Trish
| Trish | ||
|---|---|---|
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| Waters | Meldorfer Bucht | |
| Geographical location | 54 ° 3 '34 " N , 8 ° 41' 0" E | |
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| length | 2.9 km | |
| width | 1.5 km | |
| surface | 1.8 km² | |
| Residents | uninhabited | |
| main place | Luisenhof (historical) | |
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Trischen is an uninhabited island in front of the Meldorfer Bay , about 14 kilometers from the Dithmarsch North Sea coast - the distance to Trischendamm is 12 kilometers. The island belongs to the municipality of Friedrichskoog and is only inhabited from March to October by a bird keeper from NABU . Other people are not allowed to visit.
Trischen is visited by birds both as a breeding and resting place; of individual species such as shelduck , knutts or dunlins , up to 100,000 specimens can be found on the island and in the adjacent Wadden Sea areas . Since 1985 it has been located in a core zone of the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park .
geography
Trischen is located in the middle of a chain of high sands that stretch along the German North Sea coast from the Eider to the mouth of the Weser and merge west of the Weser into the East Frisian and West Frisian barrier islands . The two high sands Tertius and Blauort are located directly north of Trischen . To the south, in the mouth of the Elbe, are Scharhörn and Nigehörn .
The island is 2.9 km long from north to south, a maximum of 1.5 km wide, and measures 1.8 km² in area.
Trischen consists of sand that has been piled up above the high water level by the ocean current. In the west as well as on the north and south tips of the crescent-shaped island there are dunes up to three meters high , with a high sand in front of them. Salt marshes have formed in the more protected east . Due to the current conditions, the water constantly carries away sand in the west, while new land forms on the east side. The island "wanders" about 30 to 35 meters to the east each year, the sickle shape being retained, but details in the island image are constantly changing. Between the east coast of the island and the mainland lies the Wadden Sea , but the island moves at present on two major creeks that Bielshövener hole and the Neufahrwasser to.
The island was created around 400 years ago from washed-up sands that finally rose permanently above the tide line. Court records from the years 1610 and 1645 mention the island for the first time. The first map lists the island in 1705 under the name Bushsand . This designation lasted into the 20th century. Based on the old maps, the island was then about four times as big as it is today, initially also overgrown, but that changed quickly.
Around 1750, the overgrown island seems to have receded into a sandbank , which was of interest to the population mainly because of stranded ships and the associated beach goods . From 1850, and especially between 1882 and 1894, there seems to have been a strong agglomeration. The three sandbanks Polln, Bushsand and Riesensand grew together to form the island. As a result, dunes formed that went up to five meters above the high water level and under which salt marshes could establish themselves.
In 1884, island surveys revealed 66 hectares of salt marsh and a 1,500 meter wide beach. In 1906 the entire island was only 1,500 meters wide, the area totaled 736 hectares, 24 hectares of which were dunes, while by 1921 the beach had shrunk to 250 meters wide.
Since its inception, Trischen has moved about four kilometers towards the mainland coast, currently about three meters a month. At the same speed, the island would meet Büsum in about 400 years . The island area is currently decreasing steadily. It is only a quarter of the size it was at the beginning of the 20th century; from 2000 to 2007 alone it lost 20 hectares. The island is regularly inundated during storm surges, and according to NABU these floods have increased both in frequency and in height in recent years.
fauna
A total of around 15,000 to 20,000 pairs of birds breed on tres; up to 330,000 migratory birds use the island to rest. In 2014 the Vogelwart counted birds from 192 different species.
The largest groups of resting birds are shelduck , red knot and dunlin with 100,000 specimens each. The shelduck makes up around 30 percent of the total north-western European population. Between 10 and 20 percent of the north-western European population of sanderlings and lapwing plovers can also be found on Trischen. This is the most important collection of coastal birds in Schleswig-Holstein. In particular, large numbers of the shelduck molt here.
The dominant breeding birds are various species of seagulls, which now make up around 80 percent of the breeding population, while common terns and sandwich terns used to dominate. Until the 1980s, bird observatories used poison and gentler methods to fight the gulls as they rob the terns' nests. The proportions of individual species change strongly between the years. The largest groups in 2006 were herring gulls with almost 5000 pairs, followed by herring gulls with almost 2000 and black-headed gulls with 500 pairs. The herring gull population has steadily increased since the end of the Second World War and only reached a stable level since the mid / late 1990s. Herring gulls have been native to the island since 1979 and are constantly catching up with the herring gulls. Compared to the other large gull colonies on the German North Sea coast ( Amrum , Baltrum or Spiekeroog ), Trischen is still a place where black-backed gulls occur in significant numbers, but do not represent the largest population.
At the beginning of regular human observation, the common tern was the largest group of breeding birds on the island with around 9500 animals and around half of the entire German coastal population. The stocks fluctuated greatly in the 1960s to 1990s; since 1992 they have dropped below 500 pairs. Originally dominated by arctic terns at the beginning of the 20th century, a colony of sandwich terns established itself in 1955. The breeding population up to 2000 was between 3000 and 4000 pairs, depending on the year, which means that Trischen, alternating with the uninhabited Hallig Norderoog in the north, bore the title of the largest sandwich tern colony in Germany. In recent years, sandwich terns have stopped settling on the island at all.
In addition to seagulls and swallows, the bird warden spotted a pair of peregrine falcons for the first time in 1999 , which, very unusual for Central Europe, breed here on the ground. A colony of cormorants has also been breeding on the island since 1995 . Smaller colonies also exist of spoonbills , barnacle geese and oyster fishermen .
In addition to insects that come from the mainland when the winds are favorable, there are native insects that also hatch on the island. These include various species of weevils and cicadas . There are around 400 species of insects in total, which feed around 115 species of spiders and beetles. Seals , gray seals and porpoises can be found in the immediate vicinity of the island . Rabbits were the only non-flightable species on the island. They were brought to the island by humans, ate the island almost bare until 1960 and were wiped out by the storm surge in 1962 .
Surname
The island appears on old nautical charts as Den Busch , Busch , Rischensand , dat Rießig , Triejen , Dat Riesen , Trießen , Riessen or Riesen . Sometimes several islands are listed close together, which only later became clear that it was only one. The name Trischen did not become generally accepted until the end of the 19th century. Peter Todt , island chronicler and bird keeper from 1980 to 1999, suspects that the name Trischen comes from Dutch. Originally: dat Rießig (German: about the bush vegetation, the thatch ) became t 'rieschen over time , which was eventually pulled together to Trischen. The bush probably refers to the purslane wedge that covered the island at that time.
Streets in several cities are named after the island, including Kiel- Suchsdorf .
history
Different rulers and time until 1920
After Trischen long time between belonging to the Danish royal proportions Süderdithmarschen and the Gottorfer shares belonging Norderdithmarschen was controversial, the issue with the formation of the Danish state and the end of Gottorfer rule was in 1773 and no later than the annexation of Schleswig-Holstein by Prussia irrelevant - the Prussian state was now responsible. In 1868 he sent workers to Trischen to reclaim land .
In 1895 Prussia had summer dykes , a hut and a drinking trough built so that the island could be leased as a sheep pasture. In 1896 the first tenant, Theodor Frenssen, a brother of the Dithmarsch poet Gustav Frenssen , moved to the island. He grazed 200 sheep there. In the next year, the summer dike was raised to a 5.46 meter high ring dike . A stone house was built inside the ring. Gustav Frenssen visited his brother often enough that the island under the name "Flackelholm" played an important role in his novel The Three Faithful . As early as 1899, however, a storm surge also flooded this dike, so that the island could no longer be used for agriculture.
Around 1900 Trischen became a favorite area for bird hunters and egg collectors. During this time, thousands of shelducks were killed while they were unable to fly while they were moulting. In response, a protection movement tried to protect the sea birds. The Süderdithmarscher District Administrator Johannsen declared Trischen a bird sanctuary in 1909 and had bird watchers stationed there during the breeding season. In the first years of the 20th century there were only occasional tenants, and it remained unused for a few years. It is known that in 1920 the tenant Alfred Dreßen led 179 sheep, 58 lambs, four cows, a calf, a horse and a goat through the mudflats for five hours to graze on Trischen. Between 1919 and 1921, the Hamburg school authorities also used the island to send 40 to 50 boys on vacation to the island in the summer months.
Trischenkoog: 1920 to 1943
The most ambitious attempt to colonize the island began in 1920 when the Free State of Prussia wanted to deploy 80 unemployed people to build a new summer dike, but gave up this attempt shortly afterwards due to financial problems.
In 1922, the Hamburg entrepreneur Jürgen Brandt took up the plan, signed a long-term lease for the island and dyed a 78-hectare koog on the island until 1925 in order to protect the land permanently from the sea. The dike was 2.7 kilometers long and four meters high. He began to intensively cultivate rye, wheat, root crops and clover and used the rest of the island as pastureland. To live in, he built the Luisenhof with 34 rooms, a cattle shed, outside staircase, wine cellar and several verandas. A diesel generator and a wind turbine stood right next to the house to supply electricity . Brandt had taken over the project, however, so that he had to declare bankruptcy shortly after the dike was completed and the entire island construction fell to the state.
In 1926 the city of Altona leased the island and tried agriculture. The first harvest was so successful that Altona built Dithmarschen's largest barn at 6,800 square meters in 1927. In the same year they started building a children's home for young girls. The Altona Senator Kirch pursued the plan to turn Trischen into an artists' colony; Between 1927 and 1930 the city quartered artists in the stone house on the island. The most famous of these was Hans Leip , in whose later work numerous impressions of Trischen can be found.
Similar to the previous tenants, the Altona attempt was not crowned with success. The following harvests were much worse. In the Weimar Republic , Altona did not have the money to finance the necessary protective work against the sea, so that the city lost an average of 50,000 Reichsmarks with the island every year. The huge barn was never nearly filled. In addition, the island's migratory instinct began to become more noticeable again. Despite extensive coastal protection work and a new line of dikes directly behind the dunes, the dike broke in 1930. Until the emergency repair work was tackled, the Koog was completely full of salt water at least twelve times, so that the basis for agriculture was missing again. Although Altona had only made a loss with Trischen and budget funds were scarce during the Great Depression, the government stuck to its ambitious plan. In 1931 alone, she managed 19,190 stack piles , 184 m³ of foliage machines , 87.1 m³ of heather, 400 kg of iron wire, 31.65 t of basalt columns, 498.45 t of granite rubble and 1,355 running meters of granite ashlar stones for coastal protection . It was not until 1933 that Altona managed to escape from the lease.
This went to the Dithmarsch farmer Hermann Dreeßen in 1934, who was able to significantly increase the yield. Dreeßen is the only one who managed to run the Trischen agriculture at a profit for several years. At the same time, however, the experts realized that it is impossible in the long term to protect the island from the sea.
After a nine-hour storm surge on October 18, 1936, during which the lightship Elbe 1 sank, a Hamburg conference of hydraulic engineers decided not to pursue any more intensive coastal protection measures. The Prussian state still planted beach grass until 1940, but otherwise left Trischen to its own devices. In 1940 a flood destroyed the ring dike around the old shepherd's hut. Prussia wrote out some of the houses in the Koog as building material "for self-collection". But Dreeßen refused to leave Trischen.
After a storm in 1943, the dikes broke in several places. The agricultural area was flooded with salt water and sand, making agriculture seem impossible for several years. The remnants of what humans had created in 70 years were destroyed in two days by this storm. Now Dreeßen also left the island with his wife. Again in 1946 and 1947 a couple lived on the island with their children and a small flock of sheep. When they left, the last attempt at agricultural use was over.
Nature reserve
The bird watchers on Trischen have been provided by the Federation for Bird Protection (now NABU) since 1927 and live there in a hut during the summer months. This has to be rebuilt regularly due to the island migration, the current copy comes from autumn 2001 and is located in the south of the island. Since the establishment of the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park , the island has been part of it and the only land area that is absolutely forbidden to enter. This ban has been enforced increasingly consistently in recent years. While the Vogelwart still took visitors across the island in the 1970s, it is now actually only possible to come to the island as a result of a marine accident or as a necessary craftsman, so that the number of visitors fell from almost 1000 in 1975 to less than ten in 2000 .
The bird warden
Trischen is listed in the official list of places to live (as of the 1987 census ) as place number 5 in the municipality, with one population. The Vogelwart has an internet connection and a ship that sails once a week supplies it with groceries and mail. The bird warden has to transport the purchases with a handcart from the southern tip of the island to his hut. Garbage and flotsam are also removed on the same route. At the peak of human settlement, ships regularly drove, and there were also carrier pigeons on the island and the mainland. Since the population dropped to one, the only connection is in the weekly supply ship. Since 1973 there has been an FM transmitter on Trischen in the summer, and since 1983 solar cells have provided enough electricity to operate a radio. The first mobile phone came to Trischen in 1992. At that time it still cost 7,000 DM .
Most of the island's buildings have now sunk back into the sea. The jetty, which was built in the extreme east of the island during the Koog times, is now located near the western beach in the sea. The bird watcher's hut, built in 1976 and replaced in 2001, also fell victim to the waves. The beacon alone , which served as a navigation mark, had to be relocated five times between 1890 and 1996. When it threatened to sink into the sea again in 1996 and was no longer needed as a navigation mark due to technical progress in navigation technology, it was finally dismantled. Until February 5, 2020 it was in the seal station Friedrichskoog as a "Trischentonne". The current bird keeper's house is a log cabin on stilts.
literature
- State Office for the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park (Ed.): Trischen - Pearl in the National Park. Boyens, Heide 2000, ISBN 3-8042-0699-9 .
- C. Degn, U. Muuß: Topographical Atlas Schleswig-Holstein. Landesvermessungsamt Schleswig-Holstein, Neumünster 1963, p. 140 f., Trischen - Becoming and decaying an island .
- Hans Leip : The island of Trischen. Hamburg 1989 (published by the Hans-Leip-Gesellschaft, the book contains diary entries and color pictures from the time of the artist colony).
- Steffen Oppel: Natural Dynamics Shaping the Bird Community on an Island. Lessons for Large-scale Management from Trischen Island. ( Memento of February 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF, archive version) In: Wadden Sea Newsletter. No. 30, 2004-1, p. 11 f.
- Herbert Rittlinger: Amphibious Journey to Lost Islands. FA Brockhaus, 1958.
Web links
- Trischen Island on the website of the NABU regional association Schleswig-Holstein
- Table sheet from 1931
Individual evidence
- ^ Meyer's Small Hand atlas. Bibliographical Institute, Leipzig / Vienna 1921, card number 7
- ↑ Axel Bojanowski : Trischen in the North Sea. The fastest island in the world . Spiegel Online, June 29, 2017, accessed June 29, 2017
- ↑ Naturschutzbund Schleswig-Holstein: Nature and Climate Change - Changes in the climate and the possible effects on Schleswig-Holstein's environment ( Memento from September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Trischen.de: Complete list of bird species 2012–2015 ( Memento from December 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Stefan Garthe et al .: Development of the breeding population of gulls (Laridae) on the German North Sea coast in the second half of the 20th century in: Vogelwelt 121, 2000, p. 5
- ↑ Hans-G. Hilscher, Dietrich Bleihöfer: Trischenweg. In: Kiel Street Lexicon. Continued since 2005 by the Office for Building Regulations, Surveying and Geoinformation of the State Capital Kiel, as of February 2017 ( kiel.de ).
- ↑ Marco Maier: What it really is like to live on a lonely island. In: The time. March 16, 2017, p. 66.
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