Wadowice Circle
Wadowicer Kreis ( Polish cyrykuł wadowicki ; until 1819 Myslenicer Kreis , Polish cyrkuł myślenicki ) was a district in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria in the years 1782-1854 and 1865/1867, initially with the seat in Myślenice , from 1819 in Wadowice . The district comprised the westernmost part of the crown land between the border with Hungary in the south and the Vistula in the north, in the west it bordered the Teschner Kreis in Austrian Silesia .
history
In the course of the First Partition of Poland , the area was militarily occupied in May and June 1772 by the Habsburgs under the leadership of Richard d'Alton without resistance from the defeated noble families. The Habsburgs initially treated the conquered area as a temporary acquisition and took over the Polish administration of the voivodeships. It was not until 1773 that the first provisional administrative subdivisions were introduced. At that time the districts of Silesia and Szczyrzyc were dissolved and instead the district of Wieliczka (in Polish cyrkuł wielicki ) with its seat in Kazimierz was established. This included the districts of Biala , Saybusch and Myślenice. There was a lack of officials, the majority of whom came from Austria and the Czech Republic. They complained about uncomfortable office buildings in the poorly developed little towns with wooden buildings. In 1775, the number of district districts was greatly reduced and the area was now part of the Zator district. In 1773 Joseph II visited the Kronland for the first time and decided to build a new road from Vienna to Lemberg (later the first Kaiser-Chaussee or Reichsstraße , also Wiener Postroute or Wiener Haupt Comercial Strasse , today part of Droga krajowa 52 ) Biala, Kęty , Andrychów , Wadowice and Myślenice, south of the old salt road through Zator and Skawina . Construction began in 1780 and the next year the first line to Bochnia was opened. In 1780 the seat of the Zator district was moved to Kęty. In the years 1780 to 1788 a paved shortcut to Vienna from Andrychów over the Kocierska Pass (718 m) in the Little Beskids and through Saybusch (later Reichstrasse 20) was built. In 1820 the Second Imperial Road from Biała was built through Żywiec, Sucha , Maków and Jordanów to Nowy Sącz .
After the death of Maria Theresa, the Josephine reforms brought about a longer-term administrative division. At that time, the district district of Kęty became an independent district with the seat on the eastern edge in Myślenice , although the original draft of the governor Josef Brigido from December 1780 foresaw the planned Josefstadt for it. The first district chief became a German named von Zily with the help of only three officers. After a few years he was replaced by Antoni Baum (father of Józef Baum ).
According to the principles of enlightened absolutism, the district administration had very great powers, even in everyday life. After Joseph II's patent from December 1785, the German language became the only official language, also in the village communities, whose jurisdiction was expanded. The distinction between localities with city law became clearer than in Poland: the cities with full rights were run by magistrates headed by the mayor. Under Joseph II, the administration strove to deurbanise the smaller towns in particular, in order to bring them under the aristocratic jurisdiction of assesors or syndics as mere market places . The location of the seat of the district on the eastern edge aroused dissatisfaction, especially in Biala. In 1784 the customs on the Bialka were lifted and the border town developed quickly. In 1799 the emperor made it a royal free city and the same year on November 8th the magistrate wrote a petition to move the seat of the district there.
The district had an area of 3380 km², in 1790 there were 286,700 inhabitants in 349 villages, including 10 cities (Andrychów, Biała, Kęty, Lanckorona, Myślenice, Oświęcim, Skawina, Wadowice, Zator, Żywiec), 2 market towns ( Kalwaria and Jordanów) , 337 villages. From the beginning, the most populous cities were Biala, Kęty and Żywiec / Saybusch, with more than one population than the former ducal capitals Auschwitz and Zator. In 1818 Wilamowice became a market town, before 1846 Jordanów became a town. On November 1, 1819, Wadowice became the district capital in the middle of the district, which for decades gained the greatest administrative importance within the Duchy of Auschwitz - Zator .
The duchy of Auschwitz-Zator, which was temporarily spun off from Galicia and assigned to Austrian Silesia from 1818 or 1820–1850, was a formal member of the German Confederation at the time , although before 1772 it had been subject to Poland and not the Holy Roman Empire . This apparently ill-considered decision did not bring any practical changes with regard to the administrative sovereignty of the Galician gubernium in Lemberg, but it strengthened political and cultural influences from the German-speaking area and the society of the Bielitz-Biala language island resisted the lifting of this formal assignment to Austrian Silesia in the German Confederation.
In 1824 the district had 301,000 inhabitants, of which 4,400 or 1.45% were Jews, mainly in Oświęcim (35.1% of the city's residents), Zator (15.3%) and Andrychów (7.4%). In 1840 there were around 350,000 residents, including 6,500 Jews.
After the general principles of the court system in the crown lands were approved by Emperor Franz Joseph I in June 1849 , the ministries of the interior, finance and justice established the new administrative and judicial division in 1854. At the top level, the two administrative areas Kraków (West Galicia) and Lemberg (East Galicia) were created, followed by the districts and the districts. The district offices were initially mixed authorities with tasks of politics, administration and justice. The district courts were part of the district offices and the judicial district was congruent with the administrative district. The establishment of these mixed district offices became officially effective on September 29, 1855. After 1854, 13 new districts gradually emerged within the Wadowice district: Andrychów , Biała , Jordanów , Kalwarya , Kenty , Maków , Milówka , Myślenice , Oświęcim , Seypusch , Skawina , Ślemień and Wadowice . In 1859 the Polish official language was approved at the level of the municipalities.
After the district offices were abolished at the end of October 1865 and their competences were transferred to the district offices, the country was also divided into two administrative areas after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise in 1867. In addition, in the course of the separation of the political from the judicial administration, separate administrative and judicial authorities were created. While the judicial division remained largely unaffected, municipalities of several judicial districts were combined into administrative districts. The area of the Wadowice District was divided between the political districts of Biala , Wadowice , Saybusch , Myślenice and Podgórze ( Skawina ).
Cities and market towns
In the years 1780 to 1816:
| Locality | population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surname | status | 1780 | 1799 | 1807 | 1816 |
| Andrychów | city | 598 | 2496 | 2663 | 1135 |
| Biała | city | 1990 | no data | 4196 | 3693 |
| Jordanów | market community | 821 | 957 | 953 | 949 |
| Kalwaria (Zebrzydowska) | market community | 523 | 590 | 602 | 676 |
| Kęty | city | 2141 | 2817 | 3056 | 3431 |
| Lanckorona | city | 681 (950 with the suburbs) | 1342 | 1318 | 1403 |
| Myślenice | city | 1266 | 1994 | 1891 | 1995 |
| Oświęcim | city | 971 | 1503 | 1575 | 1841 |
| Skawina | city | 645 | 811 | 871 | 891 |
| Wadowice | city | 1260 | 1709 | 1950 | 1976 |
| Zator | city | 982 | 1278 | 1397 | 1418 |
| Żywiec | city | 2564 | 3017 | 2624 | 2768 |
literature
- Konrad Meus: Wadowice 1772-1914. Study przypadku miasta galicyjskiego [A study of a Galician town] . Księgarnia Akademicka, Kraków 2013, ISBN 978-83-7638-345-3 (Polish).
- Jerzy Polak, Piotr Kenig: Bielsko-Biała. Monografia miasta . Biała od zarania do zakończenia I wojny światowej (1918). 2nd Edition. tape II. . Wydział Kultury i Sztuki Urzędu Miejskiego w Bielsku-Białej, Bielsko-Biała 2011, ISBN 978-83-60136-36-2 (Polish).
- Przemysław Stanko: Monografia Gminy Wilkowice . Wydawnictwo Prasa Beskidzkia, Wilkowice 2014, ISBN 978-83-940833-0-4 (Polish).
Web links
- Joseph Edler von Mehoffer, The Wadowicer Circle in the Kingdom of Galicia , Vienna, 1843
Individual evidence
- ↑ K. Meus, 2013, p. 42.
- ↑ Bielsko-Biała, Monografia miasta, 2011, T. II, pp. 238, 273.
- ↑ a b K. Meus, Wadowice ..., p. 43.
- ↑ Most historians cite April 6, 1818 as the beginning of membership, when the German Confederation recognized the border shift. Nowakowski emphasizes, however, that the actual, legally binding imperial patent was not issued until March 2, 1820. A patent dated October 29, 1850 rejoined Galicia outside the German Confederation; Andrzej Nowakowski: Terytoria oświęcimsko-zatorskie w Związku Niemieckim: zarys prawno-historyczny . In: Przegląd Historyczny . tape 76 , no. 4 , 1985, ISSN 0033-2186 , pp. 787 (Polish, muzhp.pl [PDF; accessed March 9, 2020]).
- ↑ K. Meus, Wadowice ..., pp. 48-49.
- ^ K. Meus, Wadowice ..., p. 149.
- ^ Joseph Edler von Mehoffer, The Wadowicer Circle in the Kingdom of Galicia , Vienna, 1843, p. 35.
- ^ A b Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt for the Austrian Empire 1854, XXXIX. Piece, No. 111 "Ordinance of the Ministers of the Interior, Justice and Finance, Concerning the Political and Judicial Organization of the Kingdoms of Galicia and Lodomeria, with the Grand Duchy of Cracow and the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator"
- ↑ Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt for the Austrian Empire 1855, XXVII. Piece, No. 118: "Ordinance of the Ministers of the Interior and Justice, on the introduction of the district offices in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, the Grand Duchy of Cracow and the Duchy of Bukovina"
- ↑ P. Stanko, 2014, p. 174.
- ^ Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt for the Austrian Empire 1865, XXVI. Piece, No. 90: "Ordinance of the State Ministry of September 23, 1865, on the repeal of the district authorities in Galicia"
- ^ Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt for the Empire of Austria. Born in 1868, XVII. Piece, No. 44. "Act of May 19, 1868 on the establishment of political administrative authorities in the kingdoms ..."
- ^ Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt for the Empire of Austria. Born in 1867, XVII. Piece, No. 36: "Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice of February 15, 1867, on the establishment of purely district courts in the district of the Krakow Higher Regional Court"