Widow flowers

Widow flowers
	Field scabious ( Knautia arvensis ), illustration
Systematics
	Asterids
	Euasterids II
Order :	Cardigans (Dipsacales)
Family :	Honeysuckle Family (Caprifoliaceae)
Subfamily :	Cardaceae (Dipsacoideae)
Genre :	Widow flowers
Scientific name
	Knautia
	L.

The widow flowers , also knautia or button flowers , ( Knautia ) are a genus of plants in the subfamily of the cardiac plants (Dipsacoideae).

description

Field scabious inflorescence ( Knautia arvensis )

Vegetative characteristics

The widow flower species are annual to perennial herbaceous plants . The stems are not angular and have no spines.

The opposite leaves are undivided to pinnate.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are in broad, long-stalked heads . These are hermaphroditic or female and often have several rows of bracts . The base of the head is without chaff leaves , but is hairy. The outer calyx of the flower is small and indistinctly serrated. The calyx has 8 to 16 bristles or teeth and is more or less pedunculated. The genus can be distinguished from the similar, but five-lobed scabioses by the unequal four-lobed crown . The corolla is blue-violet, purple or yellowish-white. The marginal flowers are often "radiant".

The fruits are nutty, single-seeded closing fruits . They are flattened and square and have an elaiosome .

ecology

The pollination is done by bees and butterflies . The flowers are vormännlich ( proterandric ). The spread of the diaspores , it is the fruits, is done by ants .

Systematics and distribution

Field Scabious ( Knautia arvensis )

Forest scabious ( Knautia dipsacifolia )

Hungarian scabious ( Knautia drymeia )

Long-leaf scabious ( Knautia longifolia )

Red scabious ( Knautia macedonica )

The genus Knautia was in 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum erected . The generic name Knautia honors the German doctor and botanist Christian Knaut (1656-1716). A synonym for Knautia L. is Trichera Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult.

The genus Knautia is systematically difficult. It forms a polyploidy - complex , where the clan formation is not yet finished. Hybrids also appear frequently . There are around 60 species, 48 of which are also found in Europe.

The genus Knautia has its focus in Europe and the Mediterranean area . It is also found in Southwest Asia and West Africa .

The following species occur in Central Europe:

Field scabious ( Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. ): The range includes Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia.

Monte Baldo scabious ( Knautia baldensis A.Kern. Ex Borb. ): This endemic occurs only in the area of Lake Garda .

Carinthian scabious ( Knautia carinthiaca Ehrend. ): This endemic occurs in Carinthia only in the Görtschitztal between Eberstein and Launsdorf .

Forest scabious ( Knautia dipsacifolia Kreutzer , Syn. Knautia maxima (Opiz) Ortmann ): The distribution area includes the mountainous areas of Central Europe.

Hungarian scabious ( Knautia drymeia Heuff. ): It occurs in central and southeastern Europe as well as in Slovakia and northern Italy .
Knautia fleischmannii (Rchb.) Pacher : It occurs only in Slovenia .
Jura scabious ( Knautia godetii Reut. ): It occurs only in Spain , France and the Swiss Jura .
Yellow scabious or Kitaibel scabious ( Knautia kitaibelii (Schult.) Borb. ): It occurs in south-eastern Central Europe .
Long leaf scabious ( Knautia longifolia . (Waldst & Kit) WDJKoch. ): It comes only in the southern and eastern Alps , in the Carpathian Mountains and on the Balkan Peninsula before.
Red scabious ( Knautia macedonica Griseb. ): It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula, in Serbia , Romania and in the European part of Turkey .
Noric scabious ( Knautia norica Ehrend. ): This endemic occurs only in Upper Styria and Carinthia .
Knautia persicina A. Kern. : This endemic occurs only in the Italian southern Alps east of Lake Garda.
Purple scabious ( Knautia purpurea (Vill.) Borb. ): It occurs in Spain, Italy , France and Switzerland .
Southern Alps scabious ( Knautia transalpina (Christ) Briq. ): This endemic occurs only in the Southern Alps in Switzerland and Italy.
Knautia velutina Briq. : This endemic occurs only in the Italian southern Alps.

In addition, other species occur in Europe (here is a selection):

Knautia adriatica Honoring. : This endemic occurs only in Croatia .
Knautia albanica Briq. : It occurs in Albania , Greece and the former Yugoslavia .
Knautia ambigua Boiss. & Orph. : It occurs in Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece.
Knautia arvernensis (Briq.) Szabó : It occurs in Portugal, Spain and France.
Knautia basaltica Chass. & Szabó : It occurs in France.
Knautia byzantina R.M. Fritsch : It occurs in Bulgaria and in European Turkey.
Knautia caroli-rechingeri Micevski : It occurs in former Yugoslavia.
Knautia dalmatica G.Beck : This endemic occurs only near Split in Croatia.
Knautia degenii Borbás : It occurs in Bulgaria, Greece, the former Yugoslavia and Turkey.
Knautia gussonei Szabó : It occurs in Italy.
Knautia illyrica G.Beck : It occurs in Italy, Croatia, Slovenia and Albania.
Knautia integrifolia (L.) Bertol. : It occurs in southern Europe, southeastern Europe and the Middle East.
Knautia lucana Lacaita & Szabó : It occurs in Italy.
Knautia magnifica Boiss. & Orph. : It occurs in Serbia , Albania and Greece.
Knautia midzorensis Formánek : It occurs in Serbia, Albania, Bulgaria and Greece.
Knautia mollis Jord. : This endemic occurs only in the southwestern Alps in France and Italy.
Knautia nevadensis (M.Winkler ex Szabó) Szabó : It occurs only in Spain and Portugal.
Knautia orientalis L .: It occurs in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, in European and Asian Turkey, in Georgia and in the Caucasus region.
Knautia pectinata Honoring. : This endemic occurs only in Croatia.
Knautia ressmannii (Pacher) Briq. : It occurs in Italy.
Knautia sarajevensis (Beck) Szabó : It occurs in Serbia and Croatia.
Knautia subscaposa Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs in Morocco , Algeria , Spain and Portugal.
Knautia velebitica Szabó : This endemic occurs only in Croatia.
Knautia visianii Szabó : It occurs in Croatia and Albania.

Philatelic

With the initial issue on August 6 2020, was German Post AG in the series flowers a postage stamp in the denomination of 200 euro cents with the image of Knautia macedonica out. The design comes from the graphic designers Stefan Klein and Olaf Neumann from Iserlohn .

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literature

Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 13th edition. tape 2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
Friedrich Ehrendorfer : Knautia L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1976, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 , pp. 60–67 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .

Individual evidence

↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 101, digitized .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae G. Domina (2017+): Dipsacaceae. : Datasheet Knautia , In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-946292-10-4 . doi : 10.3372 / epolist2016
↑ Knautia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
^ ^A ^b Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
^ Yasin J. Nasir: Flora of West Pakistan 94: Dipsacaceae . Stewart Herbarium, Rawalpindi 1975, OCLC 311348861 , p. 10 ( online at efloras.org ).

Web links

Commons : Widow Flowers ( Knautia ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[SpPl-1] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 101, digitized .

[Euro+Med-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae G. Domina (2017+): Dipsacaceae. : Datasheet Knautia , In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

[Burkhardt2016-3] Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-946292-10-4 . doi : 10.3372 / epolist2016

[GRIN-4] Knautia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 1, 2012.

[ExkFl2005-5] A ^b Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .

[FoP-6] Yasin J. Nasir: Flora of West Pakistan 94: Dipsacaceae . Stewart Herbarium, Rawalpindi 1975, OCLC 311348861 , p. 10 ( online at efloras.org ).