Gooseberry

Gooseberry
	Gooseberry ( Ribes uva-crispa )
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order :	Saxifragales (Saxifragales)
Family :	Gooseberry Family (Grossulariaceae)
Genre :	Currants ( ribes )
Type :	Gooseberry
Scientific name
	Ribes uva-crispa
	L.

The gooseberry ( Ribes uva-crispa , syn .: Ribes grossularia ) is a species of plant from the genus Ribes within the gooseberry family (Grossulariaceae). It has a wide distribution area in Eurasia and North Africa . The varieties provide fruit .

description

illustration

Stalked, hairy leaf

Five-fold bloom

Red fruits of a gooseberry variety

Wild form blooming branch

Appearance and leaf

The gooseberry is a deciduous shrub that reaches heights of 60 to 100, or sometimes up to 150 centimeters. The dark branches protrude sparsely or hang over arching, have a peeling cork skin and are covered at the nodes, below short shoots with mostly three-part (variation from one-part to five-part) spines (not thorns) . The long shoots are covered with solitary, often only hair-shaped spines.

The leaves, which are mostly tufted on older branches, on the long shoots that emerge from the top short shoots in summer, are divided into petioles and leaf blades. The mostly hairy leaf blade is 1 to 3 centimeters long and 1 to 5 centimeters wide and palmate and three to five lobed.

Flower and fruit

The flowering time in Central Europe is around April to May. The pendulous flowers sit individually up to three in the leaf axils. In the middle of the pedicels are two small bracts .

The hermaphrodite flower is radially symmetrical and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The softly hairy flower cup is greenish to reddish. The greenish to reddish colored sepals are elongated and curved back with a length of 4 to 7 millimeters.

The hanging, mostly hairy and finally bald berry can be elongated to spherical with a diameter of 1 to 3 centimeters. The fruit color is green, yellow to purple, depending on the variety. The ripening time of the fruits is in Central Europe in July and August.

Chromosome set

Illustration by Walter Müller from Thomé: Flora of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, in words and pictures, for school and home; with ... panels ... , panel 354

In the gooseberry, the base chromosome number is n = 8, so it is diploid 2n = 16.

Differentiation of the wild form and garden forms

The wild form ( Ribes uva-crispa var. Uva-crispa ) differs from the cultivated form ( Ribes uva-crispa var. Sativum DC. ) By significantly smaller fruits and a short, soft and glandless hair of the ovary , while that of the garden gooseberry is glandular or bristled is bald. Differentiating the true wild forms of garden gooseberry seedlings is difficult or even impossible.

ecology

Model of the flower of a gooseberry, Greifswald Botanical Museum

The gooseberry is a shallow root. The vegetative reproduction takes place by lowering side branches that are covered by leaves. The gooseberry has only one layer of cork as a periderm , so there is no bark . It forms an arbuscular mycorrhiza .

From an ecological point of view, these are small, pre-female "bellflowers" with sticky pollen . Access to the abundant nectar is more or less blocked by stylus hair. The ripe scar is sticky. The pollination is carried by flies and bees .

The berries emerge from the ovary and the flower base . The seeds contain chlorophyll and are surrounded by a slimy seed coat . The seeds are spread by animals, mainly birds, which eat the berries.

A pest for Ribes species is the rust fungus Cronartium ribicola , which also affects five-needle pine species, for example Pinus strobus , but spares Pinus peuce .

Occurrence

The gooseberry is widespread in almost all of Europe, to the north it goes up to 63 ° north latitude, in southern Europe it can be found in the mountains, it also grows in North Africa, the Caucasus, Asia Minor and the Himalayas, to the east it occurs as far as China. Due to the slight naturalization and the difficult differentiation of wild forms from the real wild plant, the detailed, original distribution can no longer be determined.

The gooseberry grows wild in moderately dry to fresh, nutrient-rich and alkaline-rich, often calcareous locations. It tolerates shade and occurs in hedges, bushes, ravine and mountain forests, floodplains and in deciduous forests. It is a character species of the order Prunetalia, but also occurs in plant communities of the Tilio-Acerion and Alno-Ulmion associations. Often the gooseberry overflows from gardens. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises to an altitude of 1700 meters at the transmitter on the Grünten in Bavaria.

Ribes sardoum is closely related to U. Martelli , an endemic to Sardinia.

World production

In 2016 the world harvest was 174,000 tons. The country with the largest gooseberry production in the world was Germany , which produced 47.6% of the world's harvest. Europe was responsible for about 99.9% of the world's harvest.

The ten largest gooseberry producers in 2016 were:

Country of production	Amount in t
Germany Germany	82,869
Russia Russia	65,841
Poland Poland	12,462
Ukraine Ukraine	6,590
United Kingdom United Kingdom	2,500
Czech Republic Czech Republic	2.141
Hungary Hungary	614
Belgium Belgium	570
Lithuania Lithuania	222
Estonia Estonia	125
world	174,309

Names

In parts of Austria u. a. also the popular names Ågråsl , Ogrosl (from 'agrassonièr Occitan), Mei (t) schg (a) le and Mauchale (both Carinthia), Mugatze (Salzburg) and Mungatzen (Styria) in use. In Switzerland there are the popular names Chrosle or Chruselbeeri . The Transylvanian Saxons (in Romania) speak of Aegric . In the west of the Palatinate they are also called Druscheln . In the Black Forest high forest it is also known as droscheln . The Swiss Union for Vegetarianism leads on its website nor the names: Heck Berry , Kraus Berry , Kruse Berry and Krusle on as synonyms.

In the past, the gooseberry was also known as the monastery berry.

The specific epithet uva-crispa is derived from the Latin words uva for "grape" and crispus for "kraus". It is unclear whether this refers to the grape-shaped fruit clusters and the lobed leaves of the Ribes species and whether this was transferred to the glandular-bristled fruits of the gooseberry or whether the similarity of the fruit to a hairy grapeberry gave the occasion. This could also explain the numerous variants of the term "crumpled berries".

use

The gooseberry has been grown as a soft fruit since around the 16th century . In order to breed out the garden forms, other species were sometimes crossed. The numerous garden forms , some of which were created by crossing other species, are propagated vegetatively through lowering or refinement , for example as tall trunks , whereby the golden currant ( Ribes aureum ) is often used as a base .

The fruits are used as a compote and topping for cakes or for making jams and refining house wines, but they are often also eaten raw.

Varieties (selection)

'Achilles': violet-red to red fruit, good taste, medium-thick skin, easy to pick, high yield, very susceptible to powdery mildew and leaf fall disease, medium thorns
'Green ball': wide oval large fruit, light green with a thick, firm skin. Sweet and sour aromatic, high yield. Very susceptible to mildew, tends to burst
'Hinnomaeki Gul.': Medium-sized, dark yellow fruit, largely resistant to powdery mildew
'Hinnomaeki Rot': large, red fruit, medium to high yield, largely resistant to powdery mildew
'Invicta': green, medium-sized, oval fruits with thick skin, high yield, easy to pick, short soft spines, resistant to mildew
'Pax': red, slightly hairy fruit, resistant to powdery mildew
'Remarka': medium red, very round, not hairy fruits, sour taste, resistant to powdery mildew
'Reverta': yellow, very sweet, hairy fruit with little acidity, medium to high yield, resistant to leaf fall disease
'Rokula': dark red, medium-sized fruit, high yield, for cultivation in hedges, little mildew
'Rolonda': dark red, medium-sized fruits, pleasantly sour taste, high yield, resistant to powdery mildew, burst-resistant
'Xenia': light red, large fruit, somewhat susceptible to powdery mildew, weak growth, good taste

ingredients

100 g of gooseberries contain on average:
energy	water	fat	carbohydrates	potassium	Calcium	magnesium	phosphorus	vitamin C	Vitamin E.	Folic acid	carotene
184 kJ (44 kcal )	85.7 g	0.2 g	8.5 g	200.0 mg	30.0 mg	15.0 mg	30.0 mg	35.0 mg	0.6 mg	3.0 µg	0.2 mg

Cultivation

The gooseberry can be cultivated without roots or as a refinement as a half-stem or high-stem . Half and tall trunks facilitate maintenance work and harvesting of heavily thorny (usually called prickly) varieties. The gooseberry does not make particularly high demands on soil and climate; the locations should be warm and not too dry. The gooseberry needs regular pruning in spring with thinning and shortening of the shoots. When choosing the variety, the different degrees of sensitivity to American gooseberry powdery mildew should be taken into account.

Cross with another species

An intersection of gooseberry ( Ribes uva-crispa ) with the black currant ( Ribes nigrum ), the Jostabeere ( Ribes × nidigrolaria ).

swell

Peter Sablatnig: Verbal examinations in Austria and Bavaria on some of the responses to the first oral geographic questionnaire (lettuce, sage, apple cleans, beetroot, buckthorn berries, juniper berries, currants, gooseberries) . Dissertation. University of Vienna, Vienna 1969, OBV .
Konrad Keipert: currants, gooseberries . Suggestions for Production and Sales, Volume 12. 2nd Edition. Rheinischer Landwirtschafts-Verlag, Bonn 1988, ISBN 3-924683-18-2 .
Martin Schretzenmayr , Gisela Hermann (photo): Native trees and bushes of Central Europe . Urania-Verlag, Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-332-00267-8 .
Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi : The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3, Special Part ( Spermatophyta , Subclass Rosidae ). Droseraceae to Fabaceae . Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-8001-3314-8 .
Werner Rothmaler (greeting), Rudolf Schubert (ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Volume 2, Vascular Plants - Basic Volume . 17th, edited edition. Heidelberg / Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-8274-0912-8 . ( Table of contents online ).
Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).
Franz Böhmig, Jürgen Röth (arrangement): Advice for every garden day. 1565 advice . 27th edition. Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co., Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8001-6952-8 .
Ribes uva-crispa at Plants For A Future
Ribes uva-crispa L., gooseberry. In: FloraWeb.de. (Section description)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Ribes uva-crispa L., gooseberry. In: FloraWeb.de.

↑ Keipert, Konrad .: Soft fruit: cultivated types u. Wild fruits; 93 Tab. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-8001-5517-6 .

↑ ^a ^b Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen, Raino Lampinen, Arto Kurtto: Atlas florae europaeae . Volume 12 (Resedaceae to Platanaceae). Page 234-235, Helsinki 1999, ISBN 951-9108-12-2 .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 494 .

↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 664.

↑ ^a ^b FAOSTAT production statistics , accessed on January 25, 2018 .

↑ ^a ^b Agrasel , that; -s, -n (Eastern Austrian dialect / near dialect). - In: Birgit Eickhoff (Hrsg.): Duden - The dictionary of synonyms . 4th edition. CD-ROM edition. Mannheim (ua) 2006, ISBN 3-411-04084-X , Lemma gooseberry , and
Jakob Ebner: Duden - How do you say in Austria? Dictionary of Austrian German . Duden pocket books, volume 8. 3rd, completely revised edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim / Vienna (among others) 1998, ISBN 3-411-04983-9 , p. 26.

^ Heinz-Dieter Pohl: Small Carinthian Dictionary, 2nd edition, Heyn, Klagenfurt 2007, pp. 140, 142

^ Heinrich Marzell : Dictionary of German Plant Names, Part 28, S. Hirzel, 1977, p. 8.

↑ ^a ^b [Similar:] Greetings berry (scenic). - In: Birgit Eickhoff (Hrsg.): Duden - The dictionary of synonyms . 4th edition. CD-ROM edition. Mannheim (ua) 2006, ISBN 3-411-04084-X , Lemma gooseberry .

↑ Overview by Gisela Schmidt , "Feinschmecker-Fahrt: Guten Appetit", on vegetarismus.ch

↑ Friedhelm Sauerhoff: Plant names in comparison. Studies on naming theory and etymology , In: Journal for Dialectology and Linguistics , supplement 113, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, p. 124 ff .: Google-Book-online.