Dry bald head

Dry bald head
Dry bald head ( Deconica montana )
Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes Subclass : Agaricomycetidae Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales) Family : Trussling relatives (Strophariaceae) Genre : Deconica Type : Dry bald head
Scientific name
Deconica montana
( Pers  .: Fr. ) PD Orton

The dryness bald or heath bald head ( deconica montana , syn. Psilocybe montana , Psilocybe atrorufa ) is a stand fungus of the family of Träuschlingsverwandten (Strophariaceae). It forms very small to small fruit bodies.

Its common synonym is Psilocybe atrorufa . Other, outdated synonyms of the species are P. muscorum and P. physaloides . In the past, it was classified into the subtypes Deconica and P. montana as the type species of the bald heads, today the species is assigned to the genus Deconica.

features

The bottom of the hat with the slats

Macroscopic features

The strong (red) brown to dark brown colored hat is initially spherical, then shaped like a cushion and flattens out as an umbrella with increasing age. The diameter is 5–25 mm. In addition, it is strongly hygrophan , which gives the individual specimens variability in color, down to darker tones, which may fade again as they dry out. The hat skin is smooth, sticky and sticky under humid conditions and can be peeled off. Radial grooves emanate from the center of the hat . The edge of the hat is smooth, later grooved and sometimes wavy.

The lamellae are bulbous, almost triangular, straight and growing short. They are normal to moderately 2 mm apart and are mixed with up to 3  lamellets . The color is first off-white, then ocher-brown and finally strong brown-violet-like. The edges are finely hemmed. The spore powder is purple-brown or gray-brown in color.

The brittle stem is smooth, 1.5–4 cm long, 1–2 mm thick and very similar in color to the dark hat. Its texture is longitudinally fibrous. The shape is either straight or sinuous, with at most a slightly thickened stem base. The top is frosted. Older specimens have hollow stems.

The meat is thin, sticky and brownish in the hat, tough and elastic in the handle. It smells slightly floury and tastes slightly bitter.

Microscopic features

The spores measure approximately 7.0-9.5 x 4.5-6.0 µm. They are oval to almond-shaped as well as smooth and thick-walled. They each have an apical germ pore and an inconspicuous hilar appendage. The 4-spore basidia are 12–23 × 4–9 µm in size.

Species delimitation

There is a high risk of confusion with small-pored bald heads , such as the moss bald head ( Psilocybe muscorum ) or the heather bald head ( Psilocybe physaloides ). However, the two taxa are listed as synonymous in the current identification literature and are therefore no longer considered to be separate species . Another doppelganger is the Kahlkopf sexy underwear , which has an inconspicuously grooved edge of the hat, the texture of which is more clearly visible when it is wet.

ecology

Psilocybe montana is one of the saprobionts , but it may also feed parasitically. The species is often found among mosses . This mainly includes the Polytrichum ( Polytrichum ) Beautifully Schnabel Moose ( Eurhynchium ) and plug Moose ( Brachythecium ). The fungus grows in exposed habitats such as dunes , heather , treeless tundra and sparse coniferous forests, mostly on acidic, nutrient-poor soils. The texture of these can be sandy and well permeable to water. Roadsides and grasslands are also part of its habitat, the presence of manure promotes growth. However, it does not colonize this directly.

The specific epithet montana indicates occurrences in mountainous locations, some of which go beyond the tree line . The growing season begins in March and extends to November, in frost-free winter months also throughout the year.

Occurrence

The dry bald head is widespread worldwide in a large number of regions and climatic zones , it is most densely found in Europe , or Germany , Great Britain , Norway and the pre-Alpine areas of Switzerland . The species has also been detected in North America , including California , Columbia and Mexico . In South America ( Venezuela ) it can be found in damp locations. There are also large parts of Asia , mainly Russia , China and rarely Japan, where it grows in the high mountains. In Central Europe , the species is widespread but scattered, given the appropriate ecological conditions.

Systematics and taxonomy

Psilocybe montana used to be the type species of the genus Psilocybe . Because the fruit bodies do not contain any hallucinogenic tryptamine derivatives such as psilocybin or psilocin, the fruit bodies do not become blue-spotted when touched, as is typical for the hallucinogenic representatives of the genus. Molecular studies in the late 2000s indicated that the genus Psilocybe was polyphyletic and consisted of two distinct lineages, with bluish species on one branch and non-bluish species in the other. However, splitting up the genus was not without problems, as the name Psilocybe was associated with the type species P. montana and thus the lineages with the non-blueing species should have kept the name, while the branch with the hallucinogenic, blueing species would have a new generic name have to give. Since the name Psilocybe was generally associated with hallucinogenic mushrooms, the proposal was made, contrary to the guidelines of the botanical nomenclature, to preserve the name for the hallucinogenic branch and to make P. semilanceata the new type of the genus. The non-blueing species should be named Deconica instead . In 2009 this proposal was unanimously adopted by the Mushroom Nomenclature Committee.

Food value

The bald heads are generally not edible mushrooms and have an unpleasant taste. Most are described as inedible, some species as no less poisonous. The dry bald head is classified as toxic, but its pharmacology has hardly been researched. So far, no psychoactive substances such as the indole alkaloids psilocybin , baeocystin or psilocin , which are known from other representatives of the genus Psilocybe , have been detected .

swell

literature

• Gastón Guzmán (1983): The Genus Psilocybe. J. Cramer: New York, NY. 439 pp.
• Watling, Roy & Gregory, Norma M. (1987): British Fungus Flora: Agarics and Boleti. Vol 5. Strophariaceae & Coprinaceae pp: Hypholoma, Melanotus, Psilocybe, Stropharia, Lacymaria, & Panaeolus. Royal Botanic Garden: Edinburgh, Scotland. 121 p.
• E. Horak (2005): Röhrlinge and agaric mushrooms in Europe, identification book . Elsevier, Spectrum Academic Publishing House
• ME Noordeloos & Th. W. Kuyper (eds.): Flora agaricina neerlandica. Vol.4: critical monographs on families of agarics and boleti occurring in the Netherlands. Taylor & Francis, 1999
• Dry bald head (Psilocybe montana). In: natur-in-nrw.de. Retrieved April 16, 2012 . 
• Psilocybe montana. In: mycobank.org. Retrieved April 16, 2012 . 

Individual evidence

1. ^ ME Noordeloos (2009): The genus Deconica in Europe: new combinations. Austrian magazine f. Mushroom Science 18: 207-211
2. ↑ Steve Trudell, Joe Ammirati (2009), Timber Press: Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. P. 208
3. ↑ Orlando Petrini, Egon Horak (1995), J. Cramer: Taxonomic monographs of Agaricales. Part 1.
4. ^ Zoological-Botanical Society Vienna (1976), negotiations of the Zoological-Botanical Society in Vienna, volumes 115–120
5. ↑ Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (2009), Scientific Journal: Mathematical and Natural Science Series, Volumes 18-19
6. ↑ Parker-Rhodes, AF (1953). "The Basidiomycetes of Thetford Chase. I. Correlation with age of plantation". New Phytologist 52 (1): 65-70
7. ↑ Hoiland, K. (1978). "The genus Psilocybe in Norway". Nordic Journal of Botany 25 (2): 111-122
8. ^ Favre, J. (1960). Catalog descriptif des champignons supérieurs de la zone subalpine du Parc National Suisse. Vol. 6. Printing Ludin AG. Liestal, Switzerland. pp. 323-610
9. ↑ California Fungi: Psilocybe. In: mykoweb.com. Retrieved April 16, 2012 .  
10. ↑ Nieves-Rivera, AM; Flores, Santos; Betancourt, C. (1997). "Notes on the Agaricales of the high plains of Guasca, Cundinamarca Department, Colombia". Caldasia 19 (1-2): 349-51
11. ↑ Guzman, G .; Varela, L .; Ortiz, JP (1977). "The known non-hallucinogenic species of Psilocybe in Mexico" Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Micologia 11: 23-24
12. ↑ Salazar, F .; Marcano, V .; Castellano, F .; Martinez, L .; Morales, A. (1994). "Chemical and microstructural study of the genus Psilocybe (Agaricales) in the Venezuelan Andes: Part I. Psilocybe montana (Pers. Ex Fr.) Kummer". Ernstia 4 (1-2): 11-19
13. ↑ Urbonas, VA (1978). "The taxonomy and range of fungi of the family Strophariaceae in the USSR. Part 3. The genus Psilocybe". Lietuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbai Serija C Biologijos Mokslai 1: 9-18
14. ↑ Zang, M .; Xia, Y. (1989). "Notes on the fungi from Western Kunlun Mountains China". Acta Botanica Yunnanica 11 (4): 397-406
15. ^ R. Singer, (1975). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy . J. Cramer, Vaduz. P. 912.
16. ^ F. Salazar, V. Marcano, F. Castellano, L. Martinez, A. Morales: Chemical and microstructural study of the genus Psilocybe (Agaricales) in the Venezuelan Andes: Part I. Psilocybe montana (Pers. Ex Fr.) Kummer . In: Ernstia . 4, No. 1-2, 1994, pp. 11-19.
17. ↑ Marcano, V., Morales Méndez, A., Castellano, F., Salazar, FJ, Martinez, L .: Occurrence of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe pseudobullacea (Petch) Pegler from the Venezuelan Andes . In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology . 43, No. 2, July 1994, pp. 157-9. doi : 10.1016 / 0378-8741 (94) 90013-2 . PMID 7967656 .
18. ↑ Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, et al. : One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 23, No. 3, 2002, pp. 357-400. doi : 10.1016 / S1055-7903 (02) 00027-1 . PMID 12099793 .
19. ↑ Nugent KG, Saville BJ .: Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic fungi: a DNA-based approach . In: Forensic Science International . 140, No. 2-3, 2004, pp. 147-57. doi : 10.1016 / j.forsciint.2003.11.022 . PMID 15036436 .
20. ^ Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, et al .: Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview . (PDF) In: Mycologia . 98, No. 6, 2006, pp. 982-95. doi : 10.3852 / mycologia.98.6.982 . PMID 17486974 .
21. ↑ Redhead SA, Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Matheny PB, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Guzmán G .: (1757) Proposal to conserve the name Psilocybe (Basidiomycota) with a conserved type . In: Taxon . tape 56 , no. 1 , 2005, p. 255-57 , JSTOR : 25065762 .
22. ↑ Norvell L .: Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 15 Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) In: Mycotaxon . 110, 2009, pp. 487-92. Retrieved May 2, 2012.  
23. ↑ Michael W. Beug: The Genus Psilocybe in North America . In: Fungi . Vol. 4, No. 3, 2011, p. 6–17 ( online (PDF file; 3.17 MB)). online ( Memento of the original from March 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
24. ↑ Michael W. Beug: Psilocybin - History, Personal Stories and Potential Future . In: Fungi . Vol. 4, No. 3, 2011, p. 31–41 ( online (PDF file; 3.17 MB)). online ( Memento of the original from March 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  

Web links

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