Kingdom of the United Netherlands

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Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (Dutch)
Royaume uni des Pays-Bas (French)
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1815-1830 / 39
Flag of the Netherlands
Coat of arms of the Netherlands
Flag of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands Coat of arms of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands
Motto : Je maintiendrai (French: "I remain steadfast")
Official language Dutch and French
Capital Amsterdam seat of
government alternately The Hague and Brussels
Government system Constitutional monarchy
Head of state King Wilhelm I.
Head of government Governing Minister
surface approximately 65,000 km²
population about 5,500,000
Population density about 85 inhabitants per km²
currency Dutch guilder
founding 1815
resolution 1830 ( Belgian Revolution ), confirmed in the London Treaty of April 19, 1839
National anthem Vienna Neêrlands Bloed
National holiday June 18 ( Waterloodag , the day of the Battle of Waterloo )
The Kingdom of the United Netherlands. Although the Dutch king ruled as the Grand Duke of Luxembourg in personal union, the independent Grand Duchy was not a province of the Netherlands and even belonged to the German Confederation.
The Kingdom of the United Netherlands. Although the Dutch king ruled as the Grand Duke of Luxembourg in personal union, the independent Grand Duchy was not a province of the Netherlands and even belonged to the German Confederation.
Location of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands in Europe (1815) as a bulwark against both France and Prussia
Location of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands in Europe (1815) as a bulwark against both France and Prussia

The Kingdom of the United Netherlands or United Kingdom of the Netherlands ( Dutch Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden , French Royaume uni des Pays-Bas ) existed from 1815 to 1831 (1839). The Kingdom of the United Netherlands, often simply called the “Kingdom of the Netherlands”, comprised the former Republic of the Seven United Provinces (1795–1806: Batavian Republic , 1806–1810: Kingdom of Holland ) in the north and the former Austrian Netherlands in the south.

story

Wilhelm I in March 1815 as King of the Belgians and Grand Duke of Luxembourg on a bronze medal from Michaut , obverse.
On the reverse of this medal for the unification of the Netherlands, Belgium and Holland shake hands.
The French departments that made up the kingdom in 1811

Emergence

The enlargement of the "old" Netherlands (the Republic of the Seven United Provinces) was intended to create a viable state north of France that would counterbalance any future French expansion attempts. The plans of the powers allied against Napoleon Bonaparte met the intentions and ambitions of the Prince of Orange to expand the Netherlands. The way for this was cleared by the Austrian Empire when the Austrian State Chancellor Klemens von Metternich declared in the negotiations leading to the Treaty of Chaumont of March 1, 1814 that Austria would forego the restoration of the Austrian Netherlands after the end of the war against Napoleon. In secret additional articles to the Chaumont Treaty, an "enlargement" of the Netherlands was agreed. On July 21, 1814, the Netherlands signed identical treaties with the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia and Russia, which gave the Netherlands the “Belgian provinces”. These agreements were confirmed at the Congress of Vienna . On May 31, 1815, the Netherlands signed a corresponding treaty with the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia and Russia. Its provisions were also included in the final act of the Congress of June 9, 1815. Since the decisions had already been made in 1814, Wilhelm I was able to be proclaimed “King of the United Netherlands” on March 16, 1815, before the end of the Congress of Vienna.

resolution

The Kingdom of the United Netherlands existed until the southern provinces separated in the Belgian Revolution of 1830 to create the state of Belgium . Belgian independence was not recognized by the north until 1839. After that, the northern states called themselves just the Kingdom of the Netherlands .

Personal union with Luxembourg

Luxembourg existed as an independent Grand Duchy from 1815 and was therefore not part of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands. However, it was ruled from 1815 to 1890 by the Dutch king, who was the grand duke of sovereign Luxembourg in personal union . He was also the German Federal Prince, as was the then British King for the State of Hanover (until 1837) and the Danish King for the Duchy of Holstein .

The personal union between the Netherlands and Luxembourg expired in 1890: after the death of King Wilhelm III. Wilhelmina succeeded him to the Dutch throne under the reign of her mother. In Luxembourg, on the other hand, the former Nassau Duke Adolf I became the new Grand Duke due to the Salian inheritance law applicable there , applying the provisions of the Nassau Hereditary Association .

From 1839, the Dutch province of Limburg also belonged to the German Confederation as the newly founded Duchy of Limburg (1839–1866) and was linked to Luxembourg by personal union.

Provinces

According to the Fundemental Law of August 24, 1815, the Kingdom of the United Netherlands was divided into 17 provinces. The provincial borders were largely identical to the borders of the former departments of Napoleonic France , which in turn were mainly based on the former provincial divisions of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces and the Austrian Netherlands .

The States General consisted of two chambers. The first chamber consisted of a minimum of 40 and a maximum of 60 people who were appointed by the king on merit for life. The provinces were represented in the second chamber, which consisted of 110 members.

province emerged from the
former départements 		Member of
the
2nd Chamber 		today part of Later
developments
Antwerp southern part of Deux-Nèthes 5 Belgium
Drenthe southern part of Ems-Occidental 1 Netherlands
Friesland Frize 5 Netherlands
Funds Yssel-Supérieur 6th Netherlands
Groningen northern part of Ems-Occidental 4th Netherlands
Hainaut Jemappes 8th Belgium
Holland Bouches-de-la-Meuse and the western part of Zuyderzée 22nd Netherlands 1840 divided into the provinces of Noord-Holland and Zuid-Holland
Limburg Meuse Inférieure 4th Belgium, Netherlands In 1839 divided into the Belgian province of Limburg
and the Duchy of Limburg ,
from which the Dutch province of Limburg emerged in 1866 .
Liege largest part of Ourthe 6th Belgium
Namur western part of Sambre-et-Meuse , parts of Ardennes 2 Belgium
North Brabant Bouches-du-Rhin , northern part of Deux-Nèthes , eastern part of Bouches-de-l'Escaut 7th Netherlands
East Flanders southern part of Escaut 10 Belgium
Oberijssel Bouches-de-l'Yssel 4th Netherlands
Zealand western part of Bouches-de-l'Escaut and northern part of Escaut 3 Netherlands
South Brabant Dyle 8th Belgium Renamed in 1831 to Province of Brabant , in
1995 divided into the provinces of Flemish Brabant
and Walloon Brabant
and the Brussels Capital Region
Utrecht eastern part of Zuyderzée 3 Netherlands
West Flanders Lys 8th Belgium

Web links

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Despite its literal equivalent, it is predominantly referred to in German-language literature as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands .
  2. ^ Memorandum of the British Cabinet of December 26, 1813 with the instructions for the forthcoming peace negotiations. In: Harold Temperley : Foundations of British foreign policy from Pitt, 1792, to Salisbury, 1902 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1938, pp. 29-34, here pp. 32-33.
  3. ↑ Horst Lademacher : History of the Netherlands. Politics - Constitution - Economy . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1983, ISBN 3-534-07082-8 , p. 229.
  4. ^ Heinrich von Gagern : The life of General Friedrich von Gagern . Winter, Leipzig 1856, vol. 1, p. 142.
  5. ^ Jean-Baptiste Nothomb : Historical-diplomatic presentation of the foundation of the Kingdom of Belgium under international law . Cotta, Stuttgart 1836, p. 7.
  6. ↑ Horst Lademacher: History of the Netherlands. Politics - Constitution - Economy . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1983, ISBN 3-534-07082-8 , p. 232. See the eight articles of the contract in Johann Ludwig Klüber : Acts of the Vienna Congress in the years 1814 and 1815 , Vol. 6. Verlag JJ Palm and Ernst Enke, Erlangen 1816, pp. 175-178.
  7. ↑ Contract text in Johann Ludwig Klüber: Acts of the Vienna Congress in the years 1814 and 1815 , vol. 6. Verlag JJ Palm and Ernst Enke, Erlangen 1816, pp. 167-175.
  8. ^ Johann Ludwig Klüber: Acts of the Vienna Congress in the years 1814 and 1815 , Vol. 6. Verlag JJ Palm and Ernst Enke, Erlangen 1816, pp. 62–68.
  9. ↑ Horst Lademacher: History of the Netherlands. Politics - Constitution - Economy . Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1983, ISBN 3-534-07082-8 , p. 223.
  10. ↑ a b c Karl Heinrich Ludwig Pölitz : The Constitutions of the European States since the Last 25 Years , Volume 2, Leipzig, Brockhaus, 1817, p. 495 ( Google Books )