St. Wiperti (Quedlinburg)

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The Wiperti crypt from 10/11. century
Quedlinburg, St. Wiperti and manor house, aerial photo (2015)

St. Wiperti ( consecrated to Saints Wigbert and Jakobus ) is a church southwest of the Burgberg in Quedlinburg . As architectural masterpieces of the Romanesque , the crypt and church bear witness to its important past as the royal court of the Saxon-Ottonian ruling house. Even in later epochs, the place is a witness of a rich history. Today the church is a station on the Romanesque Road . The complex is registered in the Quedlinburg monument register as a Wiperti monastery.

history

  • West facade

  • Longhouse on the south side

  • Tympanum of the Marienkloster

Time before 936

St. Wiperti was founded in the 9th century by the Hersfeld monastery and housed an unregulated clerical association . Between 901 and 912 Otto the Illustrious , who headed the Hersfeld monastery as a lay abbot , brought the Wiperti church into the possession of the Liudolfinger family . His son King Heinrich I had this first church demolished and built a hall church.

Royal court from 936 to 1146

The villa quae dicitur Quitilingaburg was mentioned for the first time on April 22, 922 in a document from Henry I as an exhibition location . What is certain is that in 936 a women's monastery for the memorial of Heinrich I's death was established on the Burgberg and in 961/964 an increasingly regulated canons' association was established in the valley. The exact relationships between the clerical community at the royal court in the valley and the canonesses on the Burgberg have not yet been fully clarified. The so-called "Easter Palatinate" of the Ottonians is certainly to be found both in the buildings on the castle hill and in the vicinity of St. Wiperti. Some components of the St. Wiperti Church date back to the 10th and 11th centuries when they were built.

Canonical convent from 963 to 1146

In addition to the Easter celebrations in 940, 941, 948, 950, 959 and 973, Otto I was present several times to commemorate the death of his father Heinrich I, for example in 937, 952, 961 and 965. At the Easter celebration in 941 he was able to prevent an uprising of his brother Heinrich and various Saxon allies with the help of Frankish faithful.

During his visit in 966 his daughter Mathilde was consecrated as the first real abbess of the monastery on the castle hill. Shortly before Otto I's death in 973, a brilliant court day took place in Quedlinburg for Easter, at which Greek, Beneventan, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Danish and Slavic ambassadors were present, as well as representatives of the Romans, the Italians and the Russians.

Otto II only celebrated Easter 974 and 978 in Quedlinburg. The rule of his son Otto III. was marked at the beginning (984) by the usurpation by Heinrich the quarrel , which he wanted to carry out in the traditional place Quedlinburg. Two years (986) later, this failed attempt to take over power was symbolically atoned for in the same place with an act of humility, when Heinrich passed the young Otto III. had to serve as a servant at the table. In addition to the Easter stays in 986, 989, 991 and 1000, the last-mentioned event must be pointed out, because Otto III. returned "to his court in the valley" after the celebration and held a Reichstag here.

The importance of Quedlinburg as an Easter Palatinate and a place of assembly for the Reich continued to decline. King Barbarossa celebrated Easter in Magdeburg before his visit in 1154 and only then came to Quedlinburg.

Premonstratensian monastery from 1146 to 1547

At the instigation of Abbess Beatrix II , Pope Eugene III confirmed . in 1146 it was converted into a Premonstratensian monastery . This went hand in hand with a new regulation of benefices and was not accepted without resistance. The first new canons came from the Cappenberg monastery (Westphalian circariate ), but by 1224 at the latest St. Wiperti belonged to the Saxon circarian group, headed by the monastery of Our Lady in Magdeburg .

From the 400 years between 1146 and 1547 around 180 documents have been preserved, most of which concern the ownership of the monastery. By 1266 the monastery had grown so much that the buildings had to be expanded beyond the previously walled area. The towers were also built shortly beforehand or at least renewed. The monastery seems to have done so well in the following years that Abbess Bertrade II issued a harsh ordinance in 1277 to put a stop to the dissolute and unrestrained way of life of the canons.

During the feud between Count Albrecht II of Regenstein and the city of Quedlinburg in 1336, large parts of the monastery, including the towers and the cloister, were destroyed. Duke Otto von Braunschweig, however, forced the citizens to rebuild the choir and the cloister. Nevertheless, the monastery did not recover from this severe blow for a long time, and in 1371 the levy to the Pope was waived for it.

In the course of the 15th century it came under the influence of the monastery reform movement, which led to an economic consolidation and subsequently helped the monastery to a second blooming phase. The monastery was even able to afford a fifty-year dispute with the city of Quedlinburg over the woods on the Brühl . The richly decorated gospel book from 1513 testifies to the wealth of these days.

In the turmoil of the Peasants' War , the monastery was devastated for the third time in 1525. It was supposed to be rebuilt at the instigation of Duke Georg von Braunschweig , but this did not happen. The treasure was confiscated by the Abbess Anna II zu Stolberg in 1546 and when the last provost married in 1547, the monastery was closed.

Evangelical parish church in Westendorf from 1547 to 1812

In the course of the Thirty Years' War there was another attempt to put the monastery back into the hands of the Premonstratensian Order, but it failed. The confiscated property was administered by the monastery itself in the 16th century. However, it was leased in the 17th and 18th centuries. Since the Reformation, the monastery church has served the communities Neuer Weg, Westendorf and Munzenberg as a community church. The 24 preachers of this epoch are completely traceable. From 1672 to 1674 the church was thoroughly restored. During the 18th century, at least 14 vaults were added inside the church and several buildings outside were expanded. After the abolition of the women's monastery in 1802, the Wipertigut fell to the city of Quedlinburg in 1812.

Barn from 1812 to 1945

During these years demolition or leasing was discussed. After many offers and auctions, Ludwig Baentsch bought the mutilated domain in 1831 and gradually brought it to its previous size of 1,400 acres through acquisitions. However, he used the church as a barn and the crypt as a dairy cellar.

Around 1900 a manor house reminiscent of a castle was built on the south side of the property. The large, widely visible tower is striking.

Consecration site of the SS from 1936 to 1945

In 1936 the SS carried out some structural alterations on behalf of Himmler to convert the crypt into a National Socialist sanctuary. The nearby collegiate church of St. Servatius was also confiscated and rebuilt by the SS. The Wiperti should be obvious in the cult of Henry I be involved. The pseudo-religious cult began in the Wiperti crypt. It formed the starting point of a torchlight march, the goal of which was the crypt of the Servatius Church.

Catholic branch church since 1954 and UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994

After the Second World War , the preservationists tried to repair the church. In 1954, a contract was signed between the Quedlinburg City Council and the St. Mathildis Community on the use of the building. The restoration was carried out from 1955 to 1959 under the direction of the Institute for Monument Preservation Halle (Saale) . The early Romanesque arched door field ( tympanum ) from the Marienkloster on the Münzenberg was built into the south portal of the church. The church was consecrated anew at Easter 1959 by Auxiliary Bishop Friedrich Maria Rintelen and has since been used in the summer months by the Catholic parish of St. Mathilde for Sunday mass.

Since 1994 she has been a World Heritage Site of UNESCO and is managed since 1995 by a development association and explored. The building fabric was secured through extensive renovation and restoration measures.

Furnishing

Chancel of the Wiperti Church with the tapestries (March 2017)
Show as spherical panorama

There is a winged altar in the north aisle. The unknown artist created it in 1485. The previous location was St. Aegidii . To the right and left of the altar are two tapestries by the Halle artist Christine Leweke. The work with wool and gold threads was made in 1959/60. The tabernacle from the same year comes from Prof. Müller, who is also from Halle.

In the years 2006–2008, five new windows were installed in the chancel, the three-window group in the west gable, a south facing window and the glazing of the crypt. The drafts were created by Günter Grohs (Wernigerode), the execution was carried out by the F. Schneemelcher glass workshops , Quedlinburg.

Initially, only a harmonium was available for the community in St. Wiperti . Electronic organs from the Johannus company have been in use since the late 1990s . The current device (opus 25) has 36 stops on two manual works and a pedal.

Other architectural monuments

Former manor house

At the eastern approach to the property there were simple farm workers' houses made of half-timbered and brick, with the addresses Wipertistraße 6a-e. After being used as social housing in the early 1990s , they were vacant. No entertainment measures were taken. After arson and collapse, the houses were torn down, except for House 6e.

In addition to the large, castle-like manor house, the elongated sheepfold built from half-timbered and quarry stone north of the church and the historic property fence made of quarry stone, which is still largely preserved , belong to the listed area.

The manor house was built around 1900 by the architect Max Schneck for the landowner Ernst Baentsch in the style of late historicism , with echoes of Art Nouveau already showing. It shows elements of the Neo-Renaissance and has a tail gable and a high stair tower. The building served as a horticultural school from 1947 and was then run as a technical school from 1968 . From August 2015 the building was used as an alternative to the overcrowded central contact point for asylum seekers in Saxony-Anhalt in Halberstadt . The branch office was closed again on September 30, 2016.

graveyard

View from Kapellenberg over the Wipertifriedhof (March 2017)
as spherical panorama
View over the Wipertifriedhof to the Wipertikirche (March 2017)
as spherical panorama

The Wipertifriedhof in the west of the area also belongs to the listed area. 55 crypts carved into the rock , which are arranged in the form of terraces, are striking . Originally the area of ​​today's Servatii cemetery a little further to the west belonged to the cemetery of the Wiperti monastery.

In 2012, the Wipertifriedhof was included in a list of 111 must-see places in Saxony-Anhalt due to its unusual crypt system. The Wipertifriedhof is recorded as a separate architectural monument under registration number 107 40106.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Certificate No. 3 in: Theodor Sickel (Ed.): Diplomata 12: The documents Konrad I., Heinrich I. and Otto I. (Conradi I., Heinrici I. et Ottonis I. Diplomata). Hanover 1879, pp. 41–42 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version )
  2. ↑ Falko Grubitzsch in: Georg Dehio : Handbook of German Art Monuments . Saxony-Anhalt. Volume 1: Ute Bednarz, Folkhard Cremer u. a .: Administrative region of Magdeburg. Revision. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich a. a. 2002, ISBN 3-422-03069-7 , page 761
  3. ^ Manfred Mittelstaedt: Quedlinburg , Sutton Verlag Erfurt 2003, ISBN 978-3-89702-560-8 , page 94
  4. ↑ Detlef Horenberg: Mayor Ruch hopes for solidarity in the Mitteldeutsche Zeitung, published online on July 28, 2015
  5. ^ Refugees in the Harz Land district closes three out of six accommodations in: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung from July 29, 2016.
  6. ↑ Gerd Alpermann: Last crypts already reserved , in: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung , published online on March 5, 2012
  7. ↑ René Förder: 111 places in Saxony-Anhalt that you have to see , Hermann-Josef Emons Verlag 2012, ISBN 978-3-89705-911-5 , page 162 f.
  8. ↑ Short question and answer Olaf Meister (Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen), Prof. Dr. Claudia Dalbert (Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen), Ministry of Culture March 19, 2015 Printed matter 6/3905 (KA 6/8670): Monument register Saxony-Anhalt , Harz.pdf, page 624

literature

  • Ulrich von Damaros, Thomas Wozniak: St. Wiperti in Quedlinburg. In: Klaus Gereon Beuckers u. a. (Ed.): The Ottonen. Art - architecture - history. License issue. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2002, ISBN 3-534-15867-9 , pp. 285-293.
  • Falko Grubitzsch in: Georg Dehio : Handbook of German Art Monuments . Saxony-Anhalt. Volume 1: Ute Bednarz, Folkhard Cremer u. a .: Administrative region of Magdeburg. Revision. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich a. a. 2002, ISBN 3-422-03069-7 , page 761.
  • Gerhard Leopold: The Church of St. Wiperti in Quedlinburg. Parish Church - Palatine Chapel - Collegiate Church. RVDL-Verlag, Cologne 1995, ISBN 3-88094-787-2 .
  • Leopold, Gerhard: The Ottonian churches of St. Servatii, St. Wiperti and St. Marien in Quedlinburg: a summary of archaeological and architectural research from 1936 to 2001 . Petersberg, Kr Fulda: Michael Imhof Verlag 2010. ISBN 978-3-86568-235-2 .
  • Schubert, Ernst: The churches of St. Wiperti and St. Servatii in Quedlinburg. An interpretation of the literary sources on building history . In: Saxony and Anhalt Vol. 25, 2007, ISSN  0945-2842 , pp. 31-80.
  • Elisabeth Rüber-Schütte: A Coronation of Mary in the Quedlinburg Wiperti Church. Note on the room setting. In: Preservation of monuments in Saxony-Anhalt. 11, Issue 2, 2003, ISSN  0949-3506 , pp. 149-154.
  • Thomas Wozniak: Two Hundred Years of Wiperti Research. In: Quedlinburger Annalen. 8, 2005, ISSN  1436-7432 , pp. 10-17, 26-35.
  • Thomas Wozniak: Johannes Busch and the library of St. Wiperti Quedlinburg in the 15th century , in: Quedlinburger Annalen 14 (2011), pp. 18-26.
  • State Office for the Preservation of Monuments of Saxony-Anhalt (Ed.): List of monuments in Saxony-Anhalt. Volume 7: Falko Grubitzsch, with the participation of Alois Bursy, Mathias Köhler, Winfried Korf, Sabine Oszmer, Peter Seyfried and Mario Titze: Quedlinburg district. Volume 1: City of Quedlinburg. Fly head, Halle 1998, ISBN 3-910147-67-4 , page 278.

Web links

Commons : St. Wiperti (Quedlinburg)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 51 ° 47 ′ 6 ″  N , 11 ° 7 ′ 49 ″  E