Stem cell line

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A stem cell line is a cell type of stem cells .

properties

Compared to differentiated cells, stem cell lines are characterized by two properties: they are indefinitely renewable and they are progenitor cells that can differentiate into different cell types. In contrast to normal cell lines , the unlimited ability to divide is not based on a mutation of the genome , as occurs through immortalization in cell culture or in tumors . The properties of the induced pluripotent stem cells are based on external influences. In contrast to differentiated cells ( primary cells ), stem cell lines have pluripotency and no Hayflick limit in cell division.

Types

There are embryonic , adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cell lines.

Embryonic stem cell lines

Embryonic stem cells are isolated from the blastocyst of an embryo about four to five days after fertilization , separated from the trophoectoderm and cultured on feeder cells in cell culture. A culture of murine embryonic stem cells without feeder cells or serum components can be achieved by adding LIF and BMP . They are pluripotent and express the cell type markers Nanog , Oct-4 , Sox-2 , Rex-1 , Dnmt3b , Lin-28 , Tdgf1 , FoxD3 , Tert , Utf-1 , Gal , Cx43 , Gdf3 , Gtcm1 , Terf1 , Terf2 , Lefty A and Lefty B .

Adult stem cell lines

Small numbers of adult stem cells are found in adult tissues , are used for regeneration or to maintain cell constancy and are pluripotent to a limited extent, e.g. B. hematopoietic stem cells (involved in blood formation ) or mesenchymal stem cells (in the umbilical cord blood , in amniotic fluid , in the bone marrow , in the synovial membrane , in the synovial fluid , in the peripheral blood circulation, in the skin , in the trabecular bones , in muscles and in adipose tissue ). Hematopoietic stem cells express CD34 , CD133 and CD90 , but not CD38 . Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into osteoblasts , chondrocytes and adipocytes . Depending on the publication, they express the cell type markers CD105 , CD73 and CD90, while CD45 , CD34, CD14 or CD11b , CD79α or CD19 , and HLA-DR are not expressed or CD13 , CD29 , CD44 , CD49e , CD54 , CD71 , CD73 , CD90, CD105, CD106 , CD166 and HLA-ABC and not CD14, CD31 , CD34, CD45, CD62E , CD62L , CD62P and HLA-DR. Adult hematopoietic stem cells can be used for bone marrow transplants . They are comparatively difficult to cultivate.

Induced pluripotent stem cell lines

Induced pluripotent stem cells are pluripotent.

Ethical aspects

The extraction of embryonic stem cells is subject to various ethical aspects. It is banned in humans in Germany, among other places, because an embryo is destroyed in the process.

In the USA, the use of human embryonic stem cell lines is permitted; according to Executive Order 13505 , no state research money may be used to generate new embryonic stem cell lines. The NIH maintains an online database of human embryonic stem cell lines. In September 2016, 369 embryonic stem cell lines were registered. Not all stem cell lines are widely used. In 2011, 54% of the laboratories using hESC used up to two human embryonic stem cell lines.

use

Stem cell lines, especially induced pluripotent stem cells for ethical and practical reasons, are used, among other things, in regenerative medicine for stem cell therapy by adoptive transfer and for tissue engineering or for research into the development of tissues in the case of genetic defects .

history

The first cell culture of murine embryonic stem cells was based on feeder cells and was published in 1981. The first cell culture of murine stem cell lines without feeder cells or serum components was published in 2003. Advances in cell culture of human blastocysts after in vitro fertilization enabled the creation of the first human embryonic stem cell lines by James A. Thomson in 1998 using feeder cells and serum components. The cell culture of human embryonic stem cells without serum components was achieved by adding FGF-2 and published in 2005.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ MI Maqsood, MM Matin, AR Bahrami, MM Ghasroldasht: Immortality of cell lines: challenges and advantages of establishment. In: Cell biology international. Volume 37, number 10, October 2013, pp. 1038-1045, doi : 10.1002 / cbin.10137 , PMID 23723166 .
  2. ^ A b J. A. Thomson, J. Itskovitz-Eldor, SS Shapiro, MA Waknitz, JJ Swiergiel, VS Marshall, JM Jones: Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. ( Memento of the original from November 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Science. Volume 282, Number 5391, November 1998, pp. 1145-1147, PMID 9804556 . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.signallake.com
  3. ↑ a b Q. L. Ying, J. Nichols, I. Chambers, A. Smith: BMP induction of Id proteins suppresses differentiation and sustains embryonic stem cell self-renewal in collaboration with STAT3. In: Cell. Volume 115, Number 3, October 2003, pp. 281-292, PMID 14636556 .
  4. ↑ a b c d R. Calloni, EA Cordero, JA Henriques, D. Bonatto: Reviewing and updating the major molecular markers for stem cells. In: Stem cells and development. Volume 22, number 9, May 2013, pp. 1455–1476, doi : 10.1089 / scd.2012.0637 , PMID 23336433 , PMC 3629778 (free full text).
  5. ↑ LA Vonk, TS de Windt, IC Slaper-Cortenbach, DB Saris: Autologous, allogeneic, induced pluripotent stem cell or a combination stem cell therapy? Where are we headed in cartilage repair and why: a concise review. In: Stem cell research & therapy. Volume 6, 2015, p. 94, doi : 10.1186 / s13287-015-0086-1 , PMID 25976213 , PMC 4430904 (free full text).
  6. ↑ JS Choi, BA Harley: Challenges and Opportunities to Harnessing the (Hematopoietic) Stem Cell Niche. In: Current stem cell reports. Volume 2, number 1, March 2016, pp. 85-94, doi : 10.1007 / s40778-016-0031-y , PMID 27134819 , PMC 4845958 (free full text).
  7. ^ MA Walasek, R. van Os, G. de Haan: Hematopoietic stem cell expansion: challenges and opportunities. In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 1266, August 2012, pp. 138-150, doi : 10.1111 / j.1749-6632.2012.06549.x , PMID 22901265 .
  8. ^ RP George, A. Gómez-Lobo: The moral status of the human embryo. In: Perspectives in biology and medicine. Volume 48, Number 2, 2005, pp. 201-210, doi : 10.1353 / pbm.2005.0052 , PMID 15834193 .
  9. ↑ Executive Order: Removing barriers to responsible scientific research involving human stem cells . The White House.
  10. ^ National Institutes of Health Guidelines on Human Stem Cell Research . Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  11. ^ NIH Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry . Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  12. ^ A b Aaron D Levine: Access to human embryonic stem cell lines . In: Nature Biotechnology . 29, No. 12, December 2011, pp. 1079-1081. doi : 10.1038 / nbt.2029 .
  13. ↑ G. Pennarossa, A. Zenobi, CE Gandolfi, EF Manzoni, F. Gandolfi, TA Brevini: Erase and Rewind: Epigenetic conversion of Cell Fate. In: Stem cell reviews. Volume 12, Number 2, April 2016, pp. 163-170, doi : 10.1007 / s12015-015-9637-1 , PMID 26589198 .
  14. ↑ HD Zomer, AS Vidane, NN Gonçalves, CE Ambrósio: Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cells: general insights and clinical perspectives. In: Stem cells and cloning: advances and applications. Volume 8, 2015, pp. 125-134, doi : 10.2147 / SCCAA.S88036 , PMID 26451119 , PMC 4592031 (free full text).
  15. ↑ D. Kitsberg: Human embryonic stem cells for tissue engineering. In: Methods in molecular medicine. Volume 140, 2007, pp. 33-65, PMID 18085202 .
  16. ↑ IH Park, N. Arora, H. Huo, N. Maherali, T. Ahfeldt, A. Shimamura, MW Lensch, C. Cowan, K. Hochedlinger, GQ Daley: Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. In: Cell. Volume 134, number 5, September 2008, pp. 877-886, doi : 10.1016 / j.cell.2008.07.041 , PMID 18691744 , PMC 2633781 (free full text).
  17. ^ MJ Evans, MH Kaufman: Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. In: Nature. Volume 292, Number 5819, July 1981, pp. 154-156, PMID 7242681 .
  18. ↑ DK Gardner, P. Vella, M. Lane, L. Wagley, T. Schlenker, WB Schoolcraft: Culture and transfer of human blastocysts increases implantation rates and reduces the need for multiple embryo transfers. In: Fertility and sterility. Volume 69, Number 1, January 1998, pp. 84-88, PMID 9457939 .
  19. ↑ C. Xu, E. Rosler, J. Jiang, JS Lebkowski, JD Gold, C. O'Sullivan, K. Delavan-Boorsma, M. Mok, A. Bronstein, MK Carpenter: Basic fibroblast growth factor supports undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell growth without conditioned medium. In: Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio). Volume 23, Number 3, March 2005, pp. 315-323, doi : 10.1634 / stemcells.2004-0211 , PMID 15749926 .