Jumps in figure skating

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Mira Leung - take off phase
Andrei Lutai - rotation
Jamal Othman - Landing

Jumps (engl. Jumps or figure skating jumps ) are skating elements , in which the figure skater lifts off the ice surface and rotating in the air about its own axis. There are six basic jumps, but you can do over a hundred more that are ultimately derived from the basic jumps. Jumps can be performed with single, double, triple and even quadruple rotation.

Directions of rotation

Most skaters rotate at the jumps and spins to the left . However, there are some that turn right . Very few figure skaters can jump in both directions of rotation.

For the sake of simplicity, all jumps are usually described as "left-turning" .

Phases of a jump

Characteristic features of a correctly performed jump are intensity, ie height and speed, and the resulting jump length.

A jump consists of five phases:

1. Run-in phase
The run-in phase takes place backwards on one foot, with the Rittberger on both feet. You only run in the Axel forwards . The speed is gained through different approaches (translating or step variations).
The Lutz jump, for example, is almost always preceded by a long diagonal slide backwards on the left foot, from the middle of the ice towards the corner of the ice rink.
The approach before the Salchow jump is based on a threesome and resembles a circle.
2. Jump phase
The jump phase is different for every jump. There are two types of jump: jump from the edge of the ice skate and a typed jump . The jump from the edge must be carried out flexibly and from the knee bend over the tip of the edge (but not from the skate teeth). During a typed jump, the free leg with the skate teeth briefly taps into the ice and thus helps when jumping off.
The edge leaps include Axel, Rittberger, Salchow.
Typed jumps are Toeloop, Lutz and Flip.
3. Rotation
The rotation consists of two phases. The first phase is about gaining the right height. It should run with little rotation. Only in the second phase do you dynamize the rotation by crossing your arms in front of your upper body and also crossing your left leg in front of your right. While one is in the air, the body and head axes should only be in the vertical position. The number of spins made determines whether it is a single , double , triple or quadruple jump.
An axel has half a rotation more, i.e. 1½ rotations in a single execution, 2½ rotations in a double execution, etc.
Nowadays, Toeloop, Salchow, Lutz, Flip and Rittberger are jumped four times.
Most elite figure skaters perform triple and quadruple jumps as their main jumps, while most elite figure skaters perform all triple jumps except for Axel, who is usually double. Only a few women have mastered the triple axel and successfully demonstrated it in a competition.
4. Landing phase
The landing phase takes place backwards for all jumps. Before landing, quickly move your arms and free leg away from the body, which slows down the rotation. You land backwards on the right leg low in the knee over the tip of the skate; Immediately after the teeth of the skate touch the ice, you have to go over to the edge. When running out, stretch your free leg backwards. The outlet spiral should be a semicircle with a large diameter, with the support leg remaining bent.
5. Slipping

A distinction is made between eight phases in the jump combinations: entry, jump, rotation, landing and exit from the first jump, jump, rotation, landing and exit from the second jump.

Distribution of the jumps

Jumps can be divided according to the following characteristics:

1. after the four basic figures in the compulsory run

a) a jump in the triple sense
b) a jump in counter Dreier -Sinne
c) a jump in the turning sense
d) a jump in the opposite direction

For jumps without rotation:

a) Straight line
b) arch
c) serpentine line

2. after the edges

a) forward outward
b) forward inward
c) backwards outwards
d) backwards inwards

3. The jump is possible

a) forward - just one foot from the edge
b) reverse - only one foot from the edge, so-called. edges jumps or with both feet at the same time tap hole with the other foot, so-called typed jumps

4. Landing is possible

a) forwards - on the take-off leg, free leg or on both legs (only for splay jumps - with one leg on the tip, with the other leg on the edge).
b) backwards - on the take-off leg or on the free leg

5. After the rotation

a) Jumps without turns
b) Jumps with turns of 180 ° (half jumps) up to 1440 ° (quadruple jumps)

By combining these options, over 130 different jumps can be performed.

Jump elements

A jump element is called:

  • a single hop (engl. individual jump )
  • a thrown jump (Engl. throw ) in the pairs figure skating
  • a hopping sequence (engl. jump sequence )
  • a jump combination (engl. jump combination )

Single jumps

Individual jumps are carried out both individually and in pairs . Today's world class in men's competitions already requires four-fold jumps (to this day it is Toeloop, Salchow and Flip); triple jumps are required for women. However, some ladies are already starting to show quadruple jumps.

There are six basic jumps . All six are landed backwards outwards, but have different run-in and take-off phases, according to which they can be differentiated.

The following descriptions are for "ordinary" figure skaters who turn left ; for those who turn to the right , the information applies in reverse .

Leap Mainstay Free leg Remarks
Toe loop right leg, backwards outwards left foot taps into the ice
Flip left leg, backwards inwards right foot taps into the ice
Lutz left leg, backwards outwards right foot taps into the ice Lutz is almost always preceded by a long diagonal slide backwards on his left foot (from the middle of the ice to the corner of the ice rink).
Axel left leg, forward outward right leg swings from back to front Axel is the only one who jumped forward
Rittberger both legs, backwards (one shifts the weight on the right leg outward edge and jumps off) no swinging no parting the left leg is crossed in front of the right leg
Salchow left leg, backwards inwards right leg swings forward around the body's center of gravity

One variation is the tano jump , in which the figure skater stretches his arm over his head. That makes it much more difficult than a "normal" jump. This variation was named after the Californian figure skater Brian Boitano , who was the first to jump a triple Lutz with a raised arm.

Connection jumps

There are a number of other jumps, usually made with a single twist, and mostly used as connectors in the jump sequences. These include, for example:

  • Euler - approach and jump with the right foot backwards outwards, after a turn, landing backwards inwards on the left leg (or mirror image).
  • Dreersprung (English walz jump or three-jump ) - The simplest of all jumps has only half a turn and is therefore also called a cadet jump . With a threesome you first turn from forward to backward and then move forward outward on the left leg. The jump takes place similar to the Axel from the left outer edge, the free leg swings from the back to the front. In the air, perform a half turn and land backwards on the right leg.
  • Walley runs to the right backwards outwards and jumps with the right foot backwards inwards after a short snake arch, after a turn you land outwards on the take-off leg. Another variation is a typed walley.
  • Half-Rittberger is similar to the Rittberger. Its name suggests a half jump, but in reality you make a full turn. In contrast to the Rittberger, you don't land outwards on your right foot, but backwards inwards on your left foot. It is often used as a connecting jump when the figure skater wants to add a salchow or flip to the end of a jump combination.
  • Spread jump - Any jump in which, after half a turn, you spread your legs in the air (up to the split position) or straddle.

Thrown cracks

A thrown jump (Engl. Throw ) is a couple of running specific element. The lady performs an ordinary jump, while the man gives her an additional "push" as she takes off. The height and length of the jump are characteristic of a thrown jump. The names of the jumps that are thrown are derived from the individual jumps: Wurf-Axel, Wurf-Lutz, Wurf-Salchow, Wurf-Toeloop . In the competitions, they are carried out twice or three times.

Jump sequences

A hopping sequence (engl. Jump sequence ) consisting of at least two hops, between which a change of foot occurs or rotations are performed.

  • Jump sequences were a specialty of the German figure skater Marina Kielmann . She performed jump sequences with five or six jumps (single or double).

Jump combinations

A jump combination (engl. Jump combination ) consists of at least two jumps that follow immediately after one another. The second jump is made from the same ledge that the first jump landed on (i.e. there are no turns or foot changes between jumps).

Number of jumps

The number of jumps, jump sequences and jump combinations is determined both in the short program and in the freestyle by the ISU scoring system for figure skating and ice dancing :

  • In the short program ( single run , pair run ) the number of jumps, jump sequences and combinations is limited ;
  • Recommended in the freestyle by the so-called Well balanced program ( single run , pair run )

Bug and evaluation

Each jump element has its own basic value. For example, a quadruple toe loop has the basic value 10.3, a triple axel 8.5, a triple Lutz 6, a triple flip 5.3, a triple Rittberger 5.1, a triple Salchow 4.2, a triple toe loop 4 , 1 and a double axel 3,3. The judges then rank the quality of the jump element within the range of +3 to −3. There is a corresponding deduction for every mistake.

The following are considered errors:

  • Landing on both feet;
  • Landing where the figure skater touches the ice with his free foot or hand, or stops spinning on the ice (and not in the air);
  • a "churned" jump, completing the spin on the ice;
  • a fall;
  • Performing a prohibited jump (all somersault jumps are prohibited);
  • Performing more jumps, jump sequences and combinations than permitted.

"Cheated" jumps

Actually, it shouldn't exist. Nevertheless, one can find figure skaters who “cheat” a jump, either because they have not mastered the difficulty, or because they have calculated their inlet poorly, or because they have acquired bad habits during training (blunted jump, rolled up jump, incomplete turns, unsafe landing).

An example: From this point of view, Lutz is perhaps the most debatable jump.

Lutz

You jump backwards from the outer edge of the left foot (with the right point in the ice), turn around your own axis (once = single Lutz, twice = double Lutz, etc.) and land backwards on the outer edge of the right foot.

"Cheated" Lutz

You slide on the outer edge, but the jump takes place from the inner edge of the left foot (= this is no longer a Lutz, but a so-called "Flutz" (F - from the flip because it jumped off the inner edge)). If the judges notice it, this must lead to deductions in the evaluation.

The inventor

Four of the six basic jumps bear the names of their inventors. There are:

Chronology of the jump development

1882 The Norwegian Axel Paulsen realized the first jump (still on speed skates) at the international competition of the Vienna Ice Skating Club , which was then named after him - the Axel . To this day it is considered the most difficult of all basic jumps.
1896 The German Gilbert Fuchs , the first world figure skating champion, shows simple jumps, including the axel, which is more like a pirouette, so-called "rolled up" axel .
1898 The Swede Ulrich Salchow shows his jump Salchow for the first time .
1910 The German Werner Rittberger invents the Rittberger .
1913 The Viennese Alois Lutz performs the Lutz named after him .
1916 The German Charlotte Oelschlägel , figure skater of the Berlin ice ballet company , is the first lady to face the simple Axel.
At the beginning of the 1920s, the simple Axel among the amateurs was the Austrian Herma Szabó (and not the often mentioned Sonja Henie ).
1920 At the Olympic Games in Antwerp , the American Theresa Weld is the first woman to jump the simple Salchow .
1925 The Austrian Karl Schäfer is the first to jump the double Rittberger .
1928 The double Salchow is jumped by the Swede Gillis Grafström and the Canadian Montgomery Wilson .
1934 At the World Championships in Helsinki , the Germans Maxi Herber and Ernst Baier are the first sports couple to present a simple Axel that has jumped side by side .
1944 The American Richard Button performs the first double lutz .
1948 Richard Button presents the first double Axel during the Olympic Winter Games in St. Moritz .
1952 At the Olympic Winter Games in Oslo , Richard Button performs three double axels in a row .
Richard Button jumps the first triple Rittberger .
Although several women have already jumped the double axel , the American Tenley Albright was the first to show it successfully in a competition at the Olympic Winter Games in Oslo .
1960 The Americans David , Hayes Alan Jenkins and Ronald Robertson jump the triple Salchow and the triple Rittberger .
1962 Donald Jackson performs the first triple lutz .
1963 The Austrian Helli Sengstschmid shows the first triple Rittberger performed by a lady .
1969 The Soviet sports couple Irina Rodnina and Alexei Ulanow were the first to succeed in a double axel at the European Championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen .
1974 At the World Championships in Munich , the American Gordon McKellen tried a combination of "simple Axel - double Axel - triple Axel" , but fell on the last jump. He realized this unusual combination at the final gala performance.
1977 Denise Biellmann from Switzerland performs a jump combination "double Axel - Euler - triple Salchow" .
1978 The Canadian Vern Taylor succeeds in the first triple Axel at the World Championships in Ottawa .
Denise Biellmann is the first lady to show the triple Lutz
1979 The Yugoslavian woman Sanda Dubravčić is the first lady to jump a combination of “double axel - triple toe loop” .
1980 The Canadian Brian Orser shows the triple Axel at the World Championships in Dortmund
1984 Alexander Fadejew masteredthe jump combination "triple axel - double toe loop" at the world championships in Budapest .
1986 The Slovak Jozef Sabovčík is the first to try the "quadruple toe loop" . However, his free foot touches the ice and the jump is not counted as such.
1988 The Canadian Kurt Browning is the first to successfully complete the quadruple toe loop at the World Championships in Budapest and thus the first ever quadruple jump.
1989 At the World Championships in Paris , Midori Ito from Japan was the first to jump the triple Axel .
1991 At Skate America, Tonya Harding was the first woman to land two triple axels in the same competition and she was also the first woman to successfully perform the triple axel in the short program of a major international competition.
1991 The French Surya Bonaly is the first woman in the competition to try the quadruple toe loop at the World Cup in Munich , but is not rated as such.
1997 The Canadian Elvis Stojko realizes the first jump combination "four-way toe loop - three-way toe loop" at an ISU Grand Prix .
1998 The young American Timothy Goebel performs the first four-time Salchow at the final of the ISU Junior Grand Prix in Lausanne .
1998 The Russian Alexei Jagudin performs a series of jumps "triple axel and triple toeloop" at the European Championships in Milan . At the same tournament, his compatriot Yevgeny Pljuschtschenko realizes the same jump combination as Elvis Stojko in 1997: "four-way toe loop - three-way toe loop" .
1999 In a time span of 90 seconds, Timothy Goebel shows three quadruple jumps in his freestyle at Skate America : a quadruple salchow in a combination with a triple toe loop, a second quadruple salchow and finally a quadruple toe loop.
2000 At the Grand Prix finals , Timothy Goebel achieved an unbelievable jump combination: "Four times Salchow - three times Toeloop - three times Rittberger" . The Russian Yevgeny Pljuschtschenko also jumps a difficult combination: "fourfold - threefold - double toe loop" .
2002 The Japanese Miki Ando managed the only "quad" jump of a woman until 2017 at the Junior World Championships in 2002 with the fourfold Salchow .
2008 Mao Asada from Japan has two triple axels in the freestyle at the Grand Prix Final. With the exception of Asada, this "king's jump" is still rarely jumped by women.
2011 The American Brandon Mroz is the first to land a four-fold Lutz , including at the NHK Trophy .
2015 At the Cup of China , the Chinese Jin Boyang presented the neatly executed combination of four Lutz - three toe loops in the short freestyle . With this extremely difficult element in the short freestyle and three different quadruple jumps in the freestyle (confessed in the following competitions) he shows new possibilities in the jumping repertoire. This suddenly heralds a further development of men's figure skating.
2016 Shoma Uno from Japan managesthe first fourfold flip at the Team Challenge Cup . In the following season, Yuzuru Hanyu established the fourfold Rittberger in the repertoire and mastered it among other things. a. at the NHK Trophy .
2017 At the national US championships, Nathan Chen surprises with five successful and including four different four-fold jumps in the freestyle.
2018 The Russian Alexandra Trusova is in the freestyle of the Junior World Championships after a four-fold Salchow also the first four-fold toe loop of a woman. The age of quadruple jumps has also begun for women.
2018 The juniors Anna Shcherbakowa and Alexandra Trusova dominate the Russian National Championships. a. each with a seasoned fourfold Lutz .
2019 Alexandra Trusova competes in the freestyle of the Grand Prix final, the first fourfold flip of a woman.

Web links

Commons : Figure skating jumps  - collection of images, videos and audio files

swell

  • Josef Dědič - “Krasobruslení - povinná a volná jízda jednotlivců” (figure skating - compulsory and individual skater freestyle); Prague, 1979
  • Jean-Luc Auberson - Alors, Sautez Maintenant! , (2003)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fi1331g-qcI
  2. ↑ http://www.isuresults.com/results/gpf0809/gpf0809_SeniorLadies_FS_Scores.pdf
  3. ↑ http://www.isuresults.com/results/season1516/gpchn2015/gpchn2015_Men_SP_Scores.pdf
  4. ↑ http://www.goldenskate.com/2016/04/2016-team-challenge-men/
  5. ↑ http://www.isuresults.com/results/season1617/gpjpn2016/gpjpn2016_Men_FS_Scores.pdf
  6. ↑ http://www.goldenskate.com/2017/01/chen-takes-us-title-record-score/
  7. ↑ http://www.isuresults.com/results/season1718/wjc2018/wjc2018_JuniorLadies_FS_Scores.pdf
  8. ↑ https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/news/detail/zagitova-fifth-shcherbakova-all-junior-russia/
  9. ↑ As it happened: Wins for Kostornaia and Chen on the last day of competition in Turin | ISU Grand Prix Final - Day 3. Accessed July 27, 2020 .