USS Manley (APD-1)
_underway_on_23_September_1940.jpg) USS Manley (APD-1) 1940
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The USS Manley (APD-1) was a destroyer of the Caldwell class of the US Navy . The destroyer, built in 1916/1917 at Bath Iron Works with hull number 70, was converted into a fast troop transport at naval shipyards from November 11, 1938 to February 7, 1939. As a prototype of this conversion, the destroyer was initially used in the Atlantic. The ship was used in the Pacific from mid-1942. The Manley survived the war and was then decommissioned in December 1945 and demolished on the east coast from December 1946.
The first smooth deck destroyer
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The six Caldwell-class destroyers built between 1916 and 1920 were the US Navy's first smooth-deck destroyers . This design was a reaction to the structural weakness in the forecastle of the Tucker class built previously . The forward deck jump has been improved to prevent the forward gun from being exposed to constant sea. The arrangement of their torpedo weapons and the rhombus-shaped arrangement of the guns were a weak point in the design and were also found in the successor classes ( Wickes and Clemson ). The two subsequent classes were produced in series production faster than the six prototypes.
When the USS Manley (DD-74) was delivered by the Bath Iron Works in October 1917 as the first ship of the class, many destroyers of the subsequent Wickes class and some of the Clemson class were already under construction. The ship was one of the three four-funnels of the six destroyer class.
USS Manley as a destroyer
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The Manley entered service in the US Navy on October 15, 1917 as the first of six Caldwell- class destroyers . After all equipment and supplies in the Boston Navy Yard , the new destroyer moved to the Allied escort units stationed in Queenstown on November 25, 1917 .
On the morning of March 19, 1918 occurred on the Manley a violent explosion between the charged on the stern depth charges . The flying parts also damaged tanks with gasoline and alcohol and their contents intensified the fire. Only the next morning two British tugs managed to bring the drifting and sinking destroyer under control and to tow it to Queenstown by the evening of the 23rd. On board the American destroyer, not only did the explosions and the subsequent fire cause serious damage, but the commander and 33 crew members also died. The heavily damaged destroyer was towed to Liverpool for maintenance and repaired there. On December 22nd, the destroyer was able to return to the United States with an additional crew. In April 1919, the destroyer moved again to Europe. First he was in action for various tasks in the Adriatic , then he served American aid organizations for various transports on the Turkish Black Sea coast. On August 1, 1919, the destroyer returned to New York. Like many other Navy destroyers, the Manley was decommissioned in Philadelphia in mid-June 1922 .
On May 1, 1930, the destroyer came back into service with the fleet, mostly doing various training tasks on the east coast and was transferred to the Special Service Squadron on September 10, 1935 , which represented and enforced American interests from the canal zone in the Caribbean . From February 1, 1937, the destroyer belonged to DesRon 10 , which took on tasks in cadet training, but at the end of October 1937 the Manley moved with the Claxton to Europe to protect American interests with the Squadron 40 during the Spanish Civil War . The ports of action for the American destroyers were Villefranche , Naples , Algiers and Tangier . On October 29, 1938, the destroyer then began the return voyage in Gibraltar and arrived after a year of foreign service on November 11 in Norfolk (Virginia) .
There the ship was reclassified to the auxiliary ship AG 28 at the end of the month . In December 1938, the conversion of the Manley into a fast transporter (APD) began. The two front boilers and chimneys were removed, creating space for the transport of up to 200 Marines .
The conversion to the transporter was completed at the New York Navy Yard on February 7, 1939. From the 21st, operations with Marines followed on beaches in Virginia and North Carolina as well as in the Caribbean. After the Second World War broke out in Europe in September, the US Navy formed ten warship formations as "Neutrality Patrol" off the American east coast. Manley was assigned to the Association No. 3 in front of the Chesapeake Bay, which also included the destroyers Decatur , Barry and Reuben James .
In the spring of 1940, the Manley moved shortly to California to demonstrate their capabilities to the local units of the Marines. back in the Atlantic, the Manley was equipped with accommodation for 120 Marines. On the stern, freed from other weapons, were 36 ft Higgins landing craft . The heavy armament was reduced to two guns (bow gun and a single central gun in place of the two guns on the outer sides.
On August 2, 1940, the ship was the first express transporter to be designated APD 1. ).
The troop transport USS Manley (APD 1)
With the Manley (APD 1) five destroyers of the Wickes class were reclassified, which were converted to naval shipyards on the American east coast by the end of 1940. The Manley's first major war mission took place on April 11, 1942, when she rescued the 195 man crew and 95 passengers of the British Ulysses (14,667 GRT, 1913) of the Holt Line and brought them to Charleston . The solo Ulysses was sunk by U 160 under Georg Lassen 45 miles south of Cape Hatteras .
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On July 13, 1942, the Manley then moved through the Panama Canal for further use with the Pacific Fleet . Via the Society Islands and the Fiji Islands , the transport reached Espiritu Santo on August 14 , where it was taking over supplies for Guadalcanal , which had been attacked a week earlier. Manley ran out of bombs, ammunition and gasoline with the Stringham (APD-6) on August 16. On the 19th the transport returned with wounded marines. Then the Manley took the torpedo destroyer Blue in tow to bring him to Tulagi . When units of the Japanese Navy approached, the damaged destroyer was sunk and Manley ran back to Espiritu Santo with 99 rescued people, which was reached on the 26th with the last fuel.
In order to use the ship more safely, all parts not necessary for the mission were removed from the upper deck and the deck and superstructure were given a jungle green paint. Camouflage nets were also put on board for further disguises. The next mission to Guadalcanal took place on September 3, 1942. After the loss of the Little (APD-4) and Gregory (APD-3) on the night of September 5, the Manley was able to find five survivors of the two sunk transports the following day. Rescue destroyers. On the 8th, the transport destroyer took part in a landing by the 1st Marine Raider Battalion at Taivu Point , Guadalcanal. The ship gave artillery support to the landed troops. The surprise landing enabled the American troops to disable many guns and destroy their stocks of ammunition. In the early evening the Manley took the attackers back on board. On the way back, the ship had to avoid threatening Japanese ships together with the McKean (APD-5). The following day, Manley had to replenish their low fuel supplies in Tulagi , and then retreat to Esperito Santos. The transport destroyer then went to Nouméa / New Caledonia to make repairs .
On October 31, 1942, the Manley took a company of Marines on board to support Task Force 65 (TF 65) off Guadalcanal, which was in action there from November 4. Manley and McKean then deployed their reinforcements on Guadalcanal on the 8th. After further missions there, the destroyer returned to Nouméa on November 20 with two speedboats in tow and accompanied the steamer SS Pomona to Espiritu Santo. The transporter took over another company of marines to transport them to Guadalcanal.
In the months that followed, Manley transported supplies to Guadalcanal and secured vans in the Solomon Islands . In 1943, the Manley was withdrawn from the combat area and arrived in San Francisco on June 12 to be overtaken at the Hunters Point Navy Yard . As early as August 1, 1943, the ship left the shipyard and moved to Hawaii .
From Pearl Harbor the ship belonged to the security of a convoy to Funafuti , in order to be used again in the area of the Solomon Islands . The Manley returned to Pearl Harbor on December 14, 1943 in order to prepare for the occupation of the Marshal Islands ( Operation Flintlock ) in the V Amphibious Corps .
On January 22, 1944, the transporter ran out of the TF 52 . On the 30th, the Manley and the Overton (APD 23) were detached to attack the islands of Carter and Cecil Island (now Cea and Ninni ) of the Kwajalein Atoll at dawn . The existing troops with all the boats were put ashore at dawn on January 31, 1944 and the occupation was completed by 9 a.m. The two transporters then placed units of the 7th Cavalry Regiment on the morning of February 5 on Bennett Island (now Bigej ), where the Manley stayed for three more days to provide fire support. Then she ran back to Pearl Harbor to escort US Army reinforcements to the Marshalls.
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On May 30th, the Manley was assigned to Task Group 52.15 (TG 52.15) to support the occupation of Saipan . She landed with other transport destroyers on June 16, 1944, south of Garapan . Like other destroyers of her class, she supported the movements of the naval infantry until July 22nd, shelled Tinian and Japanese airfields several times at night, and took care of herself once in Eniwetok , where she was last withdrawn. After a trip to Kwajalein, the Manley then marched back to Pearl Harbor to prepare for the next mission. The destroyer, which arrived on August 9, took over 50 tons of explosives in September as a reserve for a planned landing on Yap . On September 15, the old destroyer left Pearl Harbor and ran via Eniwetok to Manus , Admiralty Islands . When they arrived there, the emergency services learned that the next target was not Yap, but the Philippines island of Leyte . Manley was assigned to the Artillery Support Group. After entering the Leyte Gulf, the Manley secured the southern landing area near Dulag and took over the injured on the 19th of the heavily damaged Fletcher destroyer Ross , who had suffered two mine hits and was attacked several times by Japanese aircraft. Manley transported the injured to the battleship Pennsylvania . On the evening of October 21, Manley moved with the TransDiv 28 via Manus to Hollandia . From mid-December, the transport destroyer trained at Numfor for its next mission, the recapture of Luzon .
From January 4 to 11, 1945, the Manley was part of a reinforcement group for the landing in the Gulf of Lingayen of Luzon , in order to then accompany a convoy of LSTs from the Leyte Gulf to the combat area. With three other transport destroyers, she brought parts of the 11th Airborne Division to Nasugbu on the 31st , which no longer met resistance. Manley immediately ran back to Leyte and on to Mindoro for supplies and then secured a convoy to Subic Bay . With the TransDiv 100 and six LCI (L) 's , the Manley landed over 700 men at Mariveles in Bataan on February 15 to prevent the Japanese from retreating into this area. On the 17th they landed troops on Corregidor . Despite the intervention of a hidden Japanese battery that shot at the landing craft and sank one, the attack was successful. Only one American officer was killed and another wounded. The transport destroyer was able to return to Subic Bay in the evening.
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The next mission of the transport destroyer began on April 2, 1945. He was assigned to securing American escort carriers that were supposed to fly agricultural machinery into Okinawa . The first group flew to the island on April 7th. The group with the Manley continued to approach the island in order to fly in more machines that were to be used there from prepared take-off and landing strips. During the operation, the Manley carried out an attack on a suspected submarine contact. The old destroyer then ran back to Guam as anti-submarine protection with escort carriers USS White Plains and USS Hollandia . No further use as a troop transport was planned and Manley moved to the United States for overhaul, for which she arrived in San Diego on May 23 . The ship was re - classified as a destroyer DD-74 on June 25, 1945 and moved to the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard on July 24, where it was equipped with a catapult for target drones. The aim of the ship was to improve the training of shooters in repelling kamikaze attacks . The end of the war prevented this mission and Manley left Hawaii on September 26 for San Diego. The voyage continued across the Panama Canal to the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard , where the destroyer was decommissioned on November 19, 1945. On December 5th, the name was deleted from the fleet list. The first completed ship of the Caldwell class and all flush-decker was sold to the Northern Metal Company in Philadelphia for demolition on November 26, 1946 . As the only ship of its class in the US Navy since the fall of 1940, Manley was only survived by the half-sister HMS Leeds (G27) ex USS Conner (DD 72) built by Cramp & Sons . The destroyer, one of three three-chimney of the class, had been assigned to the Royal Navy Reserve at Grangemouth on the Firth of Forth in April 1945 , but was not sold for demolition until March 1947, which did not take place until January 1949.
The troop carriers of the Flush Decker classes
| APD | Surname | Shipyard | BNo. | finished | APD | Final fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | USS Manley (DD-74), 1938 AG 28 | Bath Iron Works , Maine | 70 | 10/15/17 | 2.08.40 | December 5, 1945 out of service, 1946 demolished |
| 2 | USS Colhoun (DD-85) | Bethlehem Steel , Quincy | 280 W | 06/13/18 | 12/11/40 | Sunk by planes off Guadalcanal on August 30, 1942 , 51 dead |
| 3 | USS Gregory (DD-82) | Bethlehem Steel | 277 W. | 1.06.18 | 11/4/40 | Sunk by Japanese destroyers off Guadalcanal on September 5, 1942, 11 dead |
| 4th | USS Little (DD-79) | Bethlehem Steel | 274 W. | April 6, 2018 | 11/4/40 | Sunk by Japanese destroyers off Guadalcanal on September 5, 1942, |
| 5 | USS McKean (DD-90) | Union Iron Works , San Francisco | 159 W | 02/25/19 | 12/11/40 | Sunk by Japanese air torpedoes off Bougainville on November 17, 1943 , 116 dead |
| 6th | USS Stringham (DD-83) | Bethlehem Steel | 278 W | 2.07.18 | 12/11/40 | 5.12.45 out of service, 46 demolition |
| 7th | USS Talbot (DD-114) | Cramp & Sons , Philadelphia | 431 W. | 07/20/18 | 03/15/43 | 24.10.45 out of service, canceled in January 1946 |
| 8th | USS Waters (DD-115) | Cramp & Sons | 451 W | 08/08/18 | 02/10/43 | 24.10.45 out of service, demolished from May 1946 |
| 9 | USS Dent (DD-116) | Cramp & Sons | 453 W | 12/4/18 | 7.03.43 | Dec. 4, 1945 out of service, demolished from June 1946 |
| 10 | USS Brooks (DD-232) | New York Shipbuilding , Camden | 221 C | 06/18/20 | 1.12.42 | 17.09.45 out of service, canceled in January 1946 |
| 11 | USS Gilmer (DD-233) | NY Shipbuilding | 222 C | 04/30/20 | 01/22/43 | December 5, 1946 out of service, demolished from December 1946 |
| 12 | USS Humphreys (DD-236) | NY Shipbuilding | 225 C | 07/21/20 | 1.12.42 | 11/13/45 out of service, demolished from August 1946 |
| 13 | USS Sands (DD-243) | NY Shipbuilding | 232 C | 11/10/20 | 11/5/42 | 1.11.45 out of service, demolished from May 1945 |
| 14th | USS Schley (DD-103) | Union Iron Works | 181 W | 09/20/18 | 2/6/43 | Dec. 5, 1945 out of service, canceled in 1946 |
| 15th | USS Kilty (DD-137) | Mare Island Navy Yard , California | W. | 12/17/18 | 2.03.43 | 11/16/45 deleted, August 1946 for demolition |
| 16 | USS Ward (DD-139) | Mare Island | W. | 07/24/18 | 2/6/43 | on 7 December 1944 in front of Leyte by Kamikaze badly damaged after vacating by the crew of USS O'Brien (DD-725) sunk |
| 17th | USS Crosby (DD-164) | Bethlehem Steel | 324 W. | 01/24/19 | 02/22/43 | 24.10.45 out of service, canceled from March 1946 |
| 18th | USS Kane (DD-235) | NY Shipbuilding | 224 C | 06/11/20 | 3.04.43 | 02/25/46 out of service, canceled from June 1946 |
| 19th | USS Tattnall (DD-125) | NY Shipbuilding | 210 W | 06/26/19 | 7/24/43 | 8.01.46 out of service, canceled from October 1946 |
| 20th | USS Roper (DD-147) | Cramp & Sons | 462 W. | 02/15/19 | 10/20/43 | 11.10.45 out of service, canceled from March 1946 |
| 21st | USS Dickerson (DD-157) | NY Shipbuilding | 216 W | 3.09.19 | 08/21/43 | Badly damaged by Kamikaze off Okinawa on April 2, 1945 , 53 dead sunk after evacuation by the crew and removal of usable parts on April 4 |
| 22nd | USS Herbert (DD-160) | NY Shipbuilding | 219 W | 11/21/19 | 1.12.43 | 24.10.45 out of service, canceled from May 1946 |
| 23 | USS Overton (DD-239) | NY Shipbuilding | 228 C | 06/30/20 | 10/22/43 | 08/13/45 decommissioned, canceled from November 1945 |
| 24 | USS Noa (DD-343) | Norfolk Navy Yard , Virginia | C. | 02/15/21 | 17.09.43 | September 12, 1944 after a collision with the USS Fullam (DD-474) sunk |
| 25th | USS Rathburne (DD-113) | Cramp & Sons | 450 W | 06/24/18 | 05/20/44 | Decommissioned November 28, 1946 and demolition |
| 26th | ||||||
| 27 | ||||||
| 28 | ||||||
| 29 | USS Barry (DD-248) | NY Shipbuilding | 237 C | 12/28/20 | 1/15/44 | Sunk on June 21, 1945 by Kamikaze off Okinawa |
| 30th | ||||||
| 31 |
USS Clemson (DD-186) 11/15/39 AVP-17 , 8/6/40 AVD-4 |
Newport News Shipbuilding | 228 C | 12/29/19 | 7.03.44 | 24.10.45 out of service, canceled from November 1946 |
| 32 |
USS Goldsborough (DD-188) 11/15/39 AVP-18 , 08/02/40 AVD-5 |
Newport News Shipbuilding | 230 C | 01/26/20 | 04/10/44 | 24.10.45 out of service, canceled from November 1946 |
| 33 |
USS George E. Badger (DD-196) , 30-34 CG 16 1.10.39 AVP-16 , 2.08.40 AVD-3 |
Newport News Shipbuilding | 238 C | 07/28/20 | 05/19/44 | 24.10.45 out of service, canceled in June 1946 |
| 34 | USS Belknap (DD-251) , 2.08.40 AVD 8 | Bethlehem Steel | 331 C | 04/28/19 | 06/22/44 | 08/13/45 decommissioned, canceled in November 1945 |
| 35 | USS Osmond Ingram (DD-255) , 2.08.40 AVD 9 | Bethlehem Steel | 335 C | 06/28/19 | 44 | 01/21/46 out of service, canceled in June 1946 |
| 36 | USS Greene (DD-266) , 2.08.40 AVD 13 | Bethlehem Steel | 346 C | 05/9/19 | 04/12/44 | stranded in a typhoon off Okinawa on October 9, 1945 |
Pictures of the class
USS Manley (APD-1) 1940
USS Colhoun (APD-2) 1942
USS McKean (APD-5) August 1942
USS Waters (APD-8) 1944
USS Brooks (APD-10) August 20, 1944
USS Kilty (APD-15) ~ 1944
USS Clemson (APD-31) April 21, 1944
USS Clemson (APD-31) wv
USS Greene (APD-36) January 24, 1945
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literature
- John Campbell: Naval Weapons of World War Two , Naval Institute Press, 1985, ISBN 0-87021-459-4
- Bernard Fitzsimons: The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare , Phoebus (London), 1978
- Paul H. Silverstone: US Warships of World War I , Ian Allan 1970
- Paul H. Silverstone: US Warships of World War II , Doubleday and Company 1968
Web links
- Caldwell -class destroyers at Destroyer History Foundation (English)
- USS Manley DD 74, AG 28, APD 1 (accessed December 1, 2019)
- APD Conversions Manley class high-speed transports
- WICKES destroyers (1918-1921)
- CLEMSON destroyers (1918-1922)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Manley remained the only ship of the Caldwell class of the US Navy: her sister ship Craven went - like the two three-Schornteiners of the class - as part of the destroyer for bases agreement to the Royal Navy , where she was last as a training ship as HMS Lewes Australia served.
- ↑ Colhoun , Gregory , Little , McKean and Stringham were selected as APDs in June 1940 and converted by the end of the year.
- ↑ These losses and the nature of the fighting led to the replacement of these ships and further modifications to APDs
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i USS Manley, Destroyer No. 74 (later DD 74, AG 28 and APD 1)
- ^ Rohwer: Sea War , September 12, 1939 West Atlantic
- ↑ Ulysses British Steam passenger ship
- ↑ Rohwer: Sea War , Battle for Guadalcanal
- ↑ USS Colhoun, DD-85, APD-2
- ^ USS Gregory, DD-82
- ↑ USS Little (DD-79, APD-4)
- ↑ USS McKean (DD-90.APD-5)
- ↑ Ward DD-139, APD-15
- ^ Dickerson (DD-157, APD21)
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