VW EA897
Volkswagen AG | |
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EA897 | |
Production period: | since 2010 |
Manufacturer: | Volkswagen AG |
Working principle: | diesel |
Motor design: | V-engine , six-cylinder |
Valve control: | DOHC |
Drilling: | 83.0 mm |
Hub: | 91.4 mm |
Displacement: | 2967 cm 3 |
Mixture preparation: | Direct injection |
Engine charging: | Turbocharger with intercooler |
Power: | 140-250 kW |
Previous model: | VW EA896 |
Successor: | none |
The VW EA897 (EA = development order) is a diesel engine series from Volkswagen AG that was developed by Audi in the lead . The series comprises six cylinder - V-engines with 3.0 liter displacement and the Volkswagen Group used in different vehicles since of 2010. The engines are produced by Audi Hungaria Zrt. in Győr .
technology
EA897 (since 2010)
Monoturbo version
The displacement of the 3.0 TDI six-cylinder - V-type engine with a V-angle of 90 degrees as its predecessor 2967 cm³ with a bore of 83.0 mm and a stroke of 91.4 mm, mm at a cylinder distance from the 90th The geometric compression ratio is 16.8: 1. The cylinder crankcase is made of cast iron with vermicular graphite (GJV-450) and is 8 kg lighter than its predecessor.
The gas exchange is controlled by four valves per cylinder ( four-valve technology ) and a total of four overhead camshafts driven by a timing chain .
The 184 kW variant of the 3.0 TDI engine has a GT 2260 exhaust gas turbocharger (monoturbo) from Honeywell Turbo Technologies , while the 150 kW variant uses a GT 2256. The compressed fresh air is cooled by an air-to-air charge air cooler . There is also a swirl flap in the intake section.
The engine has a cooled high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions . The exhaust gas is withdrawn from the turbine of the exhaust gas turbocharger, cooled and then reintroduced between the throttle and swirl valve. A diesel oxidation catalytic converter (DOC) with a volume of 1 liter is used behind the turbine of the turbocharger, followed by a diesel particulate filter with a volume of 3.7 liters. In order to be able to initiate a particulate filter regeneration even when the engine is under low load, a triple post-injection is used. The Euro 6 variants of the engine, also known as "clean diesel", also have an SCR catalytic converter located on the underbody of the vehicle . Some variants of the motor have electrical heating of the DOC (500 W).
The common rail injection works with a fuel pressure of up to 1800 bar (less powerful versions) or 2000 bar.
The high-pressure fuel pump and the pump unit, consisting of a two-stage oil pump and the vacuum pump, are driven by a second chain.
Biturbo version
In 2011 a biturbo version of the EA897 with an output of 230 kW was presented. Among other things, this version has modified pistons, which reduces the compression ratio to 16.0: 1. In addition, more powerful oil and coolant pumps are used due to the higher cooling and lubrication requirements of the engine.
The engine has two exhaust gas turbochargers connected in series. The high-pressure turbocharger has a VTG control (vacuum unit), the low-pressure turbocharger is controlled by an electromechanically actuated wastegate valve. The maximum boost pressure is 3.2 bar (absolute). At speeds below 2300 rpm, the boost pressure builds up mainly through the smaller high-pressure turbocharger, which means that good responsiveness to load jumps can be achieved. In the range between 2300 and 3400 rpm, additional boost pressure is built up via the larger low-pressure turbocharger, and the wastegate valve is completely closed. At speeds above 3400 rpm, the high-pressure turbocharger is bypassed and the boost pressure is regulated via the wastegate valve.
The biturbo charging group requires more installation space near the engine. As a result, the diesel oxidation catalytic converter is no longer as close to the exhaust manifold as in the monoturbo variant. In order to nevertheless achieve rapid heating of the catalytic converter and thus a good conversion rate, a double post-injection takes place in the first 400 s after a cold start. In contrast to the monoturbo version, the diesel particulate filter is located on the underbody of the vehicle.
EA897 evo (since 2014)
In 2014 a revised version of the 3.0 TDI unit was presented. The output of the basic version has been increased from 150 kW to 160 kW and that of the high-performance version from 180 kW to 200 kW. The geometric compression ratio has been reduced to 16.0: 1. The cylinder crankcase is still sand-cast from GJV-450 and is 1.1 kg lighter than its predecessor. The engine now has a GTD 2060 VZ exhaust gas turbocharger with electromechanical VTG control. In the 200 kW variant, the motor weighs 192 kg according to the DIN standard.
Significant changes concern the exhaust aftertreatment in order to be able to meet the Euro 6 emissions standard. The monoturbo version now has a diesel oxidation catalytic converter located in the inner V of the engine, then the AdBlue urea solution required to clean the nitrogen oxides is metered in using a downflow mixer. A short mixing section is followed by an SCR-coated diesel particulate filter (sDPF) close to the engine . There is also an SCR blocking catalyst on the underbody of the vehicle .
The chain drive has also been revised. The second chain is now exclusively responsible for driving the high-pressure fuel pump. A third chain on the front of the engine drives the new, fully variable oil pump and the vacuum pump.
EA897 evo 2 (since 2017)
Another increase in output from 160 kW to 170 kW or from 200 kW to 210 kW.
Exhaust scandal
In the course of the emissions scandal , illegal defeat devices were discovered in numerous variants of the EA897. For this reason, more than 200,000 vehicles from Audi, Volkswagen and Porsche had to be recalled.
- In September 2016, a "voluntary recall" was announced in the wake of the emissions scandal , in which 33,700 Porsche Macan S Diesel engines are to receive new control software, 10,500 of them in Germany.
- In June 2017, Federal Transport Minister Alexander Dobrindt announced that models of the Audi A8 D4 with V6 and V8 diesel engines in the production period from 2009 to 2013 are equipped with an illegal switch-off device that reduces or completely switches off exhaust gas aftertreatment in road operation. Together with models of the Audi A7, these defeat devices were installed in around 24,000 vehicles. Audi gave a technical error as the reason for the increased nitrogen oxide values and promised a conversion campaign.
- On July 27, 2017 Minister of Transport imposed Dobrindt for illegal exhaust software an admission ban for the Cayenne II Diesel . At the same time, Dobrindt ordered a mandatory recall for 22,000 vehicles across Europe .
- On December 12, 2017, the Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) ordered an official recall for the VW Touareg II because of illegal defeat devices. These are models with 3.0 V6 TDI models from model years 2014 to 2017 with Euro standard 6. This affects 25,800 vehicles in Germany and a total of 57,600 vehicles worldwide.
- On January 21, 2018, the KBA ordered a recall of 127,000 Audi models (A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, Q5 and Q7) with 3.0 TDI engines and the Euro 6 emissions standard, as inadmissible cut-off devices were discovered on these vehicles . 77,600 vehicles are affected across Germany. The vehicles have a pollution-reducing heating strategy that is almost only active on the test bench and is switched off when on the road.
- At the beginning of May 2018, another cut-off device became known on models of the Audi A6 C7 and Audi A7 C7 (EA897 evo - 200 kW). In these models, the AdBlue injection is throttled as the AdBlue tank becomes increasingly empty. By not injecting urea, the SCR catalytic converter does not work or works to an extremely limited extent, as a result of which the exhaust gas nitrogen dioxide escapes unhindered in high concentrations. For these reasons, production of the A6 was temporarily stopped. Around 33,000 registered vehicles in Germany and around 60,000 worldwide are affected.
- On May 18, 2018, it became known that Porsche would have to recall 52,831 Porsche Macan Diesel engines, 15,180 of them in Germany. Five illegal defeat devices were found on these vehicles.
- Due to the use of unauthorized defeat devices in the V6 and V8 diesel engines of Audi AG, a fine totaling EUR 800 million was imposed in October 2018. Audi accepted this decision.
- On July 1, 2019, Bayerischer Rundfunk / ARD published a report entitled “The Audi case”. Some of the backgrounds were highlighted and documents were shown.
- On August 5, 2019, the Handelsblatt published KBA notices to Audi / VW / Porsche, which communicated the switch-off devices to the manufacturers and communicated subsequent ancillary provisions for the EC vehicle type approval. These notices can also be downloaded from the Handelsblatt.
variants
3.0-l six-cylinder (3.0 TDI), EA897
Manufacturer | model series | designation | Emission standard | Construction period |
---|---|---|---|---|
CLAA: Output: 150 kW (204 PS) at 3750–4500 rpm, torque: 400 Nm at 1250–3500 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi A6 C7 | 3.0 TDI | 5 euro | 12/2010 - 09/2014 |
Audi A7 C7 | 10/2010 - 05/2014 | |||
Audi A8 D4 | 08/2011 - 04/2013 | |||
CLAB: Output: 150 kW (204 PS) at 3500-4500 / min, torque: 400 Nm at 1250-3500 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A4 B8 | 3.0 TDI | 5 euro | 11/2011 - 02/2015 |
Audi A5 8T | 07/2011 - 03/2015 | |||
Output: 150 kW (204 hp) at 3200-4400 / min, torque: 450 Nm at 1250-3200 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi Q7 4L | 3.0 TDI | 5 euro | 10/2010 - 03/2015 |
Power: 180 kW (245 PS) at 4000 rpm, torque: 500 Nm at 1500-3000 rpm | ||||
VW | VW Phaeton | 3.0 V6 TDI | 5 euro | 09/2013 - 06/2015 |
CDUC: Output: 180 kW (245 PS) at 4000–4500 / min, torque: 500 Nm at 1400–3250 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A4 B8 | 3.0 TDI | 5 euro | 07/2011 - 05/2015 |
Audi A5 8T | 07/2011 - 03/2015 | |||
CKVB: Output: 180 kW (245 PS) at 4000–4500 / min, torque: 500 Nm at 1400–3250 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A4 B8 | 3.0 TDI clean diesel | Euro 6 | 07/2011 - 05/2013 |
Audi A5 8T | ||||
CRCA: Output: 180 kW (245 PS) at 3800-4400 / min, torque: 550 Nm at 1750-2750 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi Q7 4L | 3.0 TDI quattro | 5 euro | 04/2011 - 03/2015 |
3.0 TDI clean diesel quattro | Euro 6 | |||
VW | VW Touareg II | 3.0 V6 TDI BMT DPF | 5 euro | 04/2011 - 10/2014 |
Porsche | Porsche Cayenne II | Cayenne Diesel | 06/2010 - 09/2014 | |
CKVC: Output: 180 kW (245 PS) at 4000–4500 rpm, torque: 580 Nm at 1750–2500 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi A4 B8 | 3.0 TDI clean diesel | Euro 6 | 05/2013 - 05/2015 |
Audi A5 8T | 05/2013 - 06/2016 | |||
Audi A6 C7 | 3.0 TDI | 5 euro | 12/2010 - 09/2014 | |
3.0 TDI clean diesel | Euro 6 | |||
Audi A7 C7 | 3.0 TDI | 5 euro | 07/2010 - 05/2014 | |
3.0 TDI clean diesel | Euro 6 | 12/2011 - 05/2014 | ||
CDUD: Output: 180 kW (245 PS) at 4000–4500 rpm, torque: 580 Nm at 1750–2750 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi Q5 8R | 3.0 TDI | 5 euro | 11/2011 - 04/2014 |
Output: 184 kW (250 hp) at 3800-4000 / min, torque: 550 Nm at 1750-2750 / min | ||||
Porsche | Porsche Panamera I | Panamera Diesel | 5 euro | 06/2011 - 06/2013 |
Output: 184 kW (250 PS) at 4000–4500 rpm, torque: 550 Nm at 1500–3000 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi A8 D4 | 3.0 TDI | 5 euro | 06/2010 - 08/2013 |
3.0 TDI clean diesel | Euro 6 | |||
CTBA: Output: 190 kW (258 PS) at 4000–4500 rpm, torque: 580 Nm at 1750–2500 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi Q5 8R | 3.0 TDI | Euro 6 | 10/2013 - 12/2016 |
Output: 190 kW (258 hp) at 4000–4250 rpm, torque: 580 Nm at 1750–2500 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi A8 D4 | 3.0 TDI | Euro 6 | 09/2013 - 04/2015 |
Output: 221 kW (300 hp) at 3800-4000 / min, torque: 650 Nm at 1750-2750 / min | ||||
Porsche | Porsche Panamera I | Panamera Diesel | 5 euro | 07/2013 - 08/2015 |
CGQB: Output: 230 kW (313 hp) at 3900-4500 / min, torque: 650 Nm at 1450-2800 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A6 C7 | 3.0 TDI | 5 euro | 12/2011 - 09/2014 |
Audi Q5 8R | SQ5 TDI | 09/2012 - 04/2015 | ||
Euro 6 | 04/2015 - 08/2015 |
3.0-l six-cylinder (3.0 TDI), EA897 evo
Manufacturer | model series | designation | Emission standard | Construction period |
---|---|---|---|---|
Output: 120 kW (163 hp) at 2750–4000 rpm, torque: 450 Nm at 1250–2500 rpm | ||||
VW | VW Amarok | 3.0 TDI | Euro 6 | since 09/2017 |
CZVF: Power: 140 kW (190 PS) at 2750-5000 / min, torque: 500 Nm at 1250-2500 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A6 C7 | 3.0 TDI | Euro 6 | 10/2015 - 07/2017 |
Audi A7 C7 | ||||
CZVE: Power: 140 kW (190 PS) at 3250-5000 / min, torque: 400 Nm at 1250-3250 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A7 C7 | 3.0 TDI ultra | Euro 6 | 10/2015 - 07/2017 |
Power: 150 kW (204 hp) at 3000–4500 rpm, torque: 500 Nm at 1250–2750 rpm | ||||
VW | VW Amarok | 3.0 TDI 4Motion | Euro 6 | since 09/2016 |
CVWA: Output: 150 kW (204 PS) at 3200-4400 / min, torque: 450 Nm at 1250-3200 / min | ||||
VW | VW Touareg II | 3.0 V6 TDI BMT SCR | Euro 6 | 10/2014 - 03/2018 |
Power: 155 kW (211 hp) at 2750–4000 rpm, torque: 580 Nm at 1750–2500 rpm | ||||
Porsche | Porsche Macan | Macan Diesel | Euro 6 | 09/2014 - 02/2018 |
CZVA, CZVB: Output: 160 kW (218 PS) at 4000–4750 / min, torque: 400 Nm at 1250–3750 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A6 C7 | 3.0 TDI | Euro 6 | 09/2014 - 07/2017 |
Audi A7 C7 | 3.0 TDI ultra | 05/2014 - 07/2017 | ||
CKVD: Output: 160 kW (218 hp) at 3250–4500 rpm, torque: 500 Nm at 1400–3000 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi A5 8T | 3.0 TDI | Euro 6 | 04/2015 - 06/2016 |
CRTE: Output: 160 kW (218 hp) at 3250–4500 rpm, torque: 500 Nm at 1250–3000 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi A6 C7 | 3.0 TDI | Euro 6 | 09/2014 - 07/2017 |
Audi A7 C7 | 05/2014 - 07/2017 | |||
Audi Q7 4M | 3.0 TDI ultra | 07/2015 - 07/2018 | ||
CSWB: Output: 160 kW (218 PS) at 4000-5000 / min, torque: 500 Nm at 1250-3750 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A4 B9 | 3.0 TDI | Euro 6 | since 10/2015 |
Audi A5 F5 | since 07/2016 | |||
Output: 165 kW (224 hp) at 3000–4500 rpm, torque: 550 Nm at 1400–2750 rpm | ||||
VW | VW Amarok | 3.0 TDI 4Motion | Euro 6 | 09/2016 - 04/2018 |
Output: 184 kW (250 hp) at 3500-4600 / min, torque: 580 Nm at 1750-2500 / min | ||||
Porsche | Porsche Macan | Macan Diesel | Euro 6 | 09/2014 - 02/2018 |
Output: 190 kW (258 hp) at 4000–4250 rpm, torque: 580 Nm at 1750–2500 rpm | ||||
Porsche | Porsche Macan | Macan Diesel | Euro 6 | 09/2014 - 02/2018 |
Output: 190 kW (258 hp) at 3250–4000 rpm, torque: 580 Nm at 1400–3000 rpm | ||||
VW | VW Amarok | 3.0 TDI 4Motion | Euro 6 | since 04/2018 |
CVZA: Output: 190 kW (258 PS) at 3250–4500 rpm, torque: 600 Nm at 1250–3000 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi Q7 4M | 3.0 TDI e-tron quattro | Euro 6 | 03/2016 - 07/2018 |
Output: 193 kW (262 hp) at 3800-4400 / min, torque: 580 Nm at 1750-2500 / min | ||||
Porsche | Porsche Cayenne II | Cayenne Diesel | Euro 6 | 10/2014 - 12/2017 |
VW | VW Touareg II | 3.0 V6 TDI BMT SCR | 10/2014 - 03/2018 | |
CTBD: Output: 193 kW (262 hp) at 4000–4250 rpm, torque: 580 Nm at 1750–2500 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi A8 D4 | 3.0 TDI | Euro 6 | 04/2015 - 09/2017 |
3.0 TDI ultra | ||||
CRTD: Output: 200 kW (272 hp) at 3500-4250 / min, torque: 580 Nm at 1250-3250 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A6 C7 | 3.0 TDI | Euro 6 | 09/2014 - 05/2018 |
Audi A7 C7 | 05/2014 - 01/2018 | |||
CRTC: output: 200 kW (272 hp) at 3250–4250 rpm, torque: 600 Nm at 1500–3000 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi A4 B9 | 3.0 TDI | Euro 6 | since 08/2015 |
Audi A5 F5 | 01/2017 - 09/2017 | |||
Audi Q7 4M | 03/2015 - 07/2018 | |||
CVUA: output: 235 kW (320 hp) at 3900-4600 / min, torque: 650 Nm at 1400-2800 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A6 C7 | 3.0 TDI | Euro 6 | 09/2014 - 04/2018 |
Audi A7 C7 | 05/2014 - 01/2018 | |||
CVUB: Output: 240 kW (326 hp) at 3900-4500 / min, torque: 650 Nm at 1450-2800 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A6 C7 | 3.0 TDI competition | Euro 6 | 09/2014 - 05/2018 |
Audi A7 C7 | 08/2014 - 01/2018 | |||
Audi Q5 8R | SQ5 TDI competition | 04/2015 - 12/2016 | ||
Output: 250 kW (340 PS) at 4100-4300 / min, torque: 700 Nm at 1500-2550 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi Q5 8R | SQ5 TDI plus | Euro 6 | 10/2015 - 12/2016 |
3.0-l six-cylinder (3.0 TDI), EA897 evo 2
Manufacturer | model series | designation | Emission standard | Construction period |
---|---|---|---|---|
Output: 170 kW (231 hp) at 3250–4750 rpm, torque: 500 Nm at 1750–3250 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi A4 B9 | 45 TDI | Euro 6d-TEMP-EVAP-ISC | since 06/2019 |
Audi A4 allroad quattro B9 | since 10/2019 | |||
Audi A5 F5 | since 02/2019 | |||
Audi A6 C8 | since 06/2018 | |||
Audi A7 C8 | ||||
Audi Q5 FY | since 02/2019 | |||
Audi Q7 4M | since 08/2018 | |||
Audi Q8 4M | since 02/2019 | |||
VW | VW Touareg III | V6 TDI | Euro 6d-TEMP | since 07/2018 |
Output: 170 kW (231 hp) at 3250–4700 rpm, torque: 500 Nm at 1750–3250 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi A6 allroad quattro C8 | 45 TDI | Euro 6d-TEMP-EVAP-ISC | since 06/2019 |
DDVC: Output: 210 kW (286 hp) at 3750–4000 rpm, torque: 600 Nm at 1250–3250 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi A8 D5 | 50 TDI | Euro 6 | 10/2017–08/2018 |
DCPC: output: 210 kW (286 hp) at 3750-4000 / min, torque: 620 Nm at 1500-3000 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A5 F5 | 3.0 TDI | Euro 6 | 10/2017–08/2018 |
Audi Q5 FY | 09/2017–08/2018 | |||
DDVB: Output: 210 kW (286 hp) at 3500-4000 / min, torque: 620 Nm at 1750-3000 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A6 C8 | 50 TDI | Euro 6d-TEMP | 06/2018–06/2019 |
Audi A7 C8 | 02 / 2018-06 / 2019 | |||
Audi A8 D5 | 09 / 2018-06 / 2019 | |||
Audi Q5 FY | 02/2019–06/2019 | |||
DHXA: Output: 210 kW (286 hp) at 3500-4000 / min, torque: 600 Nm at 2250-3250 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A8 D5 | 50 TDI | Euro 6d-TEMP-EVAP-ISC | since 06/2019 |
Audi Q7 4M | since 08/2018 | |||
Audi Q8 4M | since 07/2018 | |||
VW | VW Touareg III | V6 TDI | Euro 6d-TEMP | since 07/2018 |
Euro 6d-TEMP-EVAP-ISC | since 09/2019 | |||
Output: 210 kW (286 hp) at 3500-4000 / min, torque: 620 Nm at 2250-3000 / min | ||||
Audi | Audi A4 B9 | 50 TDI | Euro 6d-TEMP-EVAP-ISC | since 10/2019 |
Audi A4 allroad quattro B9 | since 10/2019 | |||
Audi A5 F5 | since 02/2019 | |||
Audi A6 C8 | since 06/2019 | |||
Audi A6 allroad quattro C8 | since 09/2019 | |||
Audi A7 C8 | since 06/2019 | |||
Audi Q5 FY | since 02/2019 | |||
Output: 255 kW (347 hp) at 3850 rpm, torque: 700 Nm at 2500–3100 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi S4 | TDI | Euro 6d-TEMP-EVAP-ISC | since 06/2019 |
Audi S5 | ||||
Audi SQ5 | ||||
Output: 257 kW (349 hp) at 3850 rpm, torque: 700 Nm at 2500–3100 rpm | ||||
Audi | Audi A6 allroad quattro C8 | 55 TDI | Euro 6d-TEMP-EVAP-ISC | since 06/2019 |
Audi S6 | TDI | |||
Audi S7 |
Individual evidence
- ^ Heise Autos: Emissions scandal: Recall for 630,000 cars starts with Porsche Macan. Retrieved May 18, 2018 (German).
- ↑ heise online: Emissions scandal: "Voluntary" recall begins with Porsche Macan. Retrieved May 18, 2018 (German).
- ↑ Exhaust gas scandal: Investigations against Audi, A7 and A8 diesel affected - manager magazin . In: manager magazin . ( manager-magazin.de [accessed on May 18, 2018]).
- ↑ Exhaust gas fraud: Dobrindt imposes a license ban for the Porsche Cayenne . In: Spiegel Online . July 27, 2017 ( spiegel.de [accessed May 18, 2018]).
- ↑ Diesel affair: Federal Motor Vehicle Office calls VW Touareg back . In: Spiegel Online . December 12, 2017 ( spiegel.de [accessed May 18, 2018]).
- ↑ Compulsory recall for Audi diesel models . In: Der Tagesspiegel Online . January 21, 2018, ISSN 1865-2263 ( tagesspiegel.de [accessed May 18, 2018]).
- ↑ Gerald Traufetter: Emissions affair: Audi manipulated popular company car model - production stopped . In: Spiegel Online . May 8, 2018 ( spiegel.de [accessed May 18, 2018]).
- ↑ heise Autos: Suspected defeat device in the Audi A6 and A7. Retrieved May 18, 2018 (German).
- ↑ Gerald Traufetter: Emissions scandal: Federal Motor Transport Authority calls back 60,000 Porsches . In: Spiegel Online . May 18, 2018 ( spiegel.de [accessed May 18, 2018]).
- ↑ heise Autos: Exhaust fraud: Audi accepts 800 million euros fine. Retrieved on October 16, 2018 (German).
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLmCw-N1K-A
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIAze4UhU8U
- ↑ https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/vw-abgasskandal-bislang-geheime-kba-papiere-liefern-dieselklaegern-neue-argumente/24703872.html