Tom Driberg

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Thomas Edward Neil Driberg, Baron Bradwell of Bradwell (born May 22, 1905 in Crowborough , † August 12, 1976 in London ) was a British journalist and politician . He was a member of parliament from 1942 to 1955 and from 1959 to 1974 . He held leading positions in the Labor Party and was a figurehead of left-wing politics in Britain for many years .

Driberg was a colorful personality: on the one hand, he was an avowed homosexual at a time when this was still a criminal offense in Great Britain, advocated communist ideas for a few years and was suspected of espionage for the KGB . On the other hand, he was involved in the Anglican Church and was a deep believer.

Early years and education

Driberg was the third and youngest son of retired colonial officer James Street Driberg and his wife Amy Mary Irving Driberg, nee Bell. The father was 65 years old when he was born. In his memoirs, Driberg described the domestic atmosphere as "suffocating".

At the age of eight, Tom Driberg began his education at the Grange School in his hometown. There he had his first sexual experiences with boys and came into contact with religion, which he called “contradicting compulsions” in his memoirs. In 1918 he moved to Lancing College , where he befriended his classmate Evelyn Waugh . Under his aegis , he joined an intellectual club, the Dilettanti , whose members were interested in literature, art and politics. From 1920 he tended to the political left, but found the Labor Party too unradical and too boring and therefore joined the newly founded Communist Party of Great Britain .

In the school, Driberg held numerous student positions until in 1923 two boys complained about Driberg's sexual advances. The principal allowed him to stay at the school for the remainder of the school year but dismissed him from all posts and separated him from the other boys. At the end of the year he had to leave school with the explanation that he would have to be prepared for admission to Oxford University by a private tutor because he had failed the entrance exam the year before. Under the guidance of his tutor, the later Colin Pearson, Baron Pearson , Tom Driberg won a scholarship to Christ Church College , Oxford .

Christ Church, Oxford (2004)

At Oxford, Driberg moved in avant-garde circles, was interested in the world of art, politics, poetry and parties and neglected his academic studies. He met the poet Edith Sitwell and read her one of his poems, whereupon she referred to him as "the hope of English poetry". Together with the later historian Alan JP Taylor , he built the Oxford University Communist Party . During the general strike in 1926 , Driberg and Taylor offered their services to the communist headquarters in London . Driberg was used to distribute leaflets and was imprisoned for a few hours. Despite his links to far-left circles, he received 75 votes against 152 of the winner in the election for the Oxford Union presidency .

Throughout his studies at Oxford, Driberg regularly attended mass at Pusey House , an independent religious institution with the self-imposed task of renewing the Church of England in the Catholic sense. He was homosexual, which was a criminal offense in Great Britain until 1967. Although homoerotic attitudes were common in Oxford, he himself preferred to have sex with working-class men.

When Driberg staged a musical joke he called Homage to Beethoven , which was performed with megaphones , typewriters and a running washing machine , it caught the attention of the occultist Aleister Crowley through a report in the newspaper , whereupon the two met several times. Crowley appointed Driberg as his successor as world teacher , but it remained with declarations of intent. Driberg received manuscripts and books from Crowley which he later sold for good money.

Activity as a journalist

The Art Deco building of the Daily Express in London's Fleet Street
Bradwell Lodge (1965) (the right of the two men in the photo is Driberg)

After Tom Driberg left Oxford, he lived in poor conditions in London and tried to establish himself as a poet. He kept himself afloat with unskilled labor and sold his valuables. He had kept in touch with Edith Sitwell and regularly attended the tea parties in her apartment. When Sitwell found out that her protégé was having financial problems, she got him an appointment with the Daily Express . After writing an article on London's nightlife, he was hired as a reporter for six weeks on a probationary basis in January 1928.

After only a month, Driberg was able to land a journalistic coup when he published the first newspaper reports on the activities of the American evangelist Frank Buchman in Oxford, whose movement became known as Moral Armament . In July 1928, Driberg wrote an exclusive article about a society party in the swimming pools on Buckingham Palace Road, attended by greats like Lytton Strachey and Tallulah Bankhead . His social ties were revealed and he received a permanent contract from the Express . He became an assistant to Percy Sewell, who wrote a daily column under the pseudonym The Dragoman called The Talk of London . Driberg later defended this activity by saying that his approach was satirical and that he deliberately exaggerated the behavior of the rich in order to shake up the working class and thus help the Communist Party.

Driberg used the column to introduce people to society and literature, but he also addressed more serious topics such as the death penalty and modern architecture. He introduced the readers to the work of DH Lawrence and the controversial book The Well of Loneliness by the writer Radclyffe Hall , which is about the life of a lesbian woman and had previously been denounced in the Express as "infamous" ("infamous") . Sewell retired in 1932, and Driberg was now solely responsible for the column but grew increasingly dissatisfied with the superficiality of his work. With the support of the owner, Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook , the column was changed in May 1933 and was now titled These Names Make News . The columnist wrote under the pseudonym William Hickey , which was the name of a bon vivant from the 18th century. Driberg described the new series of articles as an “intimate biographical column [...] about men and women who are important. Artists, statesmen, aviators, financiers, researchers […] ” .

Beaverbrook, who had developed a fondness for Driberg, was amused by the discrepancy between his left political attitudes and his extravagant lifestyle. Driberg was constantly in financial trouble, and Beaverbrook had to help him out with advances and cash gifts on several occasions. Driberg also continued to pursue his predilection for rough, casual sex, and in the fall of 1935 he was charged with sexual harassment. The incident in which Driberg shared a bed with two men took place in the bohemian district of London, which Driberg himself had named Fitzrovia in his column . Beaverbrook got Driberg a star attorney and two impeccable witnesses of repute , and Driberg was acquitted. The publisher also made sure that it was not reported in the press. This was the first incident of many that the author Kingsley Amis later described as "the startling immunity [the Driberg] enjoyed from the law and the press to the end of his days" .

Towards the end of the 1930s, Tom Driberg made several trips: he went twice to Spain to observe the Spanish Civil War , to Germany in 1938 after the Munich Agreement , to Rome to introduce Pope Pius XII. and in 1939 to New York City for the New York World's Fair . When the German-Soviet non-aggression pact was signed in 1939 , Driberg informed his readers that this crisis did not mean that there would be war. When World War II broke out nine days later , he apologized to his readers. His rejection of the pact and his support for the war may have been the reasons why he left the communist party in 1941.

Driberg's mother died in July 1939. With his inheritance and a sizable mortgage, he bought and renovated the Bradwell Lodge country house in Bradwell-on-Sea on the Essex coast , where he lived until 1940 when the house was requisitioned by the Royal Air Force . He continued to write the Hickey column, not always to the delight of his publisher. His protests against the ruthless bombing of the German civilian population in particular were frowned upon. He traveled to the United States in November 1941 and stayed in Washington on December 8, 1941, the day the United States declared its entry into the war .

Political career

When Tom Driberg returned to Great Britain in March 1942, there was general dissatisfaction there with the warfare of the all-party government under Winston Churchill . As a result, several representatives of the governing parties lost in by-elections against independent candidates; the governing parties , including the Labor Party , had agreed not to run against each other in the constituencies. In his column, Driberg welcomed this trend, and when Sir Edward Ruggles-Brise , the Conservative MP of the constituency where he lived, died on May 12, 1942 , Driberg ran for his seat. Contrary to what Churchill and others believed, that Driberg had been sent by Beaverbrook, the owner of the Express was not enthusiastic about Driberg's ambitions and publicly distanced himself from his candidacy on May 25 in his newspaper. On June 25, 1942, Driberg was elected to parliament with 6,000 votes in front of his conservative opponent. Churchill called this result a "by-product of Tobruk ", where the British army was defeated by Erwin Rommel's German units and 42,000 British soldiers were taken prisoner. Evelyn Waugh noted in his diary that Driberg's electoral image as a journalist and ecclesiastical community leader would have given an "extremely incomplete picture of his dark character".

On July 7, 1942, Driberg gave his maiden speech in the House of Commons , speaking out against the ban on the communist newspaper Daily Worker , as it was a potential instrument of home propaganda. On September 29, 1942, he asked the Prime Minister for a "friendly introduction to the American military authorities with the request that their men be informed that the racial barrier is not a custom in this country." He continued to work as a columnist and used his parliamentarian diet to set up a constituency office in Maldon . However, in June 1943 he was fired by the Express publisher after writing an adverse article about a member of the government. Beaverbrook, the owner, took no action against the resignation as his preference for Driberg had now cooled. Driberg got a contract with the Sunday newspaper Reynolds News and a regular parliamentary column in the New Statesman . He also took part in a weekly broadcast of the BBC European Service until he had to leave it in October 1943 under pressure from the government. As a war correspondent, he reported on the progress of the Allies in France and Belgium, and as a member of parliament he witnessed the events after the liberation of the Buchenwald concentration camp .

In the parliamentary elections in 1945, Driberg, who had since joined the Labor Party , was re-elected. He then went on a longer trip to the Far East , where he met Lord Mountbatten , the Burmese politician Aung San (father of Aung San Suu Kyi ) and the Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh . In 1949 he was elected to the Labor Board and was again successful in his constituency in the 1950 parliamentary elections. Although Labor only had a majority of six seats in parliament and therefore regular attendance of all parliamentarians was important, Driberg went on another long trip in 1950, this time to Korea, where war had broken out. The British fought alongside the US as part of a UN military action; Driberg and other left-wing MPs had rejected this participation. However, in his reports he supported the British forces. He stayed away from parliament for three months and was heavily criticized by his party friends after his return.

In April 1951, three ministers - Aneurin Bevan , Harold Wilson and John Freeman - resigned because of increased taxes on the growing armaments tasks. The previous ministers formed the Keep Left group known as the Bevanites , which Driberg was a part of. Driberg found himself again in financial distress and in 1952 was asked to write a biography of Beaverbrook, who showed himself to be amenable to this plan. The project dragged on for several years, during which Driberg was no longer a member of Parliament after he had not stood in the next election in 1955.

marriage

In February 1951 Tom Driberg surprised his friends by announcing his engagement to Ena Mary Binfield, who worked in the administration of Marie Curie Hospital in London . According to her son, she knew Driberg's sexual preferences, but she had hoped for an exciting political life with him. Driberg's motives remained unclear, but he explained to a friend that he needed someone to look after his house. Ena Binfield, who was of Jewish descent, was baptized before the marriage at Driberg's insistence. The Labor Party's anthem was played at the beginning of the service, followed by a “tremendously overloaded” (wheen) mass. In the years to come, Ena Driberg tried with little success to get used to her husband's lifestyle and to keep the finances under control. From 1961 the couple lived separately, but were never divorced.

Book author and journalist

After Driberg left Parliament, he mainly worked on Beaverbrook's biography. Although he had initially promised not to interfere, he began to read Driberg's manuscripts and requested changes. Arguments broke out, and finally Beaverbrook accused his biographer of being driven by "malice and hatred". Before the book was published, some controversial passages were removed. Still, Beaverbrook used the Daily Express to denounce the book as "hostile." Evelyn Waugh, in turn, was disappointed with the book, which he described as a "honeyed eulogy".

In August 1956, Driberg caused a sensation when he flew to Moscow to interview Guy Burgess , the former British diplomat who was discovered and fled as a spy for the Soviet Union with his colleague Donald Maclean in 1951 . Shortly before, the two men had reappeared in Moscow. Driberg had known Burgess, who was also homosexual, since the 1940s. Upon his return, Driberg quickly wrote a book based on the interview material and sold the rights as a series to the Daily Mail . The book has been criticized for being too personable and it has been suggested that the book has been censored by the KGB . On the other hand, it was suspected that the interview was a trap used by MI5 to elicit secret information from Burgess.

In the same year, Tom Driberg joined a group of Christian socialists who met regularly. The group issued reports, the Papers from the Lamb that led to the creation of the Christian Socialist Movement in 1960 . Although Driberg was no longer in parliament, he was still a member of the Executive Committee of the Labor Party , in 1957 he was "Chairman" of the party, a more representative role. He traveled a lot that year, actually as a correspondent for the Reynolds News , but used his party office when it suited him. In 1958 he interviewed space scientists in Moscow and met Nikita Khrushchev twice . In a speech he turned the Conservatives against him when he said that the ideology of the Tories is not essentially different from the German master people ideology. He was run as a candidate for parliament again and won the Barking constituency in 1959 .

Second career as a politician

After returning to parliament, Driberg's main concern was nuclear disarmament, as well as church affairs and the fight against racial discrimination , but he hardly cared about his constituency.

In 1963 he met the Kray twins , two prominent London gang leaders, with whom he became friends. In July 1964, two Conservative MPs reported to their parliamentary group leader that Driberg and the Conservative politician Lord Boothby were harassing men in a dog race and that they had connections with criminal circles. At parties that Driberg and Boothby attended in the Krays' apartment, "tough guys from the East End were served like canapés." After the twins were arrested in 1969, Driberg repeatedly campaigned for better prison conditions for them.

In 1964 Driberg published a critical study on moral rearmament , which earned him attacks from its base because of his homosexuality and his communist past. He was plagued by financial problems again after the Reynolds News , renamed Sunday Citizen , had been discontinued in 1967, and he considered selling his house, which did not succeed until 1971. In 1970 Driberg wanted to retire as a MP and asked Prime Minister Harold Wilson to appoint him ambassador to the Vatican , but he was well past the diplomatic retirement age. So Driberg had himself put up again and was elected.

The last few years

Tom Driberg's grave in Bradwell Cemetery

Due to his age and poor health, Driberg reduced his political activities and was elected from the Labor Party executive committee in 1972 . After selling his house, he moved into a small apartment in the Barbican district of London. In February 1974, at the age of 68, he retired from the House of Commons to write his memoirs. Because he needed money, he first wrote a biography of his journalist colleague Hannen Swaffer . For his 70th birthday, friends organized a big party for him: "a duke, two daughters of dukes, various lords, a bishop, a poet prince - not bad for an old left member of parliament," remarked Driberg to one of his guests.

In November 1975, Driberg was named a Life Peer and in January he was inducted into the House of Lords as Baron Bradwell of Bradwell juxta Mare. On April 14, he made an unsuccessful submission that the British troops should withdraw from Northern Ireland . On August 12, 1976, he suffered a fatal heart attack while driving a taxi.

Allegations of espionage

After Driberg published the sympathetic portrait of Burgess in 1956, he was referred to in some media as the "Fool of Moscow". Two years after his death, journalist Chapman Pincher claimed that he was a "Kremlin agent out of sympathy" and a supporter of leading communist organizations. In 1979 Andrew Boyle published the book The Climate of Treason , in which he stated that while Driberg was a friend of Burgess, he did not mention him as a member of the spy ring. There was “espionage hysteria” in the 1950s, according to Boyle.

In 1981, Pincher published Their Trade is Treachery , claiming that as a schoolboy in Lancing, Driberg had been recruited by MI5 to spy on the Communist Party and that he was later a KGB-paid double agent. Former KGB agent Vasily Mitrochin claimed in turn that the Soviets had blackmailed Driberg with his homosexuality.

The weight of the information eventually convinced some of Driberg's former friends that he had been a traitor. In contrast was the former politician of the Labor Party , Reginald Paget , of the opinion that even a secret "was insane, a man like Driberg to recruit" not so, who was notorious for his indiscretion and never could keep a secret. The historian Jeff Sharlet considered Mitrochin's version of Driberg's homosexuality to be unlikely, as Driberg's sexual orientation was an open secret in political circles.

Driberg's biographer Wheen notes that Pincher is not objective: The Labor Party and its alleged infiltration by communist agents had been his main topic for many years. Pincher's opinion of Driberg was that he betrayed "everyone", while Wheen believes that Driberg gossiped about everyone, "but indiscretion is not synonymous with betrayal" . Driberg's party colleague Leo Abse judged him more nuanced: Driberg was an adventurer who would have liked to play different roles.

Obituaries

In his will, Tom Driberg had asked his friend Gerald Irvine to keep an "anti-lobeshyme". Irvine followed directions with a detailed assessment of Driberg's violations of the Seven Deadly Sins . He found him guilty of gluttony , lust, and anger , but relatively free from greed and envy and entirely free from laziness . In Driberg's case, pride , according to Irvine, was tempered by modesty . Driberg's widow Ena did not attend the funeral, but expressed her respect for Driberg's public achievements in a single interview, but did not want to comment on private issues.

Mervyn Stockwood praised Driberg during the funeral service as a "seeker of the truth" whose loyalty to the socialist cause is beyond discussion. Party colleague Michael Foot wrote in the afterword to Driberg's memoir that his homosexuality had condemned him to a "life in deep solitude". The Times described Driberg as "journalists, intellectuals, drinkers, gossips, church officials, liturgists, homosexuals," arguably the first time the Times publicly identified someone as homosexual. In 1977, Driberg's memoir Ruling Passions was published, and the blunt descriptions of his sexual practices unsettled the public and some of his former friends. Driberg continued to abuse it after Pincher's book about Driberg's alleged connections to the KGB was published in 1981. However, Michael Foot denied these allegations. Driberg was always too quick to apologize for communist crimes, but this attitude was associated with "an absolutely sincere commitment to the cause of peace" .

Publications

Publications written by or in which Driberg was involved:

  • Mosley? No! WH Allen, London 1948, OCLC 559815889 .
  • Colonnade . The Pilot Press, London 1949, OCLC 2846959 .
  • The Best of Both Worlds . Phoenix House, London 1953, OCLC 3434288 .
  • Beaverbrook: A Study in Power and Frustration . Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1956, OCLC 559815813 .
  • Guy Burgess: A Portrait with Background . Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1956, OCLC 559815854 .
  • MRA: A Critical Examination . The Shenval Press, Harlow 1962, OCLC 559815879 .
  • The Mystery of Moral Re-Armament a Study of Frank Buchman and His Movement . Secker and Warburg, London 1964, OCLC 460115621 .
  • Swaff: The Life and Times of Hannen Swaffer . Macdonald and Jane's, London 1974, ISBN 0-356-04369-X .
  • Ruling Passions . Jonathan Cape, London 1977, ISBN 0-224-01402-1 .
  • Private Eye Crosswords . Hutchinson, London 1983, ISBN 0-09-154431-9 .

literature

  • Kingsley Amis: Memoirs . Hutchinson, London 1991, ISBN 0-09-174533-0
  • Mark Amory. (Ed.): The Letters of Evelyn Waugh. London: Phoenix 1995, ISBN 1-85799-245-8
  • Andrew Boyle: The Climate of Treason . London: Coronet Books 1980, ISBN 0-340-25572-2 . (Original edition by Hutchinson, London 1979)
  • Humphrey Carpenter: The Brideshead Generation: Evelyn Waugh and his Friends. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1989, ISBN 0-297-79320-9
  • Arthur Christiansen: Headlines All My Life. London: William Heinemann 1961
  • Alan Clark : The Tories. Conservatives and the Nation State 1922-1997 . London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson 1998, ISBN 978-0-297-81849-6
  • Michael Davie (Ed.): The Diaries of Evelyn Waugh . London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1976, ISBN 0-297-77126-4
  • Tom Driberg: Ruling Passions. London: Jonathan Cape 1977, ISBN 0-224-01402-1
  • Bernard Levin: The Pendulum Years . London: Jonathan Cape 1970, ISBN 0-224-61963-2
  • Kenneth Morgan: Michael Foot. A life . London: Harper Perennial 2009, ISBN 978-0-00-717827-8
  • Chapman Pincher: Inside Story . London: Sidgwick & Jackson 1979, ISBN 0-283-98576-3
  • Chapman Pincher: Their Trade is Treachery . London: Sidgwick & Jackson 1982, ISBN 978-0-283-98847-9
  • Jeff Sharlet: The Family: Power, Politics and Fundamentalism's Shadow Elite . St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-7022-3694-5
  • Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London: Fourth Estate 2010, ISBN 978-0-00-724428-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Tom Driberg: Ruling Passions. 1977. p. 5
  2. ^ Tom Driberg: Ruling Passions. 1977. p. 13
  3. ↑ a b c d e Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 29-33
  4. ^ Tom Driberg: Ruling Passions. 1977. p. 50
  5. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. p. 36
  6. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 55-57
  7. ^ A b Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 40-45
  8. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 48-49
  9. ↑ puseyhouse.org.uk (English) ( Memento from December 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  10. ^ Humphrey Carpenter: The Brideshead Generation: Evelyn Waugh and his Friends. London 1989. p. 81
  11. ^ Humphrey Carpenter: The Brideshead Generation: Evelyn Waugh and his Friends. London 1989. p. 73
  12. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 53-55
  13. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001, p. 58
  14. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 60-62
  15. ^ A b Tom Driberg: Ruling Passions. 1977, p. 102
  16. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 79-81
  17. ^ "These Names Make News: Statement of Policy". In: Daily Express , May 12, 1933. p. 19
  18. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 90-91, p. 95
  19. ^ Tom Driberg: Ruling Passions. 1977, p. 129
  20. ↑ Simon Goulding: "Fitzrovian Nights" . In: Literary London . University of Northampton. Volume 4, March 2006.
  21. ^ Tom Driberg: Ruling Passions. 1977. pp. 129-142
  22. ^ Kingsley Amis: Memoirs. London 1991. p. 311
  23. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 118-119
  24. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 122-124
  25. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 182–142 (?)
  26. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 148-149
  27. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 153-154
  28. ^ A b Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 169-178
  29. ↑ Alan Clark: The Tories. Conservatives and the Nation State 1922-1997 . London 1998. p. 229
  30. ^ Daily Express , May 25, 1942. p. 2
  31. ^ The Times , June 27, 1942. p. 2
  32. ↑ Michael Davie (Ed.): The Diaries of Evelyn Waugh . London 1976. p. 523
  33. ^ "Propaganda Debate". Hansard 381: cols 687-91. 7 July 1942
  34. ↑ "American Troops: Color Discrimination" . Hansard 383: cols 670-71. September 29, 1942.
  35. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 182-186
  36. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 194-105
  37. ^ Tom Driberg: Ruling Passions. 1977. pp. 215-219
  38. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 240-241
  39. ↑ Kenneth Morgan: Michael Foot. A life . London 2009. pp. 148-149
  40. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 275-281, p. 293
  41. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 245-247
  42. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 249-252
  43. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 256-265
  44. ^ Tom Driberg: Ruling Passions. 1977, p. 275
  45. ^ Arthur Christiansen: Headlines All My Life. London 1961. p. 253
  46. ↑ Mark Amory. (Ed.): The Letters of Evelyn Waugh. London 1995, p. 467
  47. ^ Tom Driberg: Ruling Passions. 1977. pp. 306-317
  48. ↑ Andrew Bradstock: The History of CSM (English) ( Memento of 24 July 2011 at the Internet Archive )
  49. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 326-329
  50. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. p. 335
  51. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 334-335
  52. ^ Bernard Levin: The Pendulum Years . London 1970. p. 384.
  53. ↑ The PM, the peer and the gay gangster on independent.co.uk v. January 1, 1995
  54. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 350-351
  55. ^ A b c Jeff Sharlet: The Family: Power, Politics and Fundamentalism's Shadow Elite . St Lucia, Queensland 2008. p. 405
  56. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 343-345
  57. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. p. 390
  58. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 389, 396, 400-402
  59. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. p. 406
  60. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. p. 409
  61. ^ "Northern Ireland". Hansard 369: col. 2149-2198. April 14, 1976
  62. ^ Tom Driberg: Ruling Passions. 1977. p. 306
  63. ↑ Chapman Pincher: Inside Story . London 1979. p. 27
  64. ↑ Andrew Boyle: The Climate of Treason . London 1980. pp. 277, pp. 473-474
  65. ↑ Chapman Pincher: Their Trade is Treachery . London 1982. p. 115
  66. ↑ Chapman Pincher: Their Trade is Treachery . London 1982. p. 80
  67. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia. London 2001. p. 13
  68. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia. London 2001. p. 10
  69. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia. London 2001. pp. 7-11
  70. ↑ Chapman Pincher: Inside Story . London 1979. p. 245
  71. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia. London 2001, p. 158
  72. ^ A b c Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. p. 412
  73. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 416-418
  74. ^ Francis Wheen: Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia . London 2001. pp. 7-11
  75. ↑ Michael Foot: "Chronicler of the Wicked". In: The Guardian , April 26, 1990. p. 26
personal data
SURNAME Driberg, Tom
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Driberg, Thomas Edward Neil, Baron Bradwell of Bradwel
BRIEF DESCRIPTION British journalist and politician, Member of the House of Commons
DATE OF BIRTH May 22, 1905
PLACE OF BIRTH Crowborough
DATE OF DEATH August 12, 1976
Place of death London