Timothy Snyder

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Timothy Snyder at the Frankfurt Book Fair (2015)

Timothy David Snyder (born August 18, 1969 ) is an American historian and professor at Yale University . He is also a permanent fellow at the Vienna Institute for Human Sciences . His main research interests are Eastern European history and Holocaust research .

Life

Snyder studied European history and political science at Brown University in Providence , Rhode Island from 1987 to 1991 , and received his doctorate as a British Marshall Scholar at the University of Oxford in 1997 . After research stays at the Center national de la recherche scientifique in Paris (1994–1995) and the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University (1997), he was an Academy Scholar at the Center for International Affairs at Harvard from 1998 to 2001 . Snyder also spent several research stays at the Institute for Human Sciences (IWM) in Vienna, where he has been a Permanent Fellow since 2008 and heads the research focus “United Europe - Divided History”.

Since 2001 Snyder Bird White Housum has been Professor of History at Yale University . He has received numerous awards for his historical work, including the 2003 George Louis Beer Prize from the American Historical Association . He is also a member of the Center for Liberal Modernism .

Snyder is married to the historian Marci Shore (* 1972), who also works at Yale University.

Well-known books

Bloodlands

Snyder's 2010 book Bloodlands , which discusses mass murders and extermination policies by the National Socialist and Stalinist regimes from 1933 to 1945, has been translated into 28 languages ​​and has received numerous prizes, including the Leipzig Book Prize for European Understanding and the Ralph Waldo Emerson -Price . With the term "Bloodlands" Snyder means an area that includes eastern Poland , Belarus , western Russia , the Baltic States , parts of Ukraine and the former East Prussia : The highest civilian casualties were recorded here by the two regimes.

Snyder locates the Holocaust as one of several major extermination projects planned by the Nazi leadership in early summer 1941, alongside the war of extermination against the USSR, the hunger plan against its inhabitants and the General Plan East . When considering the Holocaust itself, he argues for a stronger focus on the Operation Reinhardt , as they with their extermination camps Belzec , Sobibor and Treblinka more victims than the death camp Auschwitz have called and an appropriate view of the aspect enables that the majority of murdered Jews come from Eastern Europe.

In a detailed criticism, the historian Jürgen Zarusky Snyder , who works at the Institute for Contemporary History , accuses Snyder of not using the term “Bloodlands” to describe a historical landscape and the events in it, but rather to develop a construct that partially divides historically related phenomena, sometimes artificially one on the other refer. Snyder also overemphasizes the supposed similarities between Nazi rule and Stalinism. Other critics also complain that Snyder pursues too strong an equation of the two dictatorships in the book. Snyder himself argues in Bloodlands and other publications that the embedding of the events in the historical and regional context as well as the knowledge of the functioning of other regimes are necessary in order to better understand the specific character of the Holocaust and the Hitler regime.

Thinking about the 20th century

His book Reflecting on the 20th Century , published in 2013, emerged from numerous conversations with his friend and fellow historian Tony Judt , who died in 2010 and who took stock of the great political ideas of modernity against the background of his own family history.

Black Earth

His book Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning , published in 2015, he presented in October 2015 on a reading tour in German-speaking countries. One of the main theses of the book refers to the importance of statehood: Jews under German occupation were particularly at risk when their own state collapsed, as in the case of Poland. In countries with permanent statehood, such as Denmark, their own Jewish citizens could be better protected.

On Tyranny: 20 Lessons in Resistance

In February 2017, Snyder published On Tyranny (German: Über Tyrannei: Twenty Lessons for Resistance ), which is largely a reaction to the 2016 US presidential election , from which Donald Trump emerged victorious. In the book, Snyder draws 20 lessons from 20th century history and presents concrete steps that readers (mostly American) could take to defend themselves against a possible collapse of democracy and the rule of a totalitarian regime. His lessons are mainly based on the takeover of power by the National Socialists and the regime's subsequent policy of equalization and extermination, as well as on the experiences of communist tyranny in Eastern Europe during the Cold War . The book is an exceptionally direct criticism of Donald Trump's policies and quickly became a New York Times bestseller.

more publishments

Snyder is a regular contributor to The New York Review of Books and The New York Review of Books Blog . His book reviews appear in the Times literary supplement and academic journals such as Slavic Review , Historically Speaking , American Historical Review , Journal of Modern History , Journal of Cold War Studies, and The International History Review . Articles by Timothy Snyder are u. a. Has appeared in the following magazines and journals: Prospect , Transit , Die Presse , Christian Science Monitor , The Guardian , Chicago Tribune , Boston Globe , The New York Times and The New Republic .

Since the beginning of the Ukraine crisis , Snyder has written numerous newspaper articles on this subject.

Snyder did not comment publicly on US politics until Donald Trump became a politician. Shortly after the 2016 US presidential election, he wrote an article describing the rise of Adolf Hitler and evoking parallels to the rise of Donald Trump to US President. In February 2017, two weeks after Trump took office as US President, Snyder said, among other things: "When Bannon says he wants to destroy the state, many can not imagine it. I'm afraid that most Americans fail to see the gravity of the situation and consider this to be another phase of rebellion. "

Snyder criticized the hubris of Western foreign policy towards Russia in the face of economic superiority and opposed Putin's strategy of disinformation and hybrid warfare: “The Russian premise is: economically we cannot keep up. We are dependent on oil and gas exports. Since it will be almost impossible to catch up, we don't have to get stronger, but the others weaker. "()

Prizes and awards

In December 2013, Snyder received the Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Thought , jointly awarded by the Hanseatic City of Bremen and the Heinrich Böll Foundation, and Gerd Koenen gave the laudation . In April 2017, Snyder received the prestigious Guggenheim grant , which will allow the award winner to carry out his work with the greatest possible freedom.

Fonts (selection)

  • The Economic Crisis of Perestroika . Council on Economic Priorities, 1991.
  • Nationalism, Marxism, and Modern Central Europe: A Biography of Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz, 1872–1905 . Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute / Harvard University Press, 1997.
  • The Wall Around the West. State Borders and Immigration Controls in Europe and North America . Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham 2000, eds. together with Peter Andreas.
  • The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 . Yale University Press, New Haven 2003.
  • Sketches from a Secret War. A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine . Yale University Press, New Haven 2005.
  • The Red Prince. The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke . Basic Books / Random House, New York 2008.
  • Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and Stalin . Basic Books, New York 2010, ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9 .
  • The holocaust. The hidden reality . In: Eurozine , February 18, 2010 (first as Holocaust: The Ignored Reality . In: The New York Review of Books , July 16, 2009; translated into German by Ulrich Enderwitz, printed in: Transit , Heft 38, 2009, p. 6-19).
  • Tony Judt , with Timothy Snyder: Reflecting on the 20th Century . Translated from English by Matthias Fienbork. Hanser, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-446-24139-8 .
  • Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning. Tim Duggan Books, New York City 2015, ISBN 978-1-101-90345-2 .
    • Black Earth. The Holocaust and why it can repeat itself. Translation from English by Ulla Höber, Karl Heinz Siber, Andreas Wirthensohn. CH Beck, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-406-68414-2 . 488 pp.
  • On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century . Tim Duggan Books, New York 2017, ISBN 978-0-8041-9011-4 .
    • About tyranny. Twenty Lessons in Resistance . Translation from the American by Andreas Wirthensohn. CH Beck, Munich, 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-71146-6 . 127 pp.
  • The way into bondage: Russia, Europe, America , CH Beck, Munich, 2018, ISBN 978-3-406-72501-2 ; Review hsozkult

Interviews

Web links

Commons : Timothy Snyder  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See this map .
  2. ↑ Timothy Snyder: Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin . CH Beck, Munich 2011, pp. 187-234; English language edition: Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and Stalin . Basic Books, New York 2010, pp. 187-223; see. Timothy Snyder: The Holocaust. The hidden reality ( memento of October 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). In: Eurozine , February 18, 2010, printed in: Transit , Heft 38, 2009, pp. 6–19, here pp. 9 f.
  3. ↑ Timothy Snyder: Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin . CH Beck, Munich 2011, pp. 261-284; English language edition: Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and Stalin . Basic Books, New York 2010, pp. 253-276; see. Timothy Snyder: The Holocaust. The hidden reality ( memento of October 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). In: Eurozine , February 18, 2010, printed in: Transit , Heft 38, 2009, pp. 6–19, here pp. 7–11.
  4. ↑ Jürgen Zarusky: Timothy Snyder's "Bloodlands" - critical remarks on the construction of a historical landscape , in: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 60 (2012), issue 1, pp. 1–31. ( Full text via Defending History )
  5. ↑ See the debate on Guardian.co.uk between Timothy Snyder , Efraim Zuroff and Neal Ascherson , and the reviews on economist.com , wsj.com and nybooks.com ; see. also Daniel Lazare: Timothy Snyder's Lies . In: Jacobin , September 9, 2014, and Sebastian Huhnholz: German Soviet Bloodlands? On the methodological spatial and imperial turn of the current totalitarian theory . In: Journal of Modern European History , 4/2014, 12th year, pp. 427-447.
  6. ↑ See Klaus Wiegrefe: An apparatus of efficient killing . In: Der Spiegel , issue 2011/28.
  7. ↑ Peter Maxwill: Timothy Snyder's "Black Earth": Every day threatens a Holocaust. In: Spiegel Online . October 7, 2015, accessed June 9, 2018 .
  8. ↑ Best Sellers - April 22, 2018 - The New York Times . ( nytimes.com [accessed May 29, 2018]).
  9. ↑ Patrick Bahners : The Ukraine crisis as a high school diploma examination . He does not want to swap places with Putin: the historian Timothy Snyder teaches a lesson in clear thinking in New York in an absolutely unpretentious way. In: FAZ . September 10, 2014.
  10. ↑ a b sueddeutsche.de February 7, 2017: "We have a maximum of one year to defend America's democracy"
  11. ↑ slate.com November 18, 2016: Him - His election that November came as a surprise ...
  12. ↑ https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/us-historiker-snyder-im-interview-moskau-hat-den-praesident-der-usa-ausgewaehlt/23238252.html
  13. ↑ Hannah Arendt Prize 2013 goes to US historians. Tribute to Timothy Snyder . In: Weser-Kurier , December 7, 2013.
  14. ↑ https://www.boell.de/de/2013/11/28/hannah-arendt-preis-timothy-snyder-preisverleihung-bremen
  15. ↑ http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/timothy-snyder/
  16. ↑ on Wilhelm Franz von Habsburg-Lothringen (1895–1948)
  17. ↑ Cf. Stefan Troebst: Review of: Snyder, Timothy: Bloodlands. Europe Between Hitler And Stalin. New York 2010 . In: H-Soz-u-Kult , February 11, 2011.
  18. ↑ Cf. Wigbert Benz : Review of: Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and Stalin, CH Beck Verlag, Munich 2011 (PDF). In: Archives for Social History (online) 52 (2012), November 18, 2011.
  19. ↑ Publisher information ( memento from January 18, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) such as table of contents, excerpt, etc. Reviews: Overview at perlentaucher.de
    Peter Maxwill: Timothy Snyder's "Black Earth": A Holocaust Threats Daily , Spiegel Online , October 7, 2015
personal data
SURNAME Snyder, Timothy
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Snyder, Timothy David (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American historian
DATE OF BIRTH 18th August 1969