Widow flowers
Widow flowers | ||||||||||||
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Field scabious ( Knautia arvensis ), illustration |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Knautia | ||||||||||||
L. |
The widow flowers , also knautia or button flowers , ( Knautia ) are a genus of plants in the subfamily of the cardiac plants (Dipsacoideae).
description
Vegetative characteristics
The widow flower species are annual to perennial herbaceous plants . The stems are not angular and have no spines.
The opposite leaves are undivided to pinnate.
Generative characteristics
The flowers are in broad, long-stalked heads . These are hermaphroditic or female and often have several rows of bracts . The base of the head is without chaff leaves , but is hairy. The outer calyx of the flower is small and indistinctly serrated. The calyx has 8 to 16 bristles or teeth and is more or less pedunculated. The genus can be distinguished from the similar, but five-lobed scabioses by the unequal four-lobed crown . The corolla is blue-violet, purple or yellowish-white. The marginal flowers are often "radiant".
The fruits are nutty, single-seeded closing fruits . They are flattened and square and have an elaiosome .
ecology
The pollination is done by bees and butterflies . The flowers are vormännlich ( proterandric ). The spread of the diaspores , it is the fruits, is done by ants .
Systematics and distribution
The genus Knautia was in 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum erected . The generic name Knautia honors the German doctor and botanist Christian Knaut (1656-1716). A synonym for Knautia L. is Trichera Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult.
The genus Knautia is systematically difficult. It forms a polyploidy - complex , where the clan formation is not yet finished. Hybrids also appear frequently . There are around 60 species, 48 of which are also found in Europe.
The genus Knautia has its focus in Europe and the Mediterranean area . It is also found in Southwest Asia and West Africa .
The following species occur in Central Europe:
- Field scabious ( Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. ): The range includes Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia.
- Monte Baldo scabious ( Knautia baldensis A.Kern. Ex Borb. ): This endemic occurs only in the area of Lake Garda .
- Carinthian scabious ( Knautia carinthiaca Ehrend. ): This endemic occurs in Carinthia only in the Görtschitztal between Eberstein and Launsdorf .
- Forest scabious ( Knautia dipsacifolia Kreutzer , Syn. Knautia maxima (Opiz) Ortmann ): The distribution area includes the mountainous areas of Central Europe.
- Hungarian scabious ( Knautia drymeia Heuff. ): It occurs in central and southeastern Europe as well as in Slovakia and northern Italy .
- Knautia fleischmannii (Rchb.) Pacher : It occurs only in Slovenia .
- Jura scabious ( Knautia godetii Reut. ): It occurs only in Spain , France and the Swiss Jura .
- Yellow scabious or Kitaibel scabious ( Knautia kitaibelii (Schult.) Borb. ): It occurs in south-eastern Central Europe .
- Long leaf scabious ( Knautia longifolia . (Waldst & Kit) WDJKoch. ): It comes only in the southern and eastern Alps , in the Carpathian Mountains and on the Balkan Peninsula before.
- Red scabious ( Knautia macedonica Griseb. ): It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula, in Serbia , Romania and in the European part of Turkey .
- Noric scabious ( Knautia norica Ehrend. ): This endemic occurs only in Upper Styria and Carinthia .
- Knautia persicina A. Kern. : This endemic occurs only in the Italian southern Alps east of Lake Garda.
- Purple scabious ( Knautia purpurea (Vill.) Borb. ): It occurs in Spain, Italy , France and Switzerland .
- Southern Alps scabious ( Knautia transalpina (Christ) Briq. ): This endemic occurs only in the Southern Alps in Switzerland and Italy.
- Knautia velutina Briq. : This endemic occurs only in the Italian southern Alps.
In addition, other species occur in Europe (here is a selection):
- Knautia adriatica Honoring. : This endemic occurs only in Croatia .
- Knautia albanica Briq. : It occurs in Albania , Greece and the former Yugoslavia .
- Knautia ambigua Boiss. & Orph. : It occurs in Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece.
- Knautia arvernensis (Briq.) Szabó : It occurs in Portugal, Spain and France.
- Knautia basaltica Chass. & Szabó : It occurs in France.
- Knautia byzantina R.M. Fritsch : It occurs in Bulgaria and in European Turkey.
- Knautia caroli-rechingeri Micevski : It occurs in former Yugoslavia.
- Knautia dalmatica G.Beck : This endemic occurs only near Split in Croatia.
- Knautia degenii Borbás : It occurs in Bulgaria, Greece, the former Yugoslavia and Turkey.
- Knautia gussonei Szabó : It occurs in Italy.
- Knautia illyrica G.Beck : It occurs in Italy, Croatia, Slovenia and Albania.
- Knautia integrifolia (L.) Bertol. : It occurs in southern Europe, southeastern Europe and the Middle East.
- Knautia lucana Lacaita & Szabó : It occurs in Italy.
- Knautia magnifica Boiss. & Orph. : It occurs in Serbia , Albania and Greece.
- Knautia midzorensis Formánek : It occurs in Serbia, Albania, Bulgaria and Greece.
- Knautia mollis Jord. : This endemic occurs only in the southwestern Alps in France and Italy.
- Knautia nevadensis (M.Winkler ex Szabó) Szabó : It occurs only in Spain and Portugal.
- Knautia orientalis L .: It occurs in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, in European and Asian Turkey, in Georgia and in the Caucasus region.
- Knautia pectinata Honoring. : This endemic occurs only in Croatia.
- Knautia ressmannii (Pacher) Briq. : It occurs in Italy.
- Knautia sarajevensis (Beck) Szabó : It occurs in Serbia and Croatia.
- Knautia subscaposa Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs in Morocco , Algeria , Spain and Portugal.
- Knautia velebitica Szabó : This endemic occurs only in Croatia.
- Knautia visianii Szabó : It occurs in Croatia and Albania.
Philatelic
With the initial issue on August 6 2020, was German Post AG in the series flowers a postage stamp in the denomination of 200 euro cents with the image of Knautia macedonica out. The design comes from the graphic designers Stefan Klein and Olaf Neumann from Iserlohn .
swell
literature
- Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
- Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 13th edition. tape 2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
- Friedrich Ehrendorfer : Knautia L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1976, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 , pp. 60–67 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
- Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 101, digitized .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae G. Domina (2017+): Dipsacaceae. : Datasheet Knautia , In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
- ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-946292-10-4 . doi : 10.3372 / epolist2016
- ↑ Knautia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
- ^ A b Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
- ^ Yasin J. Nasir: Flora of West Pakistan 94: Dipsacaceae . Stewart Herbarium, Rawalpindi 1975, OCLC 311348861 , p. 10 ( online at efloras.org ).