they bring the perspectives of those affected into the social discourse and are committed to strengthening their rights and opportunities.

Stricter effect

If a court finds a racist or xenophobic motive for a criminal or violent offense, it can lead to a tightening of the sentence. Evidence is not always easy to provide by the courts. A conviction increases the chances of success for the perpetrators in an appeal.

Memorials

Plaque, in Dresden, which commemorates the murder of Jorge Gomondai .
Overturned memorial that commemorates the murder of Marwa El-Sherbini in Dresden .

Fatalities of right-wing extremist violence in particular will be remembered forever. Memorial stones or plaques are dedicated to them. On the anniversaries of the incident, there are often organizations and individuals who commemorate the incident in the form of a demonstration (see for example Nihat Yusufoğlu ).

The Amadeu Antonio Foundation is named after Amadeu Antonio , who was murdered in 1990 . A street in Eberswalde was symbolically named after him in 2011. An initiative is working towards the permanent renaming of the street.

Some memorials and memorial stones are affected by considerable damage to property (see for example Frank Böttcher ).

In Zwickau, for example, the memorial tree planted in September 2019 for the first NSU victim Enver Şimşek was sawed off by unknown perpetrators in October 2019. The process caused incomprehension and consternation among the population of Zwickau and throughout Germany. The city of Zwickau immediately decided to replace the sawed-off memorial tree with several memorial trees. "We won't let ourselves get down," said Zwickau's mayor Pia Findeiß (SPD). For the nine other victims of the right-wing extremist terrorist cell NSU they want to plant trees as planned. According to Kerstin Köditz , a member of the Left in the Saxon state parliament, more than 50 so-called resonance acts have been counted across Saxony since the NSU was exposed , including repeated attacks on memorial installations. Most of these cases have not been resolved. The most frequent crime scene is Zwickau.

Memorials for the victims of National Socialism have been created nationwide since 1949. In addition to the concentration camp memorials, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin is one of the most important memorials for the historical murders of the Nazi dictatorship . Numerous memorial sites and plaques in many cities and municipalities also commemorate local victims and acts of that time.

literature

  • Sybille Steinbacher (Ed.): Right violence in Germany. On dealing with right-wing extremism in society, politics and justice , Wallstein Verlag, 2016, ISBN 978-3-8353-1952-3 .
  • Matthias Rogg , Gorch Pieken (Ed.): Right-wing extremist violence in Germany. 1990–2013 (= Forum MHM. Series of publications by the Military History Museum of the Bundeswehr, Volume 3). Sandstein, Dresden 2013, ISBN 978-3-95498-014-7 .
  • Patrick Gensing; Terror from the right. The Nazi murders and the failure of politics. Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-86789-163-9 .
  • Christian Fuchs / John Goetz : The cell. Right-wing terror in Germany. Rowohlt Verlag, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-498-02005-7 .
  • Maik Baumgärtner, Marcus Böttcher: The Zwickau Terror Trio. Events, scenes, backgrounds. Berlin 2012. ISBN 978-3-360-02149-6 .
  • Markus Gamper, Helmut Willems: Right-wing extremist violence - background, perpetrators and victims , in: Wilhelm Heitmeyer, Monika Schröttle (ed.): Violence. Descriptions, Analyzes, Prevention, Bonn 2006, pp. 435–461.
  • Kurt Möller: Conclusions from empiricism and theory on right-wing extremist violence, in: Wilhelm Heitmeyer, Monika Schröttle (ed.): Violence. Descriptions, analyzes, prevention, Bonn 2006, pp. 462–468.
  • Dierk Borstel, Bernd Wagner (2006): Chances and limits of measures against right-wing extremist violence , in: Wilhelm Heitmeyer, Monika Schröttle (ed.): Violence. Descriptions, Analyzes, Prevention, Bonn, pp. 469–482.
  • Christian Seipel, Susanne Rippl (2003): Right-wing extremist violence in Germany. Theoretical explanations and empirical results of light and dark field research , in: Jürgen Raithel and Jürgen Mansel, (Ed.): Crime and violence in adolescence. Light and dark field findings in comparison. Weinheim and Munich: Juventa, pp. 264–284.
  • Benno Hafeneger (2000): Right-wing extremist violence and democracy - an overall concept against endangering democracy from the right cannot be recognized, in: Sozialextra, Heft 9, pp. 12-13.
  • Wolfgang Frindte (1998). Right-wing extremist violence - socio-psychological explanations and findings . In HW Bierhoff & U. Wagner (eds.), Aggression and violence. Phenomena, causes and interventions (pp. 165–205). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
  • Richard Faber, Hajo Funke and Gerhard Schoenberner (eds.): Right-wing extremism. Ideology and Violence , Edition Hentrich Druck, 1995.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heike Kleffner / Toralf Staud : Right Violence , Die Zeit, June 30, 2015
  2. ^ Right violence - definitions and recording criteria. In: opferperspektiven.de. Victim Perspective eV, accessed on July 10, 2016 .
  3. ^ Friedhelm Neidhardt, Left and Right Terrorism. Manifestations and potential for action in group comparison, in: Analyzes on Terrorism, Volume 3: Group processes, Baeyer-Katte / Claessens / Feger / Neidhardt, Wiesbaden 1982, pp. 434–476, p. 459.
  4. ↑ Sven Felix Kellerhoff : Right-wing Terrorism - It began in 1919 (Die Welt, November 14, 2011)
  5. ^ Emil Julius Gumbel: From Fememord to the Reich Chancellery. With a foreword by Walter Fabian , Heidelberg, Lambert Schneider 1962
  6. ↑ Hellmuth Auerbach, in: Wolfgang Benz : Legends, Lies, Prejudices online
  7. ↑ p. 439
  8. ^ Matthias Mletzko: Violent acts of left and right militant scenes , October 28, 2010
  9. ↑ Right Terror. Climate of fear .
  10. ↑ Jacob Aasland Ravndal, Sofia Lygren, Anders Ravik Jupskås and Tore Bjørgo: Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe, 1990 - 2019 published by the Center for Research on Extremism, University of Oslo, 2020. Available online (PDF file)
  11. ↑ SZ [1]
  12. ↑ Ronen Steinke: Barley: "This hatred is aimed at the center of society". In: SZ.de. June 17, 2019, accessed June 17, 2019 .
  13. ^ Jagoda Marinić: Mourning Walter Lübcke. In: TAZ Online. June 17, 2019, accessed June 17, 2019 .
  14. ↑ Friday: Right Network [2]
  15. ↑ SZ [3]
  16. ↑ Main Echo from June 19, 2019: Do not hide the environment.
  17. ↑ SZ [4]
  18. ↑ Friday 2019/25: A declaration of war [5]
  19. ↑ Roland Müller: A swamp of hatred. Südwest Presse, June 18, 2019
  20. ^ Ostsee-Zeitung: "Death lists", body bags, caustic lime: Nazi group prepared further attacks. [6]
  21. ↑ taz: Those affected will be informed. [7]
  22. ^ Ostsee-Zeitung: "Death lists", body bags, caustic lime: Nazi group prepared further attacks. [8th]
  23. ↑ taz: Those affected will be informed. [9]
  24. ^ Ostsee-Zeitung: "Death lists", body bags, caustic lime: Nazi group prepared further attacks. [10]
  25. ↑ [11]
  26. ↑ ZDF Zoom [12]
  27. ↑ a b 181 fatalities due to right-wing violence in Germany. In: Welt Online. November 20, 2011, accessed July 10, 2016 .
  28. ↑ Frank Jansen: Crimes: The true extent of right-wing violence. In: Zeit Online. November 19, 2011, accessed July 10, 2016 .
  29. ↑ Fatalities of right-wing violence since 1990. (No longer available online.) In: mut-gegen-rechte-gewalt.de. Amadeu Antonio Foundation , archived from the original on June 13, 2016 ; Retrieved July 10, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mut-gegen-rechte-gewalt.de
  30. ↑ Christopher Onkelbach: Extremism researchers warn against further acts of violence. www.waz.de, June 22, 2019
  31. ↑ Reform of the police recording of right-wing crimes ( Memento from June 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  32. ↑ Answer of the Federal Government to the major question of the parliamentary group DIE LINKE (PDF; 442 kB), September 27, 2011
  33. ↑ See Constitutional Protection Report 2001, p. 35.
  34. ↑ All data from: Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (ed.): Constitutional Protection Report 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007 . The figures for the intervening years were taken from the respective report of the following year. (n / a = not specified). The figures before 1990 come from different sources:
  35. ↑ Figures for the years 1990 to 2016 on politically motivated acts of violence with a right-wing extremist background as well as other politically motivated crimes with a right-wing extremist background come from the reports on the protection of the constitution for the respective years. In some cases the figures were corrected by the Office for the Protection of the Constitution in the following years. In these cases the current information was adopted.
  36. ↑ Information on right-wing extremism potential (total), number of right-wing extremists willing to use violence, members of right-wing extremist parties and neo-Nazis from 2010 to 2016 come from the reports for the protection of the constitution from 2012 to 2016.
  37. ↑ a b Since 2006 the members of the party “Republicans” are no longer recorded in the right-wing extremist person potential.
  38. ↑ a b c d e f g h The figures on right-wing extremism potential (total), number of right-wing extremists willing to use violence, members of right-wing extremist parties and neo-Nazis for the years 2010 to 2012 come from the 2012 report on the protection of the constitution.
  39. ↑ Since 2014, the report on the protection of the constitution has indicated the number of right-wing extremists who are oriented towards violence, which also includes right-wing extremists who are prepared to use violence. See Constitutional Protection Report 2014.
  40. ↑ a b The census has been changed since 2001. The new numbers are systematically higher than the previous ones.
  41. ↑ http://www.lobbi-mv.de/downloads/todesopfer.pdf , p. 2f.
  42. ↑ The VBRG eV - About us. Retrieved November 10, 2017 .
  43. ↑ Advice for those affected by right-wing, racist and anti-Semitic violence in Germany. Quality standards for professional support. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on November 11, 2017 ; accessed on November 10, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / verband-brg.de
  44. ↑ Fatalities from right-wing extremist violence - a terrible record. In: netz-gegen-nazis.de. Amadeu Antonio Foundation, accessed July 10, 2016 .
  45. ↑ Sebastian Reuter: Symbolic renaming: Amadeu-Antonio-Straße on the 49th birthday. In: amadeu-antonio-stiftung.de. Amadeu Antonio Foundation, archived from the original on February 1, 2014 ; Retrieved July 10, 2016 .
  46. ^ Editor (dha): Zwickau: Sawed off memorial tree for the first NSU victim. In: https://www.freipresse.de/ . Die Freie Presse, October 3, 2019, accessed on November 15, 2019 .
  47. ↑ Editor: Sawed off memorial tree for NSU murder victims in Zwickau. In: https://www.mdr.de/ . MDR Saxony, October 4, 2019, accessed on November 15, 2019 .
  48. ↑ Editor: Destroyed memorial tree for NSU murder victims will be replaced. In: https://www.spiegel.de/ . Der Spiegel, October 7, 2019, accessed on November 15, 2019 .
  49. ^ MDR editor: Zwickau: Auschwitz committee wants to plant new trees for NSU victims. In: https://www.mdr.de/ . MDR Saxony, October 7, 2019, accessed on November 15, 2019 .